Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty

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Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty Page 129

by Bradley K. Martin


  environmental pollution, 438, 479, 627

  espionage, 372

  against North, 6, 95, 126, 436

  “reality training” for, in South Korean–style conspicuous consumption, 539

  See also infiltration; Pueblo incident

  exile

  Kim Jong-il

  reasons to grant, 452, 455

  preparations, 494

  other top elite’s secret 1990s plans for, 494

  See also punishment: banishment (internal exile)

  face, 110, 456, 561, 577, 645

  factions, 501

  in Korean communist movement, 30–31, 38, 55–56, 61, 544

  See also domestic faction; partisans; purges;

  Soviet Koreans; Yenan faction

  “failed state,” 492

  families

  divided between North and South, 143–144

  punishment for relatives’ offenses, 290, 297

  divorce to avoid, 599

  leniency policies, 416, 572, 617, 631

  suicide’s family deemed traitors, 607

  relationships within, 398

  role of, in ideology, 404

  family background, status and, 112, 226–234, 301, 309, 310–311, 399–400, 408, 412, 419, 421, 459, 537, 544, 620

  farming

  cash crops introduced, 663

  collectivization, 8, 102–104, 162, 265, 359

  policy criticized by opponents, 106, 111, 358

  Chonsam-ri, cooperative farm, 160–164

  Chongsan-ri method, 163

  eclipsed by industry, 96

  fertility, compared with South’s, 51, 63–64

  Haksan cooperative farm, 359–360

  hillside planting, 4, 57, 162, 224, 393, 614

  irrigation, 161

  individual plots, 103, 358, 359, 662

  as support network for landless relatives, 663

  leased land, Russian Far East, 561

  livestock, 358–359, 427, 468, 531–532

  mechanization, 163, 184–185, 468

  model farms, 8

  soil types, 184, 358

  weather, effects from, 103

  Fate of a Self-Defense Corps Man, 251–252

  fisheries, 480

  flooding, 552, 553, 556

  effect on coal mines, 643

  Flower Girl, 254, 272, 326, 327, 361–362

  flunkeyism, 9, 88, 89, 108–109, 111

  food

  cannibalism, 618

  corn (maize) as substitute for rice, 103, 117, 563–564

  famine, 308, 552–553

  death toll, 552, 561, 571, 618

  rental coffins, 624

  grain trading (black market), 103, 500, 517

  hunger

  affecting loyalty, 386

  enhancing fighting spirit, 513–514

  malnutrition, stunted growth, ulcers, kidney and liver dysfunction, skin discoloration, 308, 309, 428, 431, 552–553

  meat, 449, 458, 500

  pine bark, corn cobs, “green porridge,” 622–623

  rationing, 103, 308, 405, 428

  irregularity, suspension of distribution, due to shortage, 308, 312, 491, 500, 531

  priority recipients, regional imbalances, 418, 560–561, 564, 565, 572, 576, 623–624

  rice aid (1984) to South, 342, 392, 415, 427

  “rice and meat soup,” promised by Kim Il-sung, 97

  shortages, 405

  in 1940s, 54, 58, 342, 357

  in 1950s, 357

  in 1960s, 266

  in 1970s, 6, 427

  in 1980s, 265, 342, 357–358, 392–393, 415–416, 427

  in 1990s, 265, 308, 312, 427, 441–442, 513, 571, 634, 635

  slogan, “Let’s eat two meals a day,” 468

  soybeans, 103

  starvation, 265, 570–571, 618, 621, 624

  defection as alternative to, 532

  war as alternative to, 488, 526

  theft, 428, 442

  war reserves, 433, 513–514

  deterrent value, 517, 657

  See also aid: international food; Korean People’s Army (KPA): food: war reserves, diversion to peacetime use; United Nations: World Food Program

  force reduction, mutual, proposed 1958, 114

  fortification, 133, 338, 513

  airfield hardening, 129

  See also tunnel(s); underground factories

  gangs, juvenile, 227–232

  General Sherman incident, 13

  Geneva conference (1954), 100, 114

  Geneva Convention, 86

  genocide, 487, 558–567

  ginseng, 175

  gold, 197, 275, 276, 369, 451, 480, 563

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 352, 397, 400, 465, 574, 628

  Graham, Rev. Billy, 350, 599

  gross national product (GNP)

  1953, 104,

  1965, 121

  1976, 124

  growth in 1999, 634

  shrinkage, from 1990, 468

  gulag. See punishment

  Hamgyong Province, North, 503–504, 506, 560, 561

  handicapped, midgets, 382–383, 418

  Han Duk-su (Chongryon chairman), 298

  Han Song-hui (wife of Kim Il-sung), 43, 187–188

  Happy Corps. See Mansions Special Volunteer Corps

  health care and medicine, 173–176, 312

  colonial period compared, 174

  doctors’ pay, 174

  life expectancy, 175

  free provision of, as selling point, 101

  mental illness, 176

  pharmaceuticals, 175, 307

  self-sacrifice by health workers, 173–174, 383, 385–386

  traditional medicine, 175–176

  heaven, mandate of, 553

  hermit kingdom. See isolation

  historical interpretations, left-revisionist, 66, 134–135, 145, 364–365, 628–629

  Ho Dam (foreign minister), 189, 275

  Hodge, Gen. John R., 51

  Ho Ka-i, 94–95

  holidays, 2, 8, 328

  Hong Won-myong (kidnapped son of diplomat), 592–596, 631–632

  Hong Yong-dal (Hyundai executive), 638

  Hong Yung-hui (actress), 319, 327

  household cooperation communities, 404–405, 616

  housing, 160, 184–185, 359, 408–409

  construction, revived, 663

  elite, 193, 458, 499

  homelessness, due to famine, 623

  ondol heating system, 118

  prefabrication, 118

  “tile-roofed,” 97, 162

  human rights, 343–344, 454, 463, 568, 603

  foreign criticisms and Pyongyang’s responses, 622, 627, 628–631

  human trafficking allegations, 678–679

  U.S. congressional legislation, 677–678

  See also legal procedures, justice, individual rights; punishment; purges; surveillance

  humor, 229, 261, 295

  Hungary, 107, 342, 343, 394

  Hua Guofeng, 644

  Hu Yaobang, 325

  Hwang Chang-pyong, Lt. Col. (chemical weapons developer), 487, 538

  Hwang Jang-yop (party secretary for ideology), 209, 211, 242, 259–260, 262–263, 280, 318, 365–366, 436, 494, 499–500, 508–509, 548–549, 576, 673, 682, 687, 701

  declining influence, 243

  defection of (1997), 646, 710

  as loss of face for Kim Jong-il, 695

  on Kim Il-sung’s historical falsification, 12, 109, 321

  on Kim Il-sung’s leadership, 116–118, 190, 282

  on Kim Jong-il’s management style, 282–287

  Moscow trip with Kims, father and son, 216

  on “royal villas,” 196

  on Soviet, Chinese opposition to southward strike in 1960, 124–125

  on succession, transition, 192–193, 237–238, 270, 277, 339, 484–485

  on Tae-an work system shortcomings, 122

  hygiene, personal, 577–578, 584, 621

  Hyundai, 477–478, 480, 639–
640

  illegitimacy, 192. See also Kim Il-sung: offspring of, unacknowledged

  “impure elements,” 6, 238. See also espionage; sabotage

  Im Su-gyong (South Korean student activist), 365, 608, 625

  incentives

  Kim Jong-il’s views on, 333, 336–337

  non-monetary, 122, 471

  monetary, 180, 360

  indoctrination

  as purpose of education system, 166–167

  true believers, altruists, fanatics, 6, 361–363, 367–368, 374–401, 453, 454, 455, 475, 487, 492, 493, 501, 508, 537, 566, 584, 675

  industry

  armaments manufacturing, 559, 563, 564–565, 567, 576, 578

  expansion (after Korean War), 96

  idling (due to material shortages, 1990s), 433, 442, 469, 531, 561, 563, 584

  nationalization, 96

  production resumed, 634, 663

  shipbuilding, 177

  infiltration

  into North, 99

  into South, 98, 129, 151, 535–542 1996 submarine landing, 512

  tunnels, 139, 513

  inheritance, 164

  intellectuals, 159, 291

  International Monetary Fund, 634

  investment, external, 340, 347–348, 465–466, 469–481, 639, 672

  laws, regulations concerning, 471, 473–474

  from South Korea, 477–478

  rich migrants from North, specifically, 480

  See also Japan: Korean residents of: investment, donations, remittances by

  Iraq, lessons from, 483, 489, 513, 659

  isolation

  related to subversion attempts, 125

  as U.S. policy, 495

  Japan

  abducted citizens of, 637, 670, 697

  army of, 7

  collaborators with, 57, 60–61, 121, 231, 238, 280, 448

  colonization by, 15, 174

  compensation for, 440–442, 476

  danger to, if South Korea communized, 115

  desperate 1941 war decision, comparison, 512

  earthquake, Tokyo area, 19

  emperor worship, imposed on Koreans, 8, 330

  External Trade Organization (JETRO), 183

  Hiroshima atomic bombing, 50

  investment, 475

  Korean residents of, 19, 100, 461–464, 699–700

  discrimination against, 101, 263, 462

  investment, donations, remittances by, 348, 461, 464, 471, 671, 700

  pachinko, 263, 297, 461, 462

  returnees to North Korea, 101–104, 228–229, 263–265, 297–301, 311, 313, 584, 699 (see also Chongryon)

  liberation from, 7, 50–51

  missiles negotiations, 635–637

  in nuclear weapons crisis, early 1990s, 436, 439–441, 489

  sanctions threatened, 671

  trade, 181, 442, 475–476, 477

  unification and, 683

  joblessness, as prima facie evidence of theft, 531

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 128, 129, 132

  juche ideology

  definition and origin of term, 111, 123

  economic self-reliance in, 176–177, 644

  as impossible goal, 123–124, 338

  socialist barter system’s collapse and, 476

  medicine and, 175

  national culture and, 171

  promoted in New York Times ads, 138

  Sino-Soviet split and, 113, 123

  Kanemaru, Shin, 439–441, 489

  Kang Chul-ho (prison camp inmate; defector), 301–304, 567

  Kang Chul-hwan (political prison camp inmate; South Korean journalist), 298–301, 600–603, 631

  Kang Myong-do (son-in-law of prime minister), 275, 277, 280, 281, 318, 342, 386, 437, 439, 472, 503–505, 548

  on aid to Third World, 137

  on Chilgol Kangs’ views of Kim Hyongjik, 14

  on elite’s fears, early 1990s, 494

  on foreign transactions, 181–182, 276

  on Mansions Special Volunteer Corps, 315–316

  trading career of, 579–582

  Kang Pang-sok (Kim Il-sung’s mother), 14

  illness and death of, 32

  as laundress and seamstress, 22

  Kang Ryang-uk, Rev. (Kim Il-sung’s relative

  and teacher; vice president), 18, 56

  Kang Song-san (prime minister), 491, 504, 525, 580, 581

  Kelly, James, 655, 659–660, 674, 675, 676

  Kennedy, John F., 125, 129

  Kerry, John, 675

  Khrushchev, Nikita

  in Cuban Missile Crisis, 125

  on Korean War, 63, 82–83

  opposes Stalinism, 106–107, 292, 574

  and peaceful coexistence, 123

  kidnapping, 535

  of defecting diplomat’s son, 592–596, 631–632

  of prospective foreign language teachers, 328

  of South Korean movie director and actress, 326–339

  See also Japan: abducted citizens of

  Kim, Shura (younger brother of Kim Jongil), 187, 205–207

  Kim Bo-hyon (Kim Il-sung’s grandfather), 205

  Kim Byong-ha (State Security head; coup plot leader), 281, 548

  Kim Byong-jin (Kim Il-sung’s daughter by Kim Song-ae), 190, 282

  Kim Chaek (Korean War frontline commander; partisan), 239

  Kim Chang-bong (defense minister), 293, 547, 548, 606

  Kim Chol-ju (brother of Kim Il-sung), 33

  Kim Dae-ho (KPA sergeant; atomic worker; defector), 229–232, 437–438, 491, 586–587

  Kim Dae-jung (South Korean president), 375, 630–631, 634, 652, 654, 655

  Kim Dal-hyon (deputy prime minister), 468, 472, 473, 474, 476, 480, 485

  struggle with opponents of reform, 504–505

  Kim Dong-kyu (vice-president; partisan), 277, 280, 293

  Kim Guk-tae (party personnel chief), 239, 246, 504–505, 644

  Kim Hye-suk (wife of Kim Il-sung), 43. See also Han Song-hui

  Kim Hyon (or Hyon-nam; party propaganda, agitation chief), 690, 699

  Kim Hyong-gwon (uncle of Kim Il-sung), 14, 33

  Kim Hyong-jik (father of Kim Il-sung), 13–14

  achievements inflated, 245

  Christian ties of, 16

  death of, 20

  as medical practitioner, 17

  Kim Hyon-hui (terrorist bomber of South Korean airliner), 536–537, 598

  family’s treatment dismaying fellow spies, 541

  Kim Hyong-rok (uncle of Kim Il-sung), 189

  Kim Il (no. 3 under Kim Il-sung; partisan), 190, 271, 277

  Kim Il-sung

  adoration, flattery, need for, 46, 88, 194–195, 261

  advisory, figurehead role, in retirement, 484–485

  rumored unhappiness over, 506

  alcohol, first drink, 20

  architecture, taste in, 197

  assassination attempts on, 56, 87

  authoritarianism of, 38, 49, 60, 106

  on authority figures’ need to live behind

  screens, 708

  birth of, as Kim Song-ju, 13, 29

  birthday celebrations of, 3, 195, 256–258, 328, 329, 330, 446, 473, 474–475

  books and, 22

  capitalism and, 21

  Changdok School, student at, 18–19

  change, attempts at, before death, 498–506

  charisma of, 188, 440

  childhood and youth of, 11–28

  and children, 43–44, 166, 192, 200–201

  Chinese language and, 18, 22, 30

  Chinese education of, 18, 22, 40

  Christian church background of, 12, 14, 15–16, 22, 25–27

  and Comintern, 31, 37, 38, 39, 109, 502

  as Communist Party northern branch chair, 56

  communist youth group co-founding by, 27

  company man, as consummate, 49

  cost-accounting system of, 180

  death, 505–507

  apoplexy as rumored cause of, 506–507

  diet
of, 88, 117, 195, 452

  Down with Imperialism Union and, 21

  as dropout from middle school, 29, 60

  dynastic rule, views of, 20, 194, 320

  on education, 157

  feudalism and, 21, 321

  filial piety and, 32–33, 44–45, 197, 259–260, 320

  gifts to, 275

  girth of, 60, 88, 125

  guerrilla struggle of, 7, 29–46

  as model for North Koreans, 88

  tactics, used in Korean War, 76

  harem. See Mansions Special Volunteer Corps

  health, 48–49

  longevity research institute, 3, 195–196

  tumor, 3

  height, 26, 53

  historical falsification by, 109, 389–390, 508–509

  Ho Chi Minh, comparisons to, 38, 98, 127, 134

  hunting and fishing trips of, 8

  imprisonment of, 27–28

  as Interim People’s Committee chair, 54

  intelligence of, 26, 46, 49

  Japan and, 19, 24 (see also Kim Il-sung: guerrilla struggle of)

  Japanese language and, 19

  Das Kapital (Karl Marx) and, 22–23

  kisaeng houses and, 52, 61

  Korean language and, 19, 30

  Korean People’s Republic opposed by, 55–56

  Korean War role, 62–92

  Korean War state of mind, 82–83

  leadership, 40, 87, 116–119

  lies of, 29–30, 48, 88, 91–92, 393, 502

  looks of, 188

  Manchuria, family’s move to, 16

  March 1, 1919, uprising and, 15

  memoirs, With the Century, 12, 502–503, 508

  micromanagement, 59, 118, 155–156

  mourning for, 506–508

  weeping required, 508, 608

  as musician, 12, 59, 80

  nepotism of, 189–194

  offspring of, unacknowledged, 188, 192, 279, 371–372, 448, 690, 699

  1,000–ri journey for learning, 18

  on-the-spot guidance by, 57, 158, 162–163, 223–224

  and orphans, 3, 100, 190–192

  overthrow attempts against, 95, 106

  patriotism of, 15, 30

  personality cult of, 1–10, 105–106, 353–354

  bowing in, 7, 8

  Christianity, as model for, 12

  Confucianism, as antecedent of, 8

  emperor worship, as antecedent, 8

  foreigners’ role in promoting, 7

  gifts and favors to subjects in, 5, 8

  intensification of, by Kim Jong-il, 235–261, 285

  lapel badges in, 1, 5, 195, 246, 350, 421

  legends, officially propagated, 2

  monuments, festivals as economic drag, 183

  music in, 4

  nationalism, promoted by, 108

  nom de guerre in, 29–30

  partisan support for, 96

  portraits in, 10, 170, 330, 408, 617

  praise requested of visitors, 111

  questioned, after Khrushchev criticized Stalin’s cult, 106

 

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