by Plato
GOOD, IDEA OF THE
GOODS (in life)
GORGIAS
GREEKS (as distinct from barbarians)
GUARDIANS (in the ideal state)
nature/temperament of,
divided into two classes (rulers and auxiliaries)
see also AUXILIARIES; RULERS; BREEDING; EDUCATION; FAMILY; MARRIAGE; NATURAL ABILITY; WOMEN
GYGES
H
HABIT
importance of cultivating good habits in the young,
insufficiency of (for inculcating logos),
HAPPINESS [EUDAIMONIA]
see also PLEONEXIA; PROFIT; JUSTICE; FREEDOM; ENSLAVEMENT
HARMONICS [SCIENCE OF HARMONY]
HARMONIAI [“MODES” IN MUSIC]
HARMONY
among people and in the soul
in music,
HECTOR,
HEALTH (of the soul)
HELEN,
HELLAS, HELLENES—see GREEKS
HELMSMEN/PILOTS (on ships)
see also TECHNICAL EXPERTISE [TECHNÊ], PROFESSIONALS WITH; ANALOGIES
HEPHAESTUS
HERACLES
HERACLITUS
HERE [HERA]
HERODOTUS
HEROES, as represented in poetry
see also CENSORSHIP; EDUCATION; MUSIC; POETRY
HESIOD
HIPPIAS
HOMER AND HOMERIC EPICS
Homer as “first” of the tragedians,
HOMOEROTIC RELATIONSHIPS
HONOR, HONORS
see also REWARDS
I
IDEAL MODELS, VALUE OF
IDEAL STATE [KALLIPOLIS], PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
see also GUARDIANS; RULERS; AUXILIARIES; PHILOSOPHERS; PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] IN THE IDEAL STATE; EDUCATION; BREEDING; FAMILY
IDEAS [IDEAI], THEORY OF
see also GOOD, IDEA OF THE
IGNORANCE [AGNOIA],
ILIAD—see HOMER AND HOMERIC EPICS
IMITATION/MIMESIS
different manners of imitation,
three times removed from what is real
harmful psychological effects of
see also DRAMA; PAINTING; POETRY; GODS; HEROES
IMPIETY, PROSECUTION FOR (in classical Athens)
INCEST—see BREEDING
INFANTICIDE—see BREEDING
INJUSTICE
as leading to profit and happiness
as source of disunity and strife in the state and in the soul
INJUSTICE (continued)
see also JUSTICE; STRIFE/DISUNITY; HAPPINESS; PLEONEXIA; TYRANNICAL INDIVIDUAL; TYRANT, TYRANNY
INNOVATION, PROBLEMS CAUSED BY
INTELLIGENCE—see KNOWLEDGE; COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF
INTELLIGIBLE objects—see BEING; COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; IDEAS, THEORY OF MATHEMATICAL OBJECTS; CAVE, ALLEGORY OF
ISLANDS OF THE BLESSED
ISMENIAS,
ISOCRATES
J
JUDGES (contrasted with doctors)
JUST INDIVIDUAL,
see also ARISTOCRATIC INDIVIDUAL; JUSTICE; PHILOSOPHER
JUSTICE [JUST CONDUCT, RIGHT BEHAVIOR]
traditional and non-traditional conceptions of
in Republic:
problem of defining
method for defining adopted in Republic
definition of, xliv,
as one of the four principal “virtues,”
relationship to personal profit and happiness, xliii-xliv, xlvi,
JUSTICE, CORRECTIVE
in the afterlife
see also PUNISHMENT
K
KATABASIS
KNOWLEDGE (as distinct from OPINION [DOXA] and IGNORANCE [AGNOIA]),
see also BEING; CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; IDEAS, THEORY OF; PHILOSOPHY
L
LABOR, DIVISION OF
see DOING ONE’S OWN WORK/MINDING ONE’S OWN BUSINESS
LAWLESSNESS
fostered by lax education
fostered by premature exposure to philosophy/dialectic,
LEUCIPPUS
LIGHT—see BLINDNESS; CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; SUN, SIMILE OF
LOGOS [REASON, ARGUMENT]
LYSIAS
LYCURGUS,
M
MANLINESS, MASCULINITY
MARRIAGE,
see also FAMILY; BREEDING; WOMEN
MATERIALISM IN GREEK CULTURE (as criticized in Plato’s dialogues)
see also PRIVATE PROPERTY; POVERTY; WEALTH; HONOR, HONORS; PLEASURE
MATHEMATICAL OBJECTS (in relationship to the IDEAS)
see also COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; IDEAS, THEORY OF
MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (as distinguished from DIALECTIC)—
see also ARITHMETIC, ASTRONOMY, GEOMETRY, HARMONICS
MERCHANTS/TRADESMEN contempt for see also BRONZE/IRON CLASS
MEDDLESOMENESS [POLYPRAGMOSYNÊ]
see also STRIFE/DISUNITY
METAPHYSICS—see BEING; GOOD, THE IDEA OF; IDEAS, THE THEORY OF; PARMENIDES
METICS
METRE/RHYTHM (in poetry),
MOTION, PRINCIPLES OF—see ASTRONOMY
MOUSIKÊ/MUSIC (broadly defined as “cultural cultivation”),
see also CENSORSHIP; EDUCATION; IMITATION; POETRY
MUSAEUS,
MUSE(S)
MUSICAL ACCOMPANIMENT, INSTRUMENTS,
MUSICIANS,
see also ANALOGIES; TECHNICAL EXPERTISE [TECHNÊ], PROFESSIONAL WITH
MYSTERIES/MYSTERY CULTS,
Eleusinian
Orphic,
MYTH—see GODS; HEROES; ER, MYTH OF; EDUCATION; POETRY; FALSEHOOD (dangerous, unnecessary)
N
NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE [PHYSIS]
see also DOING ONE’S OWN WORK/MINDING ONE’S OWN BUSINESS
NECESSITY (goddess)
NICERATUS
NOBLE [ROYAL] LIE
see also FALSEHOOD (useful, necessary)
NOESIS [“REASON”]
see also COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF
NOT-BEING (as distinct from BEING and BECOMING),
see also BEING; IDEAS, THEORY OF; KNOWLEDGE
NUMERICAIJGEOMETRICAL FIGURES
comprehending the period of human births,
comprehending the difference between the just individual’s happiness and the tyrant’s misery,
O
ODYSSEUS
ODYSSEY—see HOMER AND THE HOMERIC POEMS
OEDIPUS,
OLD AGE
OLIGARCHICAL INDIVIDUAL
OLIGARCHY [PLUTOCRACY]
OLYMPIC GAMES/VICTORS
OPINION [DOXA] (as intermediate between KNOWLEDGE [EPISTEMÊ, GNOSIS] and IGNORANCE [AGNOIA]),
see also CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; PHENOMENAL/VISIBLE OBJECTS
OPINIONS, COMMONLY HELD
about the tyrant’s happiness
about justice and injustice
about the gods,
about objects that are considered beautiful, good, etc.
about the uselessness and corruption of philosophers
about identifying the good with pleasure
catered to, by sophists, poets, and other prominent men
OPPOSITES (in sense perceptions),
ORPHEUS
ORPHICS/ORPHISM
OVER-LEGISLATION, POINTLESSNESS OF
p
PAINTING
see also IMITATION
PALAMEDES,
PARMENIDES
PATROCLUS
PEIRITHOUS
PEISISTRATUS
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
PERDICCAS,
PERIANDER,
PERICLES
PHENOMENAL/VISIBLE OBJECTS—see BECOMING; COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; OPINION
PHILOTHEAMONES [“LOVERS OF SIGHTS”] (as distinguished from philosophers)
see also BECOMING; OPINION
PHILOSOPHERS
definitio
n of,
innate qualities of,
bad reputation of
as rulers of the ideal state,
pleasures of,
happiness of,
see also GUARDIANS; RULERS; JUST INDIVIDUAL; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE; DIALECTIC
PHILOSOPHY [PHILOSOPHIA]
dangers of premature exposure to,
see also BEING; COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; DIALECTIC; IDEAS, THEORY OF; PHILOSOPHERS
PHOCYLIDES,
PHYSICAL TRAINING/CARE [GYMNASTIKÊ],
PINDAR
PIRAEUS
PISTIS [“FAITH”],
see also COGNITION, FOUR FACULTIES OF; OPINION
PITTACUS,
PLANETS,
PLATO
see also PLATONIC DIALOGUES AND OTHER WORKS; SOCRATES, SOCRATICS; APORIA, APORETIC DIALOGUES
PLATONIC DIALOGUES AND OTHER WORKS
composition and dating of Plato’s works
Apology
Crito
Euthydemus
Euthyphro
Gorgias
Ion
Laches
Laws
Menexenus
Meno
Parmenides
Phaedo
Phaedrus
Philebus
Protagoras
Republic
Seventh Letter
Statesman
Symposium
Timaeus
PLEASURE
see also APPETITES/DESIRES; CHILDISHNESS; DEMOCRACY; OPINIONS, COMMONLY HELD
PLEONEXIA [SELF-AGGRANDIZEMENT]
POETRY AND POETIC TRADITIONS
importance of, in Greek culture
as carrier of basic values
arguments for censorship of
see also CENSORSHIP; EDUCATION; GODS; HEROES; HOMER AND HOMERIC EPICS; IMITATION; TRAGEDY
POLITICAL CONSTITUTIONS
degenerate forms of
relationship to individual character
see also ARISTOCRACY; IDEAL STATE; DEMOCRACY; OLIGARCHY; TIMOCRACY; TYRANNY, TYRANT
POLEMARCHUS
POLIS [INDEPENDENT CITY-STATE]
see also ATHENS, ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY; IDEAL STATE, PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF
POLITICAL CLUBS [“BROTHERHOODS”] (in classical Athens)
POLUS
POVERTY,
see also WEALTH; PRIVATE PROPERTY; DRONES
PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS]
three in the ideal state
three in the human soul
correspondence between principles [elements] in the state and in the soul,
PRIVATE PROPERTY
see also WEALTH; POVERTY; IDEAL STATE, PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF; GUARDIANS; STRIFE/DISUNITY; UNITY; PLEONEXIA
PRODICUS
PROFIT [PERSONAL ADVANTAGE, SELF-INTEREST]
see also HAPPINESS; JUSTICE; PHILOSOPHY; PHILOSOPHERS; PLEASURE; PLEONEXIA
PROTAGORAS
PUNISHMENT
see also AFTERLIFE; DEATH; JUSTICE, CORRECTIVE; REWARDS
PYTHAGORAS, PYTHAGOREANS, PYTHAGOREAN SCHOOL
PYTHIA, PYTHIAN ORACLE—see APOLLO; DELPHI
R
RATIONAL PRINCIPLE [ELEMENT], REASON (as distinct from SPIRIT and the APPETITIVE ELEMENT in the soul),
RATIONAL RECKONING-See LOGOS; also DIALECTIC; PHILOSOPHY; PHILOSOPHERS
REINCARNATION,
REWARDS
for rulers,
for guardians,
for being just
for seeming just,
see also AFTERLIFE; ER, MYTH OF; HONOR, HONORS; PLEASURE; PUNISHMENT
RELIGION, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
in Athens and Greece
in the ideal state
RHETORIC [RHETORIKÊ], RHETORICIANS
see also SOPHISTS
ROYAL [KINGLY] CONSTITUTION AND INDIVIDUAL—see ARISTOCRACY; ARISTOCRATIC INDIVIDUAL
RULERS [GOLD CLASS]
see also GUARDIANS; PHILOSOPHER; PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] (in the ideal state); GOOD, IDEA OF
S
SAPPHO
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND SPECULATION (in the archaic and classical periods)
SELECTION
of future guardians,
of future philosophers,
see also EDUCATION; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE
SEXUAL DESIRE—see EROS/EROTIC DESIRE; HOMOEROTIC RELATIONSHIPS; TYRANNY, TYRANT
SHIP OF STATE (as metaphor),
see also HELMSMEN/PILOTS; TECHNICAL EXPERTISE [TECHNÊ], PROFESSIONALS WITH; ANALOGIES
SICILY—see SYRACUSE
SIGHT (as metaphor for knowledge, wisdom)
philosophers as “lovers of the vision of the truth,”
see also BLINDNESS; CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; COGNITION, FACULTIES OF; SUN, SIMILE OF
SIMONIDES
SILVER CLASS (in the ideal state)—see AUXILIARIES; PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] (in the ideal state)
SIRENS,
SLAVES
in Athens and other Greek city-states
in the ideal state
SOCRATES, xxx-xxxiii
SOCRATICS, SOCRATIC CIRCLE
SOLON
SOPHOCLES
see also DRAMA, DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS AND COMPETITIONS; TRAGEDY
SOPHISTS
see also GORGIAS; HIPPIAS; PRODICUS; PROTAGORAS; THRASYMACHUS; RHETORIC, RHETORICIANS
SOUL
challenge of properly orienting the soul toward the world of being, xxxix,
function and excellence of,
immortality of,
contemplated in pure state, apart from body,
see also PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] in the human soul; APPETITIVE PRINCIPLE [ELEMENT]; RATIONAL PRINCIPLE [ELEMENT]; SPIRIT, PASSION; EDUCATION; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE [PHYSIS]
SPARTA
SPIRIT, PASSION [THUMOS] (as distinct from the RATIONAL and APPETITIVE ELEMENTS of the soul),
see also PRINCIPLES [ELEMENTS] (in the soul)
STESICHORUS
SUN, SIMILE OF, see also CAVE, ALLEGORY OF; SIGHT
SYRACUSE (SICILY)
see also DION; DIONYSIUS; DIONYSIUS
T
TECHNICAL EXPERTISE [TECHNÊ], PROFESSIONALS WITH
see also ANALOGIES; DOCTORS/PHYSICIANS/MEDICINE; HELMSMEN/PILOTS; MUSICIANS
TEMPERANCE, MODERATION [SOPHROSYNÊ]
as an essential quality of guardians
as one of the four principal “virtues,”
THALES,
THEAGES,
THEATER—see DRAMA, DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS AND COMPETITIONS; TRAGEDY
THEBES
THEMISTOCLES
THEOCONY—see Hesiod
THEÔRIA [CONTEMPLATION]
THESEUS
THIRTY TYRANTS
THRASYMACHUS
THUCYDIDES
TIMARCHY, TIMOCRACY
TIMARCHIC/TIMOCRATIC INDIVIDUAL,
TRADE (between states),
TRAGEDY, TRAGEDIANS
see also CENSORSHIP; EDUCATION; HOMER AND HOMERIC EPICS; IMITATION; MUSIC; POETRY
TRUTHFULNESS, LOVE OF TRUTH
of god(s),
of philosophers
see also FALSEHOODS (useful, necessary); PHILOSOPHY; DIALECTIC
TYRANNICAL INDIVIDUAL,
see also EROS, EROTIC/SEXUAL DESIRE; ENSLAVEMENT; TYRANNY, TYRANT
TYRANNY, TYRANT
U
UNITY (among citizens in the ideal state),
see alsoSTRIFE/DISUNITY; FAMILY; PRIVATE PROPERTY
URANUS [OURANOS],
USURY,
V
VIRTUE—see EXCELLENCE
W
WAR
children of guardians as observers in,
conduct of,
WARRIORS
guardians in the ideal state as,
see also EDUCATION; GUARDIANS; AUXILIARIES; RULERS; WAR; WOMEN
WEALTH, xlii,
see alsoSTRIFE/DISUNITY; PLEONEXIA; POVERTY; PRIVATE PROPERTY
WISDOM [SOPHIA]
> as one of the four principal “virtues,”
WOMEN
in classical Athens
in the guardian classes of the ideal state
as warriors,
see also BREEDING; FAMILY; NATURAL ABILITY, NATURE [PHYSIS]
WORKS AND DAYS—see HESIOD
X
XENOPHANES
XENOPHON
pseudo-Xenophon, The Constitution of the Athenians [The Old Oligarch]
XERXES,
Y
YOUTH—see CHILDREN; EDUCATION; PHILOSOPHY (dangers of premature exposure to)
Z
ZENO, xxvii
ZEUS
a American Journal of Philology 13 (1892), pp. 349—372.
b Information about Socrates, Thrasymachus, and other interlocutors in Republic is given in the introduction.
c The major port city of Attica, about 4 miles from Athens.
d The Thracian deity Bendis, identified by Greeks with the goddess Artemis. The cult of Bendis was officially accepted in Piraeus in 430 or 429 B.C.E.
e The phrase evokes the Homeric poems; compare Iliad 22.60 and 24.487, and Odyssey 15.246.
f Literally, “we who are approximately the same age often come to the same place.”
g Athenian tragedian (c.496-406 B.C.E.), active as a playwright until his death.
h Athenian general (c.528-462 B.C.E.) who masterminded the defeat of the Persian navy at the battle of Salamis in 480 B.C.E.
i Seriphos is a small island in the Aegean Sea.
j Lyric poet (c.518-438 B.C.E.) whose work is cited again at 2.365b. The poem from which Cephalus quotes does not survive.
k Lyric and elegiac poet (c.548-468 B.C.E.) from the island Ceos, whose work is also alluded to at 2.365c. The saying attributed to Simonides here does not match anything in the extant fragments of his poetry.
l The grandfather of Odysseus (the hero of Odyssey), who is described in Odyssey 19.392-398.
m Bias and Pittacus were legendary wise men (“sages”) who lived in the sixth century B.C.E. Bias was from Priene (in Ionia), Pittacus from Mytilene (on the island Lesbos in the Aegean).
n The expression suggests that, in Thrasymachus’ view, Socrates is wrangling unscrupulously for the sake of personal gain.