by Steve White
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: THE CHINLE FORMATION
CHAPTER 2: THE MORRISON FORMATION
CHAPTER 3: THE BAHARIYA FORMATION
CHAPTER 4: DINOSAUR PARK FORMATION
CHAPTER 5: HELL CREEK FORMATION
INTRODUCTION
CONGRATULATIONS!
Your application for a Mesozoic Hunting Licence has been accepted!
SO, WHAT HAPPENS NOW?
You have successfully passed your preliminary physical and psychological profile; your financial status has been approved; and your non-refundable deposit has been paid.
We will now offer you a selection of time zones in which to hunt. However, before you rush off to hunt T-rexes in the Maastrichtian, please read this guide. It will help inform your decision. You will then be asked to make three choices in descending order of preference. We cannot guarantee that your first preference will be the one offered. The final choice is legally binding; no discussion will be entered into.
Once you have agreed to the selection, your training and acclimatization will begin. Hunting in the Mesozoic is as much about survival as it is about the tracking and killing of your target. As such, you will be given intensive training in some of the planet’s harshest environments; depending on your final choice of hunting ground, this could be the jungles of Vietnam and Sierra Leone; the plains of the Masai Mara; the Florida Everglades; or the Saharan desert. Should you choose a high carbon-dioxide environment such as the Chinle of the Upper Triassic, you will also spend time acclimatizing in high-altitude, low-oxygen locations and in specially designed tanks.
You will also be subject to intensive physical training by our highly skilled fitness teams, and to extensive and rigorous psychological profiling. The former is key to your survival in case of emergency and the latter is to provide continued assessment of your mental suitability to the stress and trauma you will face on your excursion.
These two aspects of your personal wellbeing are vital. While you may be well armed, well trained and logistically well cared for, it is worth pointing out the following maxim:
HUNTING IN THE MESOZOIC IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS!!!
No matter how prepared you think you are, nothing can prepare you for what you are about to face. You may be an experienced hunter; you may have hunted Big Game all over the world, but this is not controlled lion hunting in South Africa. There is no room for morbidly obese braggarts squatting in an SUV with a high-powered rifle; this is not the place for supermodels overcoming food disorders by killing for sport. This is ONLY for true hunters willing to place their lives on the line and place themselves in harm’s way. For many, it is a way to experience a more primal state, to imagine how our ancestors lived and died as hunter-gatherers.
But imagining that and doing it are two extremely different things. The psychological screening is to assess how you, the hunter, will cope with separation anxiety. The screening is modelled on that given to astronauts, sent millions of miles from Earth without hope of being rescued.
Whilst there will be rescue available to you, many find the anxiety of being millions of years from home unendurable; many hunters have experienced breakdowns. Others, suffering from dissociative amnesia, have wandered off and been lost. You may think you have the machismo to handle such fears but bear in mind, should you allow bravado to subsume common sense, we still get paid, no matter what happens to you.
Please consider, then, carefully, your options.
IF I PASS THE TRAINING/ACCLIMATIZATION?
Once you have been deemed fit by our staff, you will continue with exercises in both simulated and actual environments, and begin the process of familiarizing yourself with your equipment and with the logistical support who will be operating alongside you.
Your final payment covers the following field kit. Please be aware you will be expected to only use equipment sanctioned by Mesozoic Hunter Corporation (MHC)®:
•Hunting rifle (see below)
•Shotgun (see below)
•Smoke grenades: for position marking and, in emergencies, to obfuscate the hunting team from aggressive animals
•Pepper spray: a useful deterrent to any overly inquisitive or aggressive animals
•Ghillie suit: an air-conditioned camouflage suit; these are specifically adapted to each hunting zone
•Body armour: there are Kevlar composite armour plates to cover all regions of the body; experienced hunters can find these an encumbrance and choose to wear only those they consider vital. This varies from hunter to hunter; it should be pointed out that while the armour may prevent penetration by even the biggest teeth, it can do little to deter bite pressure or prevent crushing. Most experienced hunters usually wear armour plates on the arms and legs, which are considered most vulnerable to attack
•Machete: generally used as a clearing tool but, in desperate situations, can be employed as a weapon
•Rebreather and CO2 scrubbers: the Mesozoic (particularly the Triassic) has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than the present. Not only does this result in the ‘greenhouse effect’ of markedly raised temperatures through the Era (again, particularly during the Triassic but also the Jurassic) but it also makes breathing a troubling affair for humans. Accordingly, the rebreather is a respiratory apparatus similar to those used by SCUBA divers; however, unlike the closed system of underwater rebreathers, the Mesozoic version works in virtually the opposite way, drawing air in and over the CO2 scrubbers, which reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and make it more palatable to human lungs. The scrubbers can be changed quickly and easily in the field
•Webbing and pony rig: the pony rig is a small air bottle and respirator used as an emergency air supply; it is hung in the small of the back from the military webbing fitted out beneath the ghillie suit
•Bergen backpack
•Compass
•Waterproofs
•Walking boots
•Bush hat
•Goggles
•Gloves
•Strobes (infra-red and white light)
•Flares
•Insect hood
•Insect repellent
•First aid kit (includes broad-spectrum antibiotics, painkillers, anaesthetic, speed glue, stapler, band aids, gauze and bandages
•Head-mounted camera: these are used to film all hunts and downloaded to a hard drive at the Forward Operating Base (FOB). All material filmed on the head cameras is copyright © Mesozoic Hunting Corporation
•MREs (Meals Ready to Eat): lightweight pre-prepared meals including hot food
•Water packs and drinking tubes
•Camping equipment: includes two-person tent, portable stove, cooking utensils, portable air-conditioning unit, UV anti-insect light, motion detectors, electric lamps and sleeping bags
•Communication equipment
Important: No hunt will be undertaken without valid life insurance coverage for the hunting team.
ORGANIZATION AND FACILITIES
Whilst many of you may already be experienced hunters, the environments and conditions you will be entering will be unfamiliar, as will the animals you will be hunting.
You will be operating in pairs. Again, some of you may only be familiar with hunting alone. However, this is non-negotiable. For the sake of expediency, we will refer to the second team member as the ‘spotter’; however, the spotter’s duties include providing cover for the ‘shooter’ or ‘hunter’; their second set of eyes is there to look for trouble while the hunter is engaging the t
arget and therefore they are equipped with a scope or binoculars. The spotter is also armed with a shotgun containing lethal rounds, to be used in case of emergencies; the hunter is similarly equipped with a back-up shotgun, but fitted with non-lethal rounds to act as a deterrent to any inquisitive or aggressive animals.
During your month in the Mesozoic, you will operate out of a Forward Operating Base (FOB), which includes living quarters; a field hospital; a drone shack; and hangars for the helicopter/tilt-rotor pair known as the Pink Team.
THE PINK TEAM
The Pink Team derives its name from the callsigns of the two aircraft that form the flight: the ‘white’ utility helicopter or tilt-rotor (a UH-74 Shasta or V-32 Victor respectively), and the ‘red’ scout/gunship (an RAH-80 Osage).
The Pink Team’s primary role is the support of the hunting team, both generally and in cases of emergency. The ‘white’ aircraft is used in the transport and medevac role, inserting the hunting team into their location, running supplies and extracting the team. The Osage is there to provide overwatch and, in extreme cases, cover for the white aircraft. The Pink Team is kept on five-minute standby or ‘alert five’; it can be airborne in five minutes should the necessity arise and the hunting team is kept within a geographical radius that allows the Pink Team to be with the hunting party within 20 minutes should an emergency situation arise. In more dangerous environments, the Pink Team will be airborne to provide top cover for the hunting team.
A pair of aircraft are kept at the FOB as replacements should one or the other be grounded due to maintenance or mechanical failure. The FOB also hosts ground crews to service the aircraft and drones.
In addition to the Pink Team is a pair of KV-32s, a version of the Victor fitted out as an airborne tanker used for in-flight refuelling. These can refuel the Pink Team in flight and extend its flying time if the situation requires it.
DRONE COVERAGE
Once the hunting team is on the ground, drones are airborne 24/7. These are equipped with cameras (low-light, heat-sensitive, UV and infra-red, as well as white light optics) and also HV flechettes. These weapons are essentially high-velocity, warhead-less composite darts that can be used to defend the hunting team in case of extreme emergency.
The drones can be used to track target animals should the hunting team so choose; this is especially useful in areas of dense forest, where heat-sensitive cameras can distinguish animals below and help steer the hunting team to their target or away from trouble. (Some hunters prefer to use the drones only for the latter, relying on their own field craft to track prey.)
RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
One of the most frequently asked questions MHC® is asked is ‘will you affect the time line?’ No. No matter what Ray Bradbury wrote, you will not come back to the present to find the Earth ruled by monkeys. Why not? Well, quantum physics and temporal theory are outside the remit of this guide; you’ll just have to take our word for it.
That said, the hunting expeditions are rigorously controlled. The number of animals taken is strictly limited to three per expedition. This number is also restricted to only certain types or species, according to the time period you are in. The breaking of these rules will result in prosecution by MHC®, leading to heavy fines and imprisonment. There is a self-defence clause but this will be rigorously examined in a court of law.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN I ARRIVE AT MY CHOSEN DESTINATION?
It’s worth pointing out at this juncture that we cannot guarantee precisely where your expedition will arrive in the Mesozoic. The Artificial Intelligences used to calculate the opening of the windows into the Era are about as advanced as is possible at this time but they still lack the capability to calculate a precise point in time. Each window has a plus/minus factor of approximately 1–1.5 million years. This can affect the fauna to be expected. For instance, the Morrison Formation lasts 8 million years. The aim point is the lower/mid-Morrison 150 million years ago, a point in time when the most iconic members of the fauna were common, including Allosaurus, Stegosaurus and Diplodocus. Any later sees a faunal changeover as the Morrison became wetter, giving rise to new genres and species, and resulting in the extinction of others.
On arrival at your destination, you will begin your familiarization training. This will include navigational exercises and Theatre Indoctrination Training (TIT) flights with the Pink Team that will allow the hunting team to develop a geographical understanding of the hunting range (termed reserves). This will be followed by ‘walkabouts’: on-foot safaris that are not for the purposes of hunting but for acclimatization and familiarization with the equipment and procedures to be employed.
Once familiarization is complete, your hunting team will be dropped at your first campsite; you will spend five days in the field before two days back at the FOB; followed by three similar rotations until you have completed four weeks.
YOUR DESTINATION
If this is your first (and possibly only) hunt, you now have the difficulty of choosing your destination. We have five hunting zones available:
1.Chinle Formation: Late Triassic (early-mid Norian stage) of what is now South-West North America, approximately 225–210 million years ago (mya)
2.Morrison Formation: Late Jurassic (very late Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian stage) of Mid-West North America, 152–148 mya
3.Bahariya Formation: Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage) of North Africa, 98–93 mya.
4.Dinosaur Park Formation: Late Cretaceous (late Campanian stage) of Western North America, 75–72 mya
5.Hell Creek Formation: Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian stage) of Western North America, 66–65 mya
Each section in this book represents one particular destination and includes a story, memoir or report that not only gives you, the reader, a flavour of the various time zones but also serves as a cautionary tale. Most do not end well. They are there not to frighten you but to help inform your final choice by showing you the Mesozoic at its best and worst.
THUMP GUNS AND ELEPHANT LOADS
The basic weapon offered to the MHC® hunter is the bolt-action Ruger No.3 Elephant Load. The rifle is 41in long, with a 24in barrel and weighs 10lbs (without scopes). It uses open sights but is fitted out to carry modern optical sights. The Elephant Load fires a .505 1,300-grain cartridge with a velocity of 2,500ft/s; it can also use wildcat elephant gun cartridges that retain the .505’s diameter but have a longer case and modern accelerants. These rounds have a higher muzzle velocity of 2,600ft/s without necessitating a bigger weapon and barrel to increase muzzle velocity. They can also be fitted out with Nitro Express tungsten flechette rounds with very high muzzle velocities or a 700g solid metal slug for use against particularly tough targets. These are modelled on the ironically named .577 Tyrannosaur manufactured by A-Square; even more ironically they have been found to be the best available cartridge for penetrating the skull of large Theropods. The action is smooth and simple; the rifle itself also contains very few parts, making it very reliable and easy to maintain in the field.
The second rifle is the Purdy Allosaur Express. It fires a Holland & Holland .705 NE cartridge with a maximum velocity of 2,000ft/s but the rifle itself is much lighter, only 7lbs. The Express is 361/2in long with a barrel length of 22in. It generally uses open sights but can be fitted with modern scopes. Like the Ruger, the weapon is simple to operate and easy to maintain.
Both shooter and spotter will be equipped with shotguns. These are essentially for deterring overly inquisitive or aggressive animals, or for use in extreme emergency situations (for ‘emergency’, read ‘animal attack’).
The shooter is equipped with non-lethal rounds for the shotgun: CS gas, baton rounds and ‘pepper’ rounds. These are generally enough to dissuade even the most persistent of predators.
However, should these fail, the spotter has a lethal load-out, including solid slug penetrators – generally considered the most effective round against large, dangerous animals.
The primary shotgun used by MHC® is the B
enelli M6 12-gauge semi-automatic, which has an effective range of 165ft. The Italian-made weapon is 35in long, with an 181/2in barrel. However, it does have a folding stock, which many experienced hunters prefer collapsed when moving in confined environments such as forest. Its weight is only 81/2lbs.
The M6 generally uses a ghost ring open sight but also has a Picatinny rail on the top of the barrel for scopes and flashlights. The weapon has a 7 + 1 load (seven in the magazine, one in the chamber) and has seen action in a number of wars with armies around the world, where the weapon has proved tough and versatile. It has proved similarly effective in the Mesozoic.
THE CHINLE FORMATION
Period: Late Triassic
Age: Norian stage (225–210 mya)
Present location: South-West North America, principally Arizona
Reserve size: approx 5,000 square miles (slightly smaller than the Serengeti National Park)
CONDITIONS
The Chinle is considered to be the most arduous of the Mesozoic hunting reserves. The mean temperature is also far higher than today; dry seasons are generally 40°C (104°F) or higher, while there are prevalent ‘greenhouse’ conditions resulting from a greater percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (seven times more than present pre-industrial levels). This is the principal reason for the physical hardships of hunting in the Triassic; it requires the constant use of rebreathers in high-temperature, high-humidity environs. As such, much of the preparatory physical training takes place in areas of low oxygen at high altitudes to prepare the body for the remote possibility of being active without breathing equipment.
The continents are arranged into the giant supercontinent of Pangaea; the Chinle is situated close to its western edge, near the equator. The supercontinental arrangement results in extraordinary weather conditions and the Chinle is prone to ‘mega-monsoons’ that lead to particularly heavy rains and catastrophic flooding during the wet season. Humidity at this time is persistent and very high. This makes for very uncomfortable hunting conditions; without the proper clothing, immersion foot, crotch rot, bacterial and fungal infections and leeches can be a problem. Well-sealed waterproofs are considered vital.