Buddha_A Very Short Introduction

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by Michael Carrithers




  The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction

  Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP

  Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

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  Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press

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  Published in the United States

  by Oxford University Press Inc., New York

  © Michael Carrithers 1983, 1996

  The moral rights of the author have been asserted

  Database right Oxford University Press (maker)

  First published as an Oxford University Press paperback 1983

  First published as a Very Short Introduction 2001

  All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

  stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,

  without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,

  or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate

  reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction

  outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,

  Oxford University Press, at the address above

  You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover

  and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

  British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

  Data available

  ISBN 0–19–285453–4

  7 9 10 8 6

  Typeset by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk

  Printed in Great Britain by

  TJ International Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall

  Very Short Introductions available now:

  ADVERTISING • Winston Fletcher

  AFRICAN HISTORY • John Parker and Richard Rathbone

  AGNOSTICISM • Robin Le Poidevin

  AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTIONS • L. Sandy Maisel

  THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY • Charles O. Jones

  ANARCHISM • Colin Ward

  ANCIENT EGYPT • Ian Shaw

  ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY • Julia Annas

  ANCIENT WARFARE • Harry Sidebottom

  ANGLICANISM • Mark Chapman

  THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE • John Blair

  ANIMAL RIGHTS • David DeGrazia

  ANTISEMITISM • Steven Beller

  THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS • Paul Foster

  ARCHAEOLOGY • Paul Bahn

  ARCHITECTURE • Andrew Ballantyne

  ARISTOCRACY • William Doyle

  ARISTOTLE • Jonathan Barnes

  ART HISTORY • Dana Arnold

  ART THEORY • Cynthia Freeland

  ATHEISM • Julian Baggini

  AUGUSTINE • Henry Chadwick

  AUTISM • Uta Frith

  BARTHES • Jonathan Culler

  BESTSELLERS • John Sutherland

  THE BIBLE • John Riches

  BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY • Eric H. Cline

  BIOGRAPHY • Hermione Lee

  THE BOOK OF MORMON • Terryl Givens

  THE BRAIN • Michael O'Shea

  BRITISH POLITICS • Anthony Wright

  BUDDHA • Michael Carrithers

  BUDDHISM • Damien Keown

  BUDDHIST ETHICS • Damien Keown

  CAPITALISM • James Fulcher

  CATHOLICISM • Gerald O'Collins

  THE CELTS • Barry Cunliffe

  CHAOS • Leonard Smith

  CHOICE THEORY • Michael Allingham

  CHRISTIAN ART • Beth Williamson

  CHRISTIAN ETHICS • D. Stephen Long

  CHRISTIANITY • Linda Woodhead

  CITIZENSHIP • Richard Bellamy

  CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY • Helen Morales

  CLASSICS • Mary Beard and John Henderson

  CLAUSEWITZ • Michael Howard

  THE COLD WAR • Robert McMahon

  COMMUNISM • Leslie Holmes

  CONSCIOUSNESS • Susan Blackmore

  CONTEMPORARY ART • Julian Stallabrass

  CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY • Simon Critchley

  COSMOLOGY • Peter Coles

  THE CRUSADES • Christopher Tyerman

  CRYPTOGRAPHY • Fred Piper and Sean Murphy

  DADA AND SURREALISM • David Hopkins

  DARWIN • Jonathan Howard

  THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS • Timothy Lim

  DEMOCRACY • Bernard Crick

  DESCARTES • Tom Sorell

  DESERTS • Nick Middleton

  DESIGN • John Heskett

  DINOSAURS • David Norman

  DIPLOMACY • Joseph M. Siracusa

  DOCUMENTARY FILM • Patricia Aufderheide

  DREAMING • J. Allan Hobson

  DRUGS • Leslie Iversen

  DRUIDS • Barry Cunliffe

  THE EARTH • Martin Redfern

  ECONOMICS • Partha Dasgupta

  EGYPTIAN MYTH • Geraldine Pinch

  EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN • Paul Langford

  THE ELEMENTS • Philip Ball

  EMOTION • Dylan Evans

  EMPIRE • Stephen Howe

  ENGELS • Terrell Carver

  ENGLISH LITERATURE • Jonathan Bate

  EPIDEMIOLOGY • Roldolfo Saracci

  ETHICS • Simon Blackburn

  THE EUROPEAN UNION • John Pinder and Simon Usherwood

  EVOLUTION • Brian and Deborah Charlesworth

  EXISTENTIALISM • Thomas Flynn

  FASCISM • Kevin Passmore

  FASHION • Rebecca Arnold

  FEMINISM • Margaret Walters

  FILM MUSIC • Kathryn Kalinak

  THE FIRST WORLD WAR • Michael Howard

  FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY • David Canter

  FORENSIC SCIENCE • Jim Fraser

  FOSSILS • Keith Thomson

  FOUCAULT • Gary Gutting

  FREE SPEECH • Nigel Warburton

  FREE WILL • Thomas Pink

  FRENCH LITERATURE • John D. Lyons

  THE FRENCH REVOLUTION • William Doyle

  FREUD • Anthony Storr

  FUNDAMENTALISM • Malise Ruthven

  GALAXIES • John Gribbin

  GALILEO • Stillman Drake

  GAME THEORY • Ken Binmore

  GANDHI • Bhikhu Parekh

  GEOGRAPHY • John Matthews and David Herbert

  GEOPOLITICS • Klaus Dodds

  GERMAN LITERATURE • Nicholas Boyle

  GERMAN PHILOSOPHY • Andrew Bowie

  GLOBAL CATASTROPHES • Bill McGuire

  GLOBAL WARMING • Mark Maslin

  GLOBALIZATION • Manfred Steger

  THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL • Eric Rauchway

  HABERMAS • James Gordon Finlayson

  HEGEL • Peter Singer

  HEIDEGGER • Michael Inwood

  HIEROGLYPHS • Penelope Wilson

  HINDUISM • Kim Knott

  HISTORY • John H. Arnold

  THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY • Michael Hoskin

  THE HISTORY OF LIFE • Michael Benton

  THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE • William Bynum

  THE HISTORY OF TIME • Leofranc Holford-Strevens

  HIV/AIDS • Alan Whiteside

  HOBBES • Richard Tuck

&nb
sp; HUMAN EVOLUTION • Bernard Wood

  HUMAN RIGHTS • Andrew Clapham

  HUME • A. J. Ayer

  IDEOLOGY • Michael Freeden

  INDIAN PHILOSOPHY • Sue Hamilton

  INFORMATION • Luciano Floridi

  INNOVATION • Mark Dodgson and David Gann

  INTELLIGENCE • Ian J. Deary

  INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION • Khalid Koser

  INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS • Paul Wilkinson

  ISLAM • Malise Ruthven

  ISLAMIC HISTORY • Adam Silverstein

  JOURNALISM • Ian Hargreaves

  JUDAISM • Norman Solomon

  JUNG • Anthony Stevens

  KABBALAH • Joseph Dan

  KAFKA • Ritchie Robertson

  KANT • Roger Scruton

  KEYNES • Robert Skidelsky

  KIERKEGAARD • Patrick Gardiner

  THE KORAN • Michael Cook

  LANDSCAPES AND CEOMORPHOLOGY • Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles

  LAW • Raymond Wacks

  THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS • Peter Atkins

  LEADERSHIP • Keth Grint

  LINCOLN • Allen C. Guelzo

  LINGUISTICS • Peter Matthews

  LITERARY THEORY • Jonathan Culler

  LOCKE • John Dunn

  LOGIC • Graham Priest

  MACHIAVELLI • Quentin Skinner

  MARTIN LUTHER • Scott H. Hendrix

  THE MARQUIS DE SADE • John Phillips

  MARX • Peter Singer

  MATHEMATICS • Timothy Gowers

  THE MEANING OF LIFE • Terry Eagleton

  MEDICAL ETHICS • Tony Hope

  MEDIEVAL BRITAIN • John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths

  MEMORY • Jonathan K. Foster

  MICHAEL FARADAY • Frank A. J. L. James

  MODERN ART • David Cottington

  MODERN CHINA • Rana Mitter

  MODERN IRELAND • Senia Paseta

  MODERN JAPAN • Christopher Goto-Jones

  MODERNISM • Christopher Butler

  MOLECULES • Philip Ball

  MORMONISM • Richard Lyman Bushman

  MUSIC • Nicholas Cook

  MYTH • Robert A. Segal

  NATIONALISM • Steven Grosby

  NELSON MANDELA • Elleke Boehmer

  NEOLIBERALISM • Manfred Steger and Ravi Roy

  THE NEW TESTAMENT • Luke Timothy Johnson

  THE NEW TESTAMENT AS LITERATURE • Kyle Keefer

  NEWTON • Robert Iliffe

  NIETZSCHE • Michael Tanner

  NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN • Christopher Harvie and H. C. G. Matthew

  THE NORMAN CONQUEST • George Garnett

  NORTHERN IRELAND • Marc Mulholland

  NOTHING • Frank Close

  NUCLEAR WEAPONS • Joseph M. Siracusa

  THE OLD TESTAMENT • Michael D. Coogan

  PARTICLE PHYSICS • Frank Close

  PAUL • E. P. Sanders

  PENTECOSTALISM • William K. Kay

  PHILOSOPHY • Edward Craig

  PHILOSOPHY OF LAW • Raymond Wacks

  PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE • Samir Okasha

  PHOTOGRAPHY • Steve Edwards

  PLANETS • David A. Rothery

  PLATO • Julia Annas

  POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY • David Miller

  POLITICS • Kenneth Minogue

  POSTCOLONIALISM • Robert Young

  POSTMODERNISM • Christopher Butler

  POSTSTRUCTURALISM • Catherine Belsey

  PREHISTORY • Chris Gosden

  PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY • Catherine Osborne

  PRIVACY • Raymond Wacks

  PROGRESSIVISM • Walter Nugent

  PSYCHIATRY • Tom Burns

  PSYCHOLOGY • Gillian Butler and Freda McManus

  PURITANISM • Francis J. Bremer

  THE QUAKERS • Pink Dandelion

  QUANTUM THEORY • John Polkinghorne

  RACISM • Ali Rattansi

  THE REAGAN REVOLUTION • Gil Troy

  THE REFORMATION • Peter Marshall

  RELATIVITY • Russell Stannard

  RELIGION IN AMERICA • Timothy Beal

  THE RENAISSANCE • Jerry Brotton

  RENAISSANCE ART • Geraldine A. Johnson

  ROMAN BRITAIN • Peter Salway

  THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Christopher Kelly

  ROMANTICISM • Michael Ferber

  ROUSSEAU • Robert Wokler

 

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