Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary
Page 43
13 Campbell, Box, pp. 79, 404–6.
14 G. Singh, Correspondence, p. 378.
15 The Times, 31 Aug 1886.
16 QVM, p. 249.
17 Vic Add N2/363 (minute), RA.
18 IOR Foreign DS-Secret, 13 Feb 1887.
19 ‘AS’ to Foreign Department, 23 May 1888, IOR Foreign (Secret 1).
20 See www.royal.gov.uk
21 The Hindustan, 6 Oct 1887.
22 QVM, p. 249 (memo to the Palace).
23 Ibid.
24 Author interview with Catherine Drovna Oxley.
25 Ibid.
26 Campbell, Box, p. 306.
27 The New York Times, 16 Feb 1913. Ethel Bury Palliser later became a celebrated tutor of debutantes in America, trading off her association with the Duleep Singh princesses.
28 Edwin Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, R. Clowes and Sons, London, 1843.
29 Queen Victoria’s Journal, 18 Sep 1887, see www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do
30 Telegram from Duleep Singh to Prince Victor, undated, IOR Mss Eur E377/9.
31 Vic/Add U32, 29 Sep 1887, RA, letter from Queen Victoria to Princess Beatrice, Campbell, Box, p. 307.
Chapter 6 – The Old Nature Rises
1 The gravestone can be found in the churchyard of St Andrew and St Patrick’s church, Elveden.
2 Letter from Duleep Singh to Robert Drewitt, Elveden Estate Manager, Vic/Add N2/428, RA.
3 Maharani Bamba’s will.
4 Ibid.
5 Arthur Oliphant to Sir Henry Ponsonby, Vic/Main/0/10/74, RA.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Arthur Oliphant to Windsor Castle, 8 Nov 1887, 010/65, Vic/Main/0/10/74, RA.
9 Ibid.
10 The 1891 census shows that Lina Schaeffer even accompanied Princess Catherine out of term time, on a holiday to the Isle of Wight.
11 IOR Mss Eur E377/3/4/5/9.
12 Letter from Prince Edward to Princess Sophia, 8 Feb 1890, IOR Mss Eur E377/9.
13 Letter from Prince Edward to Princess Sophia, 1890, undated, IOR Mss Eur E377/9.
14 School reports for Prince Albert Edward, private collection of Peter Bance.
15 Ibid.
16 Lord Henniker to Queen Victoria, May 1890, QVM, p. 289.
17 IOR R/1/1/90.
18 Campbell, Box, p. 396.
19 Duleep Singh to Queen Victoria, 18 Jul 1890, QVM, p. 288.
20 Cross to Ponsonby, 12 Dec 1890, QVM, p. 291.
21 Queen Victoria to Princess Royal, 1 Apr 1891, QVM, p. 293.
22 Jagatjit Singh, My Travels in Europe and America, Routledge, London, 1895, p. 180.
23 Henniker to Ponsonby, 7 Aug 1891, QVM, p. 295.
24 Oliphant to Ponsonby, 9 Aug 1891, QVM, p. 295.
25 British Medical Journal, 13 Jun 1925, 1(3363): 1112.
26 Letter from Arthur Oliphant to Sir Henry Ponsonby, Jan 1893, QVM, p. 296.
27 Ibid.
28 Letter from Arthur Oliphant to Lord Henniker, Windsor, 29 Oct 1893, Campbell, Box, p. 424.
29 QVM, p. 299.
30 Bance, Rebel, p. 93.
31 Ibid.
Chapter 7 – Polishing the Diamond
1 Osgood Field, Uncensored, p. 239.
2 Sir Henry Ponsonby to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, 14 Oct 1889, Vic/Main/0/10/89, RA.
3 Lord Henniker to Lord Ponsonby, Feb 1890, Vic/Addn/2/521, RA.
4 Burne to Ponsonby, 8 Dec 1893, Vic/Addn/2/623, RA.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Oliphant to Ponsonby, 22 Jun 1894, Vic/Addn/2/632, RA.
8 Ibid.
9 Memo on SDS on her concern for CDS, IOR L/PS/11/52.
10 Diary of M. Mayes, private collection of Robert Kybird.
11 Ibid.
12 Punch, 11 Jun 1887, p. 277.
13 Sarah E. Parker, Grace and Favour: A Handbook of Who Lived Where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950, www.hrp.org.uk
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Author interviews with Lillian Coram and Catherine Drovna Oxley.
18 Bills for fuel and maintenance of the Morgan show it was regularly serviced but seldom used, IOR Mss Eur E377/10.
19 Regular bills for Kathleen’s grooming and medicine are to be found, ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 Collection of receipts for bills paid to the Revenue, ibid.
22 Author interview with Oxley.
23 Letter to the New Statesman, 23 Nov 1917, New Statesman, Vol. 10, Statesman Publishing Company, London, 1918, p. 197.
24 Letter from Lord Henniker to Sir Fleetwood I. Edwards, Vic/Addn/2/659, RA.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Vic/Main/QVJ (W), 8 May 1845 (Princess Beatrice’s copies).
28 Ibid.
29 Standard, 8 May 1895.
30 Ibid.
31 ‘The Drawing Room’, The Times, 9 May 1895.
32 Numerous receipts showing Sophia’s purchasing extravagance exist in these files, IOR Mss Eur E377/9/10.
33 The Drapers’ Record, The First Moving Staircase in England, 19 Nov 1898, London, p. 465.
34 Daily Mail, 23 Sep 1899.
Chapter 8 – A Thoroughly English Girl
1 Lloyds Weekly Newspaper, 9 Jan 1898.
2 ‘Unlucky Prince Duleep Singh’, The New York Times, 2 Dec 1889.
3 ‘The Indian Prince Has Fled’, The New York Times, 15 Feb 1890.
4 Bance, Rebel, p. 112.
5 Hackney Express and Shoreditch Observer, 19 Oct 1895.
6 Bill Strickland (ed.), The Quotable Cyclist, Breakaway Books, New York, 1997, p. 324.
7 Peter Zheutlin and Annie Londonderry, Women on Wheels: The Bicycle and the Women’s Movement of the 1890s, www.annielondonderry.com, p. 4.
8 The Sketch, 1896.
9 Ibid.
10 Wheelwoman, The Lady Cyclist, 16 Jul 1898.
11 Miscellany of receipts from the estate of SDS, IOR Mss Eur E377/9.
12 Ibid.
13 Edward William Jaquet, ‘The Kennel Club: A History and Record of Its Work’, Kennel Gazette, 1905.
14 Lady’s Realm, Vol. XX, 1901.
15 The Suburban Sports Woman: The First One Hundred Years of Wimbledon Ladies’ Hockey Club, Trudy Hutchings, published by Wimbledon Ladies’ Hockey Club, p. 11.
16 Letters from CDS in India and Europe to SDS, 1900–7, p. 85, IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
17 Lady’s Realm, Vol. XXI, 1900, p. 558.
18 The Sketch, 13 Jan 1904.
19 Loose papers, unnumbered, 1890–1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/9.
20 Charles H. Lane, Dog Shows and Doggy People, Hutchinson, London, 1902, pp. 92, 94, 138.
21 Loose papers, unnumbered, 1894–1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/10.
22 Ibid.
23 Letters from CDS in India and Europe to SDS, 1900–7; letter from CDS to SDS, 2 Feb 1900: IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Letters from CDS in India and Europe to SDS, 1900–7; letter from CDS to SDS, 9 Feb 1900: IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
29 Boston Daily Globe, 17 Jul 1900.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 The New York Times, Thursday, 14 Nov 1901.
33 Logansport Pharos Tribune, 20 Nov 1901.
34 Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, 19 Nov 1901.
35 London Daily Mail, 25 Dec 1902.
36 The Church Weekly, 6 Jun 1902.
37 The World, 31 Jan 1902.
38 Ibid.
39 British Medical Journal, 1, 287, 1902.
Chapter 9 – The Cubs Come Home
1 Hansard, House of Commons, 29 Mar 1911, Vol. 23, cc. 1333–4. According to the Bank of England inflation calculator, £250,000 equates to £26.5 million in 2013.
2 Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, Verso Books, London, 2002, p. 175.
3 Letter
from Foreign Department Simla to R.T.W. Ritchie, Secretary, Political Department, India Office, London, summarising events of 1903, 3 Oct 1906, IOR L/P&S/11/52 P1608.
4 Ibid.
5 Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 2 Jan 1903.
6 F. S. Aijazuddin, Lahore Recollected: An Album, Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 2003.
7 Ibid.
8 Letter confirming that no aid would be given to the travelling princesses, IOR L/P&S/11/52 P1608.
9 Mss Eur E377/8, p. 93.
10 H. S. Olcott, ‘Constitution and Rules of the Theosophical Society’, The Theosophist 12 (4), Theosophical Publishing House, Adyar, Jan 1891, pp. 65–72.
11 Emmeline Pankhurst, My Own Story, Eveleigh Nash, London, 1914, p. 19.
12 Letter from BDS to SDS, the Braganza Hotel Lahore, 4 Feb 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
13 Letter from Kedar Natu to SDS, MSS Eur E377/7.
14 Sheo Ram letters, IOR Mss Eur E377/7.
15 Copies of testimonials for Sheo Ram, 1857, IOR MSS Eur E377/7.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Sheo Ram letters, IOR Mss Eur E377/7.
Chapter 10 – Patron of Lost Souls
1 Arthur Conan Doyle, Sherlock Holmes: The Man with the Twisted Lip, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1892, p. 136.
2 Rozina Visram, Ayahs, Lascars and Princes, Pluto Press, London, 1986, p. 52.
3 Ibid., p. 35.
4 Joseph Salter, The Asiatic in England: Sketches of Sixteen Years’ Work Among Orientals, Seely, Jackson & Halliday, London, 1873, pp. 149–51.
5 Visram, Ayahs, pp. 35–6.
6 Ibid.
7 IOR/H/MISC/163, pp. 175–85.
8 Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, 26 Dec 1786, as quoted in Visram, Ayahs, p. 232.
9 W. Harris et al, Lascars and Chinese: A Short Address to Young Men of the Several Orthodox Denominations of Christians, 1814, pp. 3–4, 9–10.
10 Salter, The Asiatic in England, pp. 4–5, 149–51.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Rozina Visram, Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History, Pluto Press, London, 2002. Sophia together with K. Choudhry and Ratan Tata would open the Lascars’ Club at 313 Victoria Dock Road, London, E16 3AA. Her royal connections were invaluable, and she succeeded in getting major funding from both the Maharajah of Burdwan and the Maharajah of Scindia.
14 Manchester Guardian, 11 Nov 1904.
15 Author interviews with Lillian Coram and Shirley Sarbutt.
16 Daily Mail, 16 Jan 1903, p. 3.
17 Note of deposit and forwarding of ‘necklace and rings’, 1894–1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/10.
18 Letter from BDS to SDS, 17 Sep 1903, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
19 Letter from CDS to SDS, 14 Apr 1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
20 Letter from CDS to SDS, 3 Jun 1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
21 Letter from CDS to SDS, 25 Nov 1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
22 Letter from CDS to SDS, 3 Jun 1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
23 Letter from CDS to SDS, 23 Oct 1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/4.
24 Letter from BDS to SDS, 4 Jun 1904, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
25 Frederick Duleep Singh’s diary, 9 Oct 1904, quoted in Bance, Rebel, p. 123.
26 See www.primrose-league.leadhoster.com/history.html
27 Bance, Rebel, p. 127.
Chapter 11 – The Princess and the Madman
1 Although the letter is missing from the IOR Mss Eur E377 collection, reference to it is made in SDS Diary, 25 Dec 1906: ‘B is quite of the opinion that she was poisoned last winter when she was so ill and it certainly seems suspicious like it confirms what she said . . .’
2 SDS Diary, 5 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
3 Ibid.
4 Letter BDS to SDS, The Palms, Lahore, 7 Apr 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
5 Letter BDS to SDS, The Palms, Lahore, 20 Apr 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
6 Letter BDS to SDS, Achabad 25 Jul 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
7 Letter BDS to SDS, The Palms, Lahore, 2 Nov 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
8 Choti huzari is a light meal taken mid-morning.
9 Letter from BDS to SDS, 6 Apr 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
10 Letter from BDS to SDS, 23 May 1905, IOR Mss Eur E377/6.
11 The Barbarossa could accommodate 200 people in first class, 430 in second and 1,935 in steerage. For a history of the ship see www.norwayheritage.com
12 SDS Diary, 27 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
13 SDS Diary, 13 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
14 Ibid.
15 SDS Diary, entries for 18, 19, 20, 21 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
16 SDS Diary, 21 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
17 Ibid.
18 SDS Diary, 23 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
19 Ibid.
20 Though Sophia never wrote his name, there are only two single men on the ship’s manifest who boarded in Southampton and were travelling as far as Ceylon in first class. Her tormenter was either a Mr G. Nicholson or a Mr J. Fitzpatrick, Schedule B Form of Passenger List, Barbarossa, 5 Nov 1906, Ship’s Master Langreuter.
21 SDS Diary, 28 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
22 SDS Diary, 22 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
23 SDS Diary, 28 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
24 Donald Shaw, One of the Old Brigade, London in the Sixties, Everett & Co., London, 1908, p. 261.
25 SDS Diary, 29 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
26 SDS Diary, 30 Nov 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
Chapter 12 – The Blood is Up
1 SDS Diary, 3 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
2 SDS Diary, 15 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 SDS Diary, 16 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
6 SDS Diary, 17 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
7 Ibid.
8 Aijazuddin, Lahore, pp. 181–86.
9 SDS Diary, 17 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
10 Ibid.
11 SDS Diary, 25 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 SDS Diary, 20 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
17 Letter from J. R. Dunlop Smith to Lord Knollys, 17 Jan 1907, IOR L/P&S/11/52 P1608.
18 Undated note attached to ibid.
19 Letter J. R. Dunlop Smith to Lord Knollys, 17 Jan 1907, IOR L/P&S/11/52 P1608.
20 SDS Diary, 21 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
21 SDS Diary, 28 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
22 Ibid.
23 SDS Diary, 31 Dec 1906, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Letter SDS to the Viceroy, 11 Jan 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/7.
33 Reply to SDS from Government House, 17 Jan 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/7.
34 Animation of the eclipse: www.astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/0111907/Lahore_Pakistan
35 Hindus believed that the eclipse was a time of great evil, and that full immersion in the waters would keep them pure – hence the great crowds that day.
36 SDS Diary, 14 Jan 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
37 SDS Diary, 16 Jan 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
38 Ibid.
39 SDS Diary, 18 Jan 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
40 Ibid.
41 SDS Diary, 2 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
42 SDS Diary, 8 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
43 SDS Diary, 13 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
44 Ibid.
45 Radha Kumar, The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights and Feminism in India, Kali for Women, 1993, p. 3.
46 SDS Diary, 15 Feb 1907, IOR/Mss Eur E377/8.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
Chapter 1
3 – India Awake!
1 M. K. Gandhi, Gokhale: My Political Guru, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 1955, p. 5.
2 SDS Diary, 16 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 J. S. Grewal and Indu Banga (eds), Lala Lajpat Rai in Retrospect: Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Concerns, Publication Bureau, Panjab University, 2000, pp. 25 and 309.
8 SDS Diary, 17 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 SDS Diary, 18 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
16 Ibid.
17 SDS Diary, 19 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
18 Ibid.
19 SDS Diary, 21 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
20 Coralie Younger, Wicked Women of the Raj: European women who broke society’s rules and married Indian princes, HarperCollins, New Delhi, 2011, reprint, p. 74.
21 SDS Diary, 23 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
22 Ibid.
23 SDS Diary, 24 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 SDS Diary, 27 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
27 SDS Diary, 28 Feb 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 SDS Diary, 1 Mar 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.
35 ‘Outbreak of an Epidemic Disease in India’, Acting Assistant Surgeon Eakins reports, 29 Mar 1907, JSTOR Early Journal Content, www.jstor.org.
36 SDS Diary, 12 Mar 1907, IOR Mss Eur E377/8.