Took then its all-seen way:
O waking on a world which thus-wise springs!
Whether it needs thee count
Betwixt thy waking and the birth of things 10
Ages or hours: O waking on Life’s stream!
By lonely pureness to the all-pure Fount
(Only by this thou canst) the colour’d dream
Of Life remount.
Thin, thin the pleasant human noises grow; 15
And faint the city gleams;
Rare the lone pastoral huts: marvel not thou!
The solemn peaks but to the stars are known,
But to the stars, and the cold lunar beams:
Alone the sun arises, and alone 20
Spring the great streams.
But, if the wild unfather’d mass no birth
In divine seats hath known:
In the blank, echoing solitude, if Earth,
Rocking her obscure body to and fro, 25
Ceases not from all time to heave and groan,
Unfruitful oft, and, at her happiest throe,
Forms, what she forms, alone:
O seeming sole to awake, thy sun-bath’d head
Piercing the solemn cloud 30
Round thy still dreaming brother-world outspread!
O man, whom Earth, thy long-vext mother, bare
Not without joy; so radiant, so endow’d —
(Such happy issue crown’d her painful care)
Be not too proud! 35
O when most self-exalted most alone,
Chief dreamer, own thy dream!
Thy brother-world stirs at thy feet unknown;
Who hath a monarch’s hath no brother’s part;
Yet doth thine inmost soul with yearning teem. 40
O what a spasm shakes the dreamer’s heart ——
‘I too but seem!’
Resignation
TO FAUSTA
To die be given us, or attain!
Fierce work it were, to do again.
So pilgrims, bound for Mecca, pray’d
At burning noon: so warriors said,
Scarf’d with the cross, who watch’d the miles 5
Of dust that wreath’d their struggling files
Down Lydian mountains: so, when snows
Round Alpine summits eddying rose,
The Goth, bound Rome-wards: so the Hun,
Crouch’d on his saddle, when the sun 10
Went lurid down o’er flooded plains
Through which the groaning Danube strains
To the drear Euxine: so pray all,
Whom labours, self-ordain’d, enthrall;
Because they to themselves propose 15
On this side the all-common close
A goal which, gain’d, may give repose.
So pray they: and to stand again
Where they stood once, to them were pain;
Pain to thread back and to renew 20
Past straits, and currents long steer’d through.
But milder natures, and more free;
Whom an unblam’d serenity
Hath freed from passions, and the state
Of struggle these necessitate; 25
Whom schooling of the stubborn mind
Hath made, or birth hath found, resign’d;
These mourn not, that their goings pay
Obedience to the passing day:
These claim not every laughing Hour 30
For handmaid to their striding power;
Each in her turn, with torch uprear’d,
To await their march; and when appear’d,
Through the cold gloom, with measur’d race,
To usher for a destin’d space, 35
(Her own sweet errands all foregone)
The too imperious Traveller on.
These, Fausta, ask not this: nor thou,
Time’s chafing prisoner, ask it now.
We left, just ten years since, you say, 40
That wayside inn we left to day:
Our jovial host, as forth we fare,
Shouts greeting from his easy chair;
High on a bank our leader stands,
Reviews and ranks his motley bands; 45
Makes clear our goal to every eye,
The valley’s western boundary.
A gate swings to: our tide hath flow’d
Already from the silent road.
The valley pastures, one by one, 50
Are threaded, quiet in the sun:
And now beyond the rude stone bridge
Slopes gracious up the western ridge.
Its woody border, and the last
Of its dark upland farms is past; 55
Cool farms, with open-lying stores,
Under their burnish’d sycamores:
All past: and through the trees we glide
Emerging on the green hill-side.
There climbing hangs, a far-seen sign, 60
Our wavering, many-colour’d line;
There winds, upstreaming slowly still
Over the summit of the hill.
And now, in front, behold outspread
Those upper regions we must tread; 65
Mild hollows, and clear heathy swells,
The cheerful silence of the fells.
Some two hours’ march, with serious air,
Through the deep noontide heats we fare:
The red-grouse, springing at our sound, 70
Skims, now and then, the shining ground;
No life, save his and ours, intrudes
Upon these breathless solitudes.
O joy! again the farms appear;
Cool shade is there, and rustic cheer: 75
There springs the brook will guide us down,
Bright comrade, to the noisy town.
Lingering, we follow down: we gain
The town, the highway, and the plain.
And many a mile of dusty way, 80
Parch’d and road-worn, we made that day;
But, Fausta, I remember well
That, as the balmy darkness fell,
We bath’d our hands, with speechless glee,
That night, in the wide-glimmering Sea. 85
Once more we tread this self-same road
Fausta, which ten years since we trod:
Alone we tread it, you and I;
Ghosts of that boisterous company.
Here, where the brook shines, near its head, 90
In its clear, shallow, turf-fring’d bed;
Here, whence the eye first sees, far down,
Capp’d with faint smoke, the noisy town;
Here sit we, and again unroll,
Though slowly, the familiar whole. 95
The solemn wastes of heathy hill
Sleep in the July sunshine still:
The self-same shadows now, as then,
Play through this grassy upland glen:
The loose dark stones on the green way 100
Lie strewn, it seems, where then they lay:
On this mild bank above the stream,
(You crush them) the blue gentians gleam.
Still this wild brook, the rushes cool,
The sailing foam, the shining pool. — 105
These are not chang’d: and we, you say,
Are scarce more chang’d, in truth, than they.
The Gipsies, whom we met below,
They too have long roam’d to and fro.
They ramble, leaving, where they pass, 110
Their fragments on the cumber’d grass.
And often to some kindly place,
Chance guides the migratory race
Where, though long wanderings intervene,
They recognize a former scene. 115
The dingy tents are pitch’d: the fires
Give to the wind their wavering spires;
In dark knots crouch round the wild flame
Their children, as when first they came;
They see their shackled beasts again 120<
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Move, browsing, up the grey-wall’d lane.
Signs are not wanting, which might raise
The ghosts in them of former days:
Signs are not wanting, if they would;
Suggestions to disquietude. 125
For them, for all, Time’s busy touch,
While it mends little, troubles much:
Their joints grow stiffer; but the year
Runs his old round of dubious cheer:
Chilly they grow; yet winds in March, 130
Still, sharp as ever, freeze and parch:
They must live still; and yet, God knows,
Crowded and keen the country grows:
It seems as if, in their decay,
The Law grew stronger every day. 135
So might they reason; so compare,
Fausta, times past with times that are.
But no: — they rubb’d through yesterday
In their hereditary way;
And they will rub through, if they can, 140
To-morrow on the self-same plan;
Till death arrives to supersede,
For them, vicissitude and need.
The Poet, to whose mighty heart
Heaven doth a quicker pulse impart, 145
Subdues that energy to scan
Not his own course, but that of Man.
Though he move mountains; though his day
Be pass’d on the proud heights of sway;
Though he hath loos’d a thousand chains; 150
Though he hath borne immortal pains;
Action and suffering though he know;
— He hath not liv’d, if he lives so.
He sees, in some great-historied land,
A ruler of the people stand; 155
Sees his strong thought in fiery flood
Roll through the heaving multitude;
Exults: yet for no moment’s space
Envies the all-regarded place.
Beautiful eyes meet his; and he 160
Bears to admire uncravingly:
They pass; he, mingled with the crowd,
Is in their far-off triumphs proud.
From some high station he looks down,
At sunset, on a populous town; 165
Surveys each happy group that fleets,
Toil ended, through the shining streets,
Each with some errand of its own; —
And does not say, I am alone.
He sees the gentle stir of birth 170
When Morning purifies the earth;
He leans upon a gate, and sees
The pastures, and the quiet trees.
Low woody hill, with gracious bound,
Folds the still valley almost round; 175
The cuckoo, loud on some high lawn,
Is answer’d from the depth of dawn;
In the hedge straggling to the stream,
Pale, dew-drench’d, half-shut roses gleam:
But where the further side slopes down 180
He sees the drowsy new-wak’d clown
In his white quaint-embroider’d frock
Make, whistling, towards his mist-wreath’d flock;
Slowly, behind the heavy tread,
The wet flower’d grass heaves up its head. — 185
Lean’d on his gate, he gazes: tears
Are in his eyes, and in his ears
The murmur of a thousand years:
Before him he sees Life unroll,
A placid and continuous whole; 190
That general Life, which does not cease,
Whose secret is not joy, but peace;
That Life, whose dumb wish is not miss’d
If birth proceeds, if things subsist:
The Life of plants, and stones, and rain: 195
The Life he craves; if not in vain
Fate gave, what Chance shall not control,
His sad lucidity of soul.
You listen: — but that wandering smile,
Fausta, betrays you cold the while. 200
Your eyes pursue the bells of foam
Wash’d, eddying, from this bank, their home.
Those Gipsies, so your thoughts I scan,
Are less, the Poet more, than man.
They feel not, though they move and see: 205
Deeply the Poet feels; but he
Breathes, when he will, immortal air,
Where Orpheus and where Homer are.
In the day’s life, whose iron round
Hems us all in, he is not bound. 210
He escapes thence, but we abide.
Not deep the Poet sees, but wide.
The World in which we live and move
Outlasts aversion, outlasts love:
Outlasts each effort, interest, hope, 215
Remorse, grief, joy: — and were the scope
Of these affections wider made,
Man still would see, and see dismay’d,
Beyond his passion’s widest range
Far regions of eternal change. 220
Nay, and since death, which wipes out man,
Finds him with many an unsolv’d plan,
With much unknown, and much untried,
Wonder not dead, and thirst not dried,
Still gazing on the ever full 225
Eternal mundane spectacle;
This World in which we draw our breath,
In some sense, Fausta, outlasts death.
Blame thou not therefore him, who dares
Judge vain beforehand human cares. 230
Whose natural insight can discern
What through experience others learn.
Who needs not love and power, to know
Love transient, power an unreal show.
Who treads at ease life’s uncheer’d ways: — 235
Him blame not, Fausta, rather praise.
Rather thyself for some aim pray
Nobler than this — to fill the day.
Rather, that heart, which burns in thee,
Ask, not to amuse, but to set free. 240
Be passionate hopes not ill resign’d
For quiet, and a fearless mind.
And though Fate grudge to thee and me
The Poet’s rapt security,
Yet they, believe me, who await 245
No gifts from Chance, have conquer’d Fate.
They, winning room to see and hear,
And to men’s business not too near,
Through clouds of individual strife
Draw homewards to the general Life. 250
Like leaves by suns not yet uncurl’d:
To the wise, foolish; to the world,
Weak: yet not weak, I might reply,
Not foolish, Fausta, in His eye,
To whom each moment in its race, 255
Crowd as we will its neutral space,
Is but a quiet watershed
Whence, equally, the Seas of Life and Death are fed.
Enough, we live: — and if a life,
With large results so little rife, 260
Though bearable, seem hardly worth
This pomp of worlds, this pain of birth;
Yet, Fausta, the mute turf we tread,
The solemn hills around us spread,
This stream that falls incessantly, 265
The strange-scrawl’d rocks, the lonely sky,
If I might lend their life a voice,
Seem to bear rather than rejoice.
And even could the intemperate prayer
Man iterates, while these forbear, 270
For movement, for an ampler sphere,
Pierce Fate’s impenetrable ear;
Not milder is the general lot
Because our spirits have forgot,
In action’s dizzying eddy whirl’d, 275
The something that infects the world.
EMPEDOCLES ON ETNA, AND OTHER POEMS
Eager to become financially stable enough to marry and support a family, Arnold no longer wished to work as a
private secretary and so sought the position of Her Majesty’s Inspector of Schools. He was appointed in April 1851 and two months later he married Frances Lucy, the daughter of Sir William Wightman, Justice of the Queen’s Bench.
Arnold often described his duties as a school inspector as “drudgery”, although he appreciated the benefit of regular work. Working as an inspector required him to travel constantly across the country. Initially, Arnold was responsible for inspecting Nonconformist schools across a broad swath of central England. He spent many dreary hours during the 1850s in railway waiting-rooms and small-town hotels, and longer hours still in listening to children reciting their lessons and parents reciting their grievances. Nevertheless, it also meant that he was among the first generation of the railway age, travelling across more of England than any man of letters had ever done. Although his duties were later confined to a smaller area, Arnold knew the society of provincial England better than most of the metropolitan authors and politicians of the day.
In 1852, Arnold published his second volume of poems, Empedocles on Etna, and Other Poems. The title piece concerns the Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, who was a citizen of Agrigentum in Sicily. Empedocles’ philosophy is best known for being the originator of the cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. These physical speculations were part of a history of the universe which also dealt with the origin and development of life. Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles is generally considered the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Empedocles’ death was mythologised by various ancient writers and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments. In Arnold’s poetic drama the narrative concerns the philosopher’s last hours before he jumps to his death in the crater of the Mount Etna.
Frances Lucy, the poet’s wife, 1883
CONTENTS
Empedocles on Etna
The River
Excuse
Indifference
Too Late
On the Rhine
Longing
The Lake
Parting
Absence
Destiny
To Marguerite, in Returning a Volume of the Letters of Ortis
Human Life
Despondency
Youth’s Agitations
Self-Deception
Lines written by a Death-Bed
A seventeenth century engraving of Empedocles
Delphi Complete Poetical Works of Matthew Arnold Page 6