107. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 266
108. Ibid., Vol. 49, pp. 34–6
109. Ibid., Vol. 21, p. 94
110. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 399
111. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 412
112. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 422
113. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 469
114. Ibid., Vol. 38, p. 370
115. Ibid., Vol. 10, p. 332
116. Ibid., Vol. 39, pp. 423–5, 434–6
117. Ibid., Vol. 13, p. 524
118. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 400
119. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 280
120. See W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner (eds.), Engels as Military Critic (Manchester, 1959)
121. MECW, Vol. 11, p. 204
122. Ibid., Vol. 17, p. 437
123. Ibid., Vol. 18, p. 540
124. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 399
125. See Stephen Bull, ‘Volunteer!’ The Lancashire Rifle Volunteers 1859-1885 (Lancashire, 1993)
126. For a good example of a different contemporary approach to the volunteer corps, see The Sack; or, Volunteers’ Testimonial to the Militia (London, 1862)
127. MECW, Vol. 44, pp. 7, 17, 32
128. Ibid., Vol. 11, pp. 85–6
129. Ibid., Vol. 25, pp. 154–5
130. Friedrich Engels, Anti-Dühring (Peking, 1976), p. 221
131. MECW, Vol. 14, p. 416
132. Ibid., Vol. 14, p. 545
133. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 472
134. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, On Colonialism (Moscow, 1968), pp. 81–2
135. MECW, Vol. 39, p. 82
136. Marx and Engels, On Colonialism, p. 152
137. MECW, Vol. 24, p. 11
138. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 205; Vol. 47, p. 192
139. Ibid., Vol. 18, p. 67
140. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 322
141. D. A. Farnie, The English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815–1896 (Oxford, 1979), p. 105
142. MECW, Vol. 46, p. 322
143. Ibid., Vol. 41, pp. 441–7
144. Karl Kautsky Papers (Amsterdam), DXVI, p. 489
145. MECW, Vol. 49, p. 378
146. Kapp, Eleanor Marx, Vol. I, p. 107
147. MECW, Vol. 43, p. 311
148. Quoted in The Daughters of Karl Marx: Family Correspondence, 1866–1898 (London, 1982), p. 51
149. MECW, Vol. 43, p. 541
150. Ibid., p. 311
151. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, On Ireland (London, 1971), p. 14. Extracts from Engels's ‘Unpublished History of Ireland’ were later serialized by The Irish Democrat newspaper. See, The Irish Democrat, New Series, No. 71 and 72, (November–December 1950)
152. MECW, Vol. 40, pp. 49–50
153. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 49
154. Ibid., Vol. 43, pp. 473–4
155. R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland (London, 1989), p. 391
156. Reminiscences, p. 88
157. Max Beer, Fifty Years of International Socialism (London, 1935), p. 78
158. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 474
159. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 483
160. Ibid., Vol. 43, p. 163
161. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 178
162. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 371
163. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 406
164. Ibid., Vol. 43, p. 160
165. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 381
166. Robert Skidelsky, ‘What's Left of Marx’, New York Review of Books (47), 18 (2000)
167. Karl Marx, Capital (Moscow, 1954), p. 645
168. MECW, Vol. 42, pp. 363, 451, 467–8
169. Ibid., Vol. 42, p. 426
170. Ibid., Vol. 20, pp. 208, 227, 224, 231
171. Ibid., Vol. 38, pp. 170, 187, 194
172. Reminiscences, p. 185
173. MECW, Vol. 43, p. 299
174. Ibid., pp. 299, 302–3
175. Marx-Engels Archives, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (L167)
176. MECW, Vol. 43, p. 252
Chapter 7: ‘The Grand Lama of the Regent's Park Road’
1. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 355
2. Ibid., Vol. 43, p. 561; Vol. 44, p. 142
3. Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, 1958), pp. 310–11
4. See Donald J. Olsen, The Growth of Victorian London (London, 1976), p. 246
5. See A. D. Webster, The Regent's Park and Primrose Hill (London, 1911); Friends of Chalk Farm Library, Primrose Hill Remembered (London, 2001)
6. Reminiscences, p. 94
7. Eduard Bernstein, My Years of Exile: Reminiscences of a Socialist (London, 1921), p. 153
8. Reminiscences, p. 186
9. Ibid., pp. 335, 316
10. Bernstein, My Years of Exile, p. 197
11. Marx-Engels Archives, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (M33)
12. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 5
13. Ibid., Vol. 44, pp. 47, 66, 120
14. Ibid., p. 131
15. See Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune (London, 1999)
16. MECW, Vol. 27, p. 185
17. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 186
18. Ibid., Vol. 44, pp. 228–9
19. Quoted in Francis Wheen, Karl Marx (London, 1999), p. 333
20. MECW, Vol. 44, p. 157
21. Ibid., Vol. 22, p. 355
22. Ibid., Vol. 42, pp. 20, 157
23. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (London, 1987), p. 28
24. See Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station (London, 1991), pp. 264–8
25. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism (London, 2005), p. 205
26. Quoted in E. H. Carr, Michael Bakunin (London, 1975), p. 341
27. MECW, Vol. 43, pp. 191, 193, 336
28. Ibid., Vol. 23, p. 425
29. Ibid., Vol. 44, pp. 295, 286
30. Ibid., Vol. 23, p. 66
31. Reminiscences, p. 209
32. MECW, Vol. 40, p. 27
33. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 558
34. Ibid., Vol. 42, pp. 320, 323. See also, Diane Paul, ‘ “In the Interests of Civilization”: Marxist Views of Race and Culture in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of the History of Ideas (42), 1 (1981)
35. MECW, Vol. 27, p. 51. See also, Mario Kessler, ‘Engels' Position on Anti-Semitism in the Context of Contemporary Socialist Discussions’, Science & Society (62), 1 (1998)
36. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 88
37. Ibid., Vol. 23, p. 363
38. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 71
39. Ibid., Vol. 45, pp. 64, 94
40. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 317
41. Ibid., Vol. 46, pp. 10, 152
42. Ibid., Vol. 24, pp. 267, 269
43. Ibid., Vol. 23, p. 34
44. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 417
45. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (London, 1990), pp. 192–3
46. ‘Engels, Frederick’ (IR 59/166), The National Archives, Kew
47. MECW, Vol. 46, pp. 434, 435, 448–9
48. Friedrich Engels, Paul and Laura Lafargue Correspondence (London, 1959), Vol. I, pp. 21, 51, 54, 110, Vol. II, p. 91
49. MECW, Vol. 46, p. 104
50. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 139
51. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 315
52. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 567
53. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 324
54. See Gemkow, ‘Fünf Frauen an Engels' Seite’, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, (37), No. 4 (1995); Yvonne Kapp, Eleanor Marx (London, 1976), Vol. I
55. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 321
56. Ibid., Vol. 46, pp. 89–90, 95
57. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 379
58. See, for example, Tom Nairn, ‘History's Postman’, London Review of Books, Vol. 28, No. 2 (January 2006): ‘The short-cut strategy generated by [military] defeat led to a need for larger-than-life ideas and movements, party-armies of zealots captained by supermen. Giants or angels alone could wrestle with the sorcerer, and successfully reconfigure the capitalist march of history. Marginalised in the centres of industrialisation, such trends found expression in the peripheral (or “backward”) countries where traditional elites had collapsed or been discredited. The way was then open
for authentic monsters like Lenin and Mao to take over: projections of a disembodied will, politics as a substitute for, rather than a realisation of, democracy. State power appeared for a time to make possible what democracy and economic growth had failed to produce. These leaders naturally claimed to have intercepted history's postman and put him right: to have seized the misdirected mail in the name of their own proletariats, as well as of the anti-nationalist aims of the now irreproachable godfathers, Marx and Engels.’
59. MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 11, 43; Vol. 47, p. 280
60. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 48
61. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 354
62. Ibid., Vol. 49, p. 384
63. Ibid., Vol. 27, pp. 422, 426
64. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 426
65. Ibid., Vol. 50, p. 112
66. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 420
67. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 224
68. Ibid., p. 462
69. F. G. Black and R. M. Black (eds.), The Harney Papers (Assen, 1969), p. 296
70. MECW, Vol. 46, p. 462
71. Ibid., p. 458
Chapter 8: Marx's Bulldog
1. MECW, Vol. 24, pp. 467, 468
2. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 25
3. Manchester Guardian, 4 August 1945
4. Benjamin Disraeli, Coningsby (London, 1963), p. 127
5. Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton (1848) (Harmondsworth, 1996), p. 39. For a broader explication of Manchester scientific culture, see Robert H. Kargon, Science in Victorian Manchester (Manchester, 1977); Arnold Thackray, ‘Natural Knowledge in Cultural Context: The Manchester Model’, American Historical Review, 69 (1974)
6. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 117
7. Henry Roscoe, The Life and Experiences of Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe Written by Himself (London, 1906), p. 107
8. MECW, Vol. 41, p. 465; Vol. 42, p. 383
9. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 461
10. Ibid., Vol. 49, p. 433
11. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 551
12. Ibid., Vol. 41, p. 381
13. Quoted in David Stack, The First Darwinian Left (Cheltenham, 2003), p. 2
14. MECW, Vol. 45, pp. 107, 108
15. Ibid., Vol. 40, p. 326
16. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 195
17. Friedrich Engels, Anti-Dühring (Peking, 1976), p. 74
18. MECW, Vol. 42, p. 138
19. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 123
20. Ibid., Vol. 44, p. 500
21. Engels, Anti-Dühring, p. 11
22. See The Philosophical Quarterly, II (6) (1952), p. 89
23. Engels, Anti-Dühring, p. 12
24. MECW, Vol. 24, p. 302
25. Ibid., Vol. 25, p. 356
26. Ibid., Vol. 24, pp. 300–301
27. Engels, Anti-Dühring, p. 173
28. See Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin (London, 1978), pp. 210–11
29. MECW, Vol. 25, pp. 452–65
30. Peter Singer has taken issue with Engels's animal–human distinction, based around control of the natural environment, by pointing to the example of fungus-growing ants which grow and eat specialized fungi that would not have existed without their activity. See Peter Singer, A Darwinian Left (London, 1999), pp. 21–4
31. MECW, Vol. 25, p. 460
32. Engels, Anti-Dühring, p. 47
33. MECW, Vol. 25, p. 127
34. Jean Van Heijenoort, ‘Friedrich Engels and Mathematics’, in Selected Essays (Napoli, 1985), pp. 123–51
35. MECW, Vol. 25, p. 354
36. Private conversation, November 2007. One obvious, British example of this phenomenon would be the pioneering X-ray crystallographer, J. D. Bernal (1901–71), who thought that ‘in its endeavour, science is communism’.
37. Heinrich Gemkow et al., Frederick Engels: A Biography (Dresden, 1972), p. 414. For an up-to-date defence of Engels's insights into modern scientific practice and theory, see Paul McGarr, ‘Engels and Natural Science’, International Socialism, 65, 2 (1994). Also at http://www.marxists.de/science/mcgareng/index.htm
38. J. B. S. Haldane, ‘Preface’, in Frederick Engels, Dialectics of Nature (London, 1940), p. vii
39. See Peter Pringle, The Murder of Nikolai Vavilov: The Story of Stalin's Persecution of One of the Great Scientists of the Twentieth Century (New York, 2008)
40. See ‘Report on Engels Society – June 1949’; ‘Transactions of the Physics Group’; ‘Transactions of the Engels Society, No. 4, Spring 1950’; ‘To the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U (B), to Comrade Stalin. Youri Zhdanov.’ Archives of the People's History Museum, Manchester, CP/CENT/ CULT/5/9
41. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 122
42. See Richard Adamiak, ‘Marx, Engels and Dühring’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 35, 1 (1974)
43. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 131
44. E. Dühhring, Kritische Geschichte der Nationalökonomie und des Socialismus (Leipzig, 1879), p. 547
45. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 175
46. Engels, Anti-Dühring, p. 422
47. MECW, Vol. 16, p. 474
48. Ibid., Vol. 35, p. 19
49. Friedrich Engels, ‘Preface to Second Edition’ (1885), Anti-Dühring, p. 11
50. Ibid., p. 201
51. MECW, Vol. 24, p. 297
52. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 319
53. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 320
54. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 321
55. Ibid., Vol. 24, p. 323
56. Ibid., Vol. 46, pp. 300, 369
57. Friedrich Engels, Paul and Laura Lafargue Correspondence (London, 1959), Vol. III, p. 335
58. David Ryazonov, Marx and Engels (London, 1927), p. 210
59. F. Engels’ Briefwechsel mit K. Kautsky (Vienna, 1955), p. 4
60. G. Lukács, History and Class Consciousness (London, 1971), p. 24
61. Norman Levine, ‘Marxism and Engelsism’, Journal of the History of the Behavioural Science, 11, 3 (1973), p. 239. See also, Terrell Carver, Marx and Engels: The Intellectual Relationship (Brighton, 1983) for a more refined advocacy of the same case.
62. MECW, Vol. 45, p. 334
63. Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs (1896) (New York, 1968), pp. 91–2
64. By far the most cogent and detailed explanation of this approach remains S. H. Rigby, Engels and the Formation of Marxism (Manchester, 1992)
65. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 53
66. Ibid., p. 16
67. Ibid., p. 17
68. Lafargue Correspondence, Vol. I, p. 142
69. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 41
70. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 53
71. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 43
72. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 117
73. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 265
74. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 521
75. Ibid., Vol. 27, p. 428
76. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 301
77. Ibid., Vol. 36, p. 20
78. Ibid., Vol. 36, p. 23
79. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 271
80. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 347
81. See Meghnad Desai, Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism (London, 2002), pp. 74–83
82. Carl-Erich Vollgraf and Jurgen Jungnickel, ‘Marx in Marx's Words?’, International Journal of Political Economy, 32, 1 (2002), p. 67
83. F. G. Black and R. M. Black (eds.), The Harney Papers (Assen, 1969), p. 351
84. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 398
85. Lafargue Correspondence, Vol. III, p. 344
86. Marx-Engels Archives, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (L5461)
87. Ibid., L5473
88. Quoted in The Daughters of Karl Marx: Family Correspondence, 1866–1898 (London, 1982), p. 230
89. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 331
90. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 395
91. Eduard Bernstein, My Years of Exile: Reminiscences of a Socialist (London, 1921), p. 168
92. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 132
93. Ibid., p. 162
94. Ibid., p. 158
95. Ibid., p. 165
96. Ibid., p. 173
97. Ibid., p. 179
98. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in
England (Harmondsworth, 1987), p. 167
99. Ibid., p. 168
100. MECW, Vol. 26, p. 179
101. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 312
102. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 183
103. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 183
104. Ibid., Vol. 43, p. 296
105. See Sheila Rowbotham, Edward Carpenter: A Life of Liberty and Love (London, 2008)
106. Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (London, 1970), p. 120
107. See Lise Vogel, ‘Engels's Origin: Legacy, Burden and Vision’, in Christopher J. Arthur (ed.), Engels Today (London, 1996)
108. Michele Barrett, ‘Introduction’, in F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (Harmondsworth, 1986), p. 28. See also, Josette Trat, ‘Engels and the Emancipation of Women’, in Science and Society 62, 1 (1998); Nanneke Redclift, ‘Rights in Women: Kinship, Culture, and Materialism’, in J. Sayers, M. Evans and N. Redclift (eds.), Engels Revisited: New Feminist Essays (London, 1987); Terrell Carver, ‘Engels's Feminism’, History of Political Thought, 6, 3 (1985)
109. MECW, Vol. 50, p. 67
110. Ibid., Vol. 48, pp. 224, 232
111. See, for example, ibid., Vol. 47, p. 355
112. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 253
113. Ibid., Vol. 47, p. 312
114. Ibid., Vol. 45, p. 197
115. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 402
116. See Eric Arnesen, ‘American Workers and the Labor Movement in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Charles W. Calhoun, The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (Delaware, 1996)
117. MECW, Vol. 47, p. 452
118. Ibid.
119. Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, 1958), p. 187
120. MECW, Vol. 48, p. 210
121. Ibid., Vol. 26, p. 585
122. Ibid., Vol. 48, p. 207
123. See Mike Davis, City of Quartz (London, 2006), pp. 46–54. Indeed, Jean Baudrillard's description of Los Angeles, quoted by Davis, is an almost exact update of Engels's encounter with New York: ‘There is nothing to match flying over Los Angeles by night. Only Hieronymous Bosch's Hell can match the inferno effect.’
124. ECW, Vol. 48, p. 211
125. Ibid., p. 219
Chapter 9: First Fiddle
1. MECW, Vol. 27, p. 61
2. Ibid., Vol. 48, pp. 493–5
3. Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Moscow, 1958), pp. 147, 187
4. MECW, Vol. 24, p. 387
5. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 123
6. Ibid., Vol. 46, p. 197
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