34. Helen Keary to Mother, May 7, 1862, New York Daily Tribune, August 8, 1862; Memoir, II, 250; Chesnut, 360.
35. W. P. Johnston to [William Preston], May 20, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU.
36. Helen Keary to Mother, May 7, 1862, New York Daily Tribune, August 8, 1862; Memoir, II, 301–02.
37. Minnigerode to JD, February 18, 1862, JD Papers, MC (calendared PJD, VIII, 52); ibid., 168 ed.n.; Helen Keary to Mother, May 9, 1862, New York Daily Tribune, August 8, 1862; Memoir, II, 269.
38. Helen Keary to Mother, May 7, 1862, New York Daily Tribune, August 8, 1862; PJD, VIII, xlv, xlvii, 168 ed.n., 173n.; JD to VD, May 9, June 19, 1862, ibid., 168–69, 253.
39. JD to VD, May 9, June 3, 13, 1862, PJD, VIII, 168, 218, 243.
40. JD to VD, June 3 (first quotation), 12, 19, 1862, PJD, VIII, 218, 238, 253; JD to Margaret Davis, May 20, 1862, ibid., 192; JD to VD, May 19 (second quotation), 1862, JD Papers, MC (calendared PJD, VIII, 187); Richmond Examiner, June 19, 1862.
41. JD to VD, May 9 (first quotation), 16 (final quotation), June 13 (second quotation), 1862, PJD, VIII, 168, 178–79, 243.
42. JD to VD, May 13, June 2, 3, 11 (quotation), 19, 23, July 6, 1862, ibid., 174, 209–10, 217, 236, 254, 264, 280–81.
43. VD to JD, May 19, 1862 (second quotation), ibid., 188; VD to JD, May 26 (first quotation), June 12 (third and fifth quotations), 26 (fourth quotation), 1862, JD and Family Papers, MDAH (calendared PJD, VIII, 199, 239, 271).
44. VD to JD, May 19 (second and third quotations), June 3 (first and fourth quotations), 1862, PJD, VIII, 189, 219–21; VD to JD, June 5, 1862, JD and Family Papers, MDAH (calendared PJD, VIII, 224–25).
45. VD to JD, May 26, June 5, 26, 1862, JD and Family Papers, MDAH (calendared PJD, VIII, 199, 224–25, 271); VD to W. P. Johnston, June 5, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; Johnston to Wife, June 2, 1862, Johnston Family Papers, FC.
46. Citations above in notes 43–45 plus VD to JD, July 6, August 13 (quotation), 1862, JD and Family Papers, MDAH (calendared PJD, VIII, 282, 338).
47. To the previous citations add JD to VD, June 12, 13, 25, 1862, PJD, VIII, 238, 243, 268; JD to VD, June 21, 1862 (quotation), JD Papers, MC (calendared PJD, VIII, 262); ibid., xlvi, 254n.; Richmond Examiner, June 19, 1862.
48. VD to JD, May 19, 1862, PJD, VIII, 187–89, July 6, 1862, JD and Family Papers, MDAH (calendared PJD, VIII, 282); VD to [William Preston Johnston], May 22, 1862 (first quotation), to Mrs. W. P. Johnston, August 13, 1862 (final quotation), Johnston Papers, TU; Francis H. Smith to Anna Maria Smith, June 24, 1862 (second quotation), Smith Family Papers, VHS.
49. VD to Mrs. W. P. Johnston, August 13, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; PJD, VIII, xlvii, 282n.
50. S. R. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, December 8, 1865 (first quotation), Stephen R. Mallory Papers, UNC; JD to VD, June 11 (second quotation), June 23 (third quotation), 1862, PJD, VIII, 236, 264; JD to [J. William Jones], August 30, 1878 (final quotation), JD Papers, MC; Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1989), 91, 93; JD’s marginalia on review of John Esten Cooke’s Life of R. E. Lee in Edinburgh Review, CCLXXX (April 1873), 193, 195, 197, JD Papers, TU. Recent studies by Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York, 1995), and Steven E. Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), present Lee as the more aggressive, but Joseph Harsh offers a useful corrective in Confederate Tide.
51. W. P. Johnston to [William Preston], July 20, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; JD to VD, [May 30] (quotation), June 19, 1862, PJD, VIII, 203, 254; ibid., 203n.; Harsh, Confederate Tide, chap. 3, 188–89.
52. Lee to JD, June 26, 1862, JD Papers, George H. and Katherine M. Davis Collection, TU (calendared PJD, VIII, 272); JD to W. P. Johnston, October 20, 1888, Johnston Papers, TU; Harsh, Confederate Tide, chap. 3 passim, notes Lee’s twin skills.
53. Lee to JD, June 24, 1862, PJD, VIII, 268; JD to VD, June 13, 19, 1862, ibid., 243, 254; Ezekiel Armstrong Diary, June 27, 1862, LSU; Mallory Diary, June 28, 1862, and Stephen R. Mallory to Wife, July 2, 1862, Mallory Papers, UNC; Harrison, Recollections, 72–74.
54. JD to VD, July 6, 1862, PJD, VIII, 280–81; JD interview in Baltimore Sunday Herald, July 16, 1887; JD to Rev. J. W. Jones, November 22, 1883, SHSP, XI (December 1883), 563.
55. O.R., X, pt. 2, 403; on Corinth, see Woodworth, Davis, 102–06.
56. PJD, VIII, 245n.; JD to VD, June 13, 1862, and from W. P. Johnston, June 24, 1862, ibid., 243–44, 267–68; JD to W. P. Johnston, June 14, 1862, JDC, V, 279–80; JD to F. W. Pickens, June 12, 1862, ibid., 274.
57. JD to VD, June 19, 1862, PJD, VIII, 254; Mallory Diary, June 21, 1862, Mallory Papers, UNC; JD to Bragg, June 20, 1862, JDC, V, 283.
58. Beauregard to Thomas Jordan, July 12, 1862 (first quotation), to Charles Villeré, September 3, 1862 (second quotation), Letterbook, Beauregard Papers, LC; Beauregard to John L. Manning, August 2, 1886, HL (HM23371); petition, JD Papers, DU (calendared PJD, VIII, 390).
59. On Bragg, Grady McWhiney and Judith Lee Hallock, Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat (2 vols.; Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1991), is careful and analytical; Bragg Diary, December 3, 1861.
60. Bragg Diary, December 3, 1861, January 8, 1862; Jefferson Davis Bradford to VD, April 22, 1862, JD Papers, MC; Jas. R. Chalmers to JD, December 27, 1886, ibid.; L. Q. C. Lamar to [presidential friend], April or May 1862, RG109, JD Letters, NA; JD to Joseph Davis, June 18, 1861, PJD, VII, 204, to [John Bragg], September 1, 1862, ibid., VIII, 370–71; Bragg to JD, August 23, October 22, 1861, ibid., VII, 302–04, 370–72.
61. My account of Lee’s campaign is drawn from Harsh, Confederate Tide, chaps. 4–6, Woodworth, Davis and Lee, chap. 5, and Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New Haven, Conn., 1983). For Lee to JD, see PJD, VIII, 339–70 passim; JD to Lee, July 5, 1862, ibid., 277.
62. Lee to JD, September 3 (quotation), 6, 1862, PJD, VIII, 373, 378.
63. JD to Col. J. F. Marshall, July 11, 1862 (quotation), JDC, V, 293, to John Forsyth, July 18, 1862, PJD, VIII, 293–95. On JD and Maryland, see ibid., xlvii, 383, 385, 387, 389n.
64. W. P. Johnston to JD, July 15, 1862, O.R., X, pt. 1, 780–86 (calendared PJD, VIII, 289–90). For Bragg’s offensive, I have relied chiefly on Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862 (Baton Rouge, La., 1967), part V; Woodworth, Davis, chap. 9; and McWhiney and Hallock, Bragg, I, chaps. 12–14. I employ the designation the Army of Tennessee for the major Confederate field army in the West, though it did not formally receive that name until November 1862.
65. Bragg to Samuel Cooper, June 29, August 6, 1862, Cooper to Bragg, July 22, 1862, O.R., XVII, pt. 2, 627–28, 667–68, 654–55; JD to Bragg, July 26, 1862, JDC, V, 298.
66. JD to VD, June 25, 1862, to Bragg, August 5, 1862, PJD, VIII, 269, 322.
67. Major critics of departmental organization include Thomas Lawrence Connelly, The Politics of Command: Factions and Ideas in Confederate Strategy (Baton Rouge, La., 1973), and Archer Jones, Confederate Strategy from Shiloh to Vicksburg (Baton Rouge, La., 1961).
68. JD to Bragg, August 5, 1862, to [John Bragg], September 1, 1862, PJD, 322, 370.
69. JD to Smith, July 28, 1862, ibid., 305.
70. Ibid., 379, 381n., 389n.
71. PJD has the following letters: Kentucky delegation to JD, August 18, 1862 (347); Hawes to JD, September 2, 1862 (372); Breckinridge to JD, July 26, 1862 (302); Smith to JD, August 11, 26, 1862 (331, 359); JD to T. H. Holmes, October 21, 1862 (455).
72. JDC, V, 338–39 (the correct date is September 12, calendared PJD, VIII, 386).
73. JD to Bragg, September 4, October 17, 1862, PJD, VIII, 376–77, 448.
74. Smith to JD, October 20, 1862, JD to Smith, October 29, 1862, ibid., 453, 468; McWhiney and Hallock, Bragg, I, 323–34, 328–29; Joseph H. Parks, General Leonidas Polk, C.S.A.: The Fighting Bishop(Baton Rouge, La., 1962), 279–81.
75. JD to Smith, October 29, 1862, PJD, VIII, 469.
7
6. My account of Confederate diplomacy is based primarily on Frank Lawrence Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy: Foreign Relations of the Confederate States of America, 2d ed. rev. Harriet Chappel Owsley (Chicago, 1959), chaps. 6–11; Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), chaps. 6–10 (Gladstone quotation on 182); Charles M. Hubbard, The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), chaps. 6–10; and Judith F. Gentry, “A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan,” JSH, XXXVI (May 1970), 157–88.
77. M&P, I, 278–89 (quotations 280, 289).
78. My discussion of the Davis brothers’ problems in Mississippi is based chiefly on letters from Joseph to JD between April and December 1862, printed or calendared in PJD, VIII: 144, 147–48, 159–60, 196–97 (first quotation), 246–47, 252, 264, 285–86, 370, 371, 398–400, 432–33, 472, 478, 507, 517–18 (second quotation), 530, and Eliza Davis to JD, August 24, 1862, 356. Also see M. L. Smith to JD, June 26, 1862, and G. W. McElrath to JD, November 13, 1862, ibid., 272, 489; memorandum (copy) of details of Fleetwood purchase, Davis and Family Papers, MDAH; Frank E. Everett, Jr., Brierfield: Plantation Home of Jefferson Davis (Jackson, Miss., 1971), 18–19.
79. JD to VD, [May 30], June 11, 1862, to John Handy, January 25, 1863 (quotation), PJD, VIII, 203, 236, and IX, 39–40; VD to JD, June 12, 1862, ibid., VIII, 239; ibid., 519n., 556 on purchase contract; Lise Mitchell Journal, March 1863, Mary E. Mitchell Papers, UNC.
80. On 1861, M&P, I, 141–42; on occupied New Orleans, Chester G. Hearn, When the Devil Came Down to Dixie: Ben Butler in New Orleans (Baton Rouge, La., 1997). On the violence unleashed by the war, see Charles Royster’s brilliant The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (New York, 1991).
81. JD to VD, May 28, June 25, 1862, PJD, VIII, 200, 269; M&P, I, 233–34, 269–74 (quotation 271).
82. M&P, I, 268, 290 (quotation); JD to Lee, July 31, 1862, PJD, VIII, 309.
83. M&P, I, 234, 290 (quotations); on retaliation, PJD, VIII, 292, 312n., 318–19, 346, 496, 536; Mallory Diary, August 1, 15, 1862, Mallory Papers, UNC.
84. M&P, I, 290–91; McPherson, Battle Cry, 565–67.
85. Jones, Strategy, Woodworth, Davis, and Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge, La., 1971), cover the Confederate West at this time.
86. PJD, VIII, 434n.; Josiah Gorgas Journal, October 17, 1862, William C. Gorgas Papers, LC.
87. Pickens to JD, June 12, 21, July 29, 1862, PJD, VIII, 238, 263, 308; Samuel Cooper to JD, June 21, 1862, ibid., 263; JD to Pickens, June 12, 19, August 1 (quotation), 5, 1862, ibid., 238, 255, 318, 324–25.
88. JD to Governor John Pettus, September 30, 1862, ibid., 414; Ethelbert Barksdale to JD, November 11, 1862, ibid., 486–87; Joseph Davis to JD, October 7 (quotation), 29, November 1, 1862, ibid., 433, 472, 478.
89. Governor F. R. Lubbock to JD, June 27, 1862, and Lubbock et al. to JD, July 28, 1862, JDC, V, 287–89, 301–03; Claiborne Jackson to JD, July 28, 1862, T. H. Holmes to JD, August 28, 1862, PJD, VIII, 306–07, 360–63; E. C. Cabell to JD, July 28, 1862, JD Papers, DU (calendared PJD, VIII, 306); JD to Governor Thomas Moore, May 5, 1862, JD AES, August 26, 1862, ibid., 163, 359.
90. JD to F. R. Lubbock, August 15, 1862, JDC, V, 318 (quotation); Bragg Diary, January 8, 1862; Thomas C. Reynolds, “Gen. Sterling Price and the Confederacy,” (unfinished typescript, Missouri Historical Society), 59; W. P. Johnston to Wife, August 15, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; E. C. Cabell to JD, July 28, 1862, JD Papers, DU (calendared PJD, VIII, 306); Robert H. Chilton to JD, July 20, 1862, Magruder to JD, August 13, 1862, ibid., 296–97, 297–98n., 338.
91. Holmes to JD, August 28, December 29, 1862, PJD, VIII, 360–63, 584–86, on November 9, 1862, T. H. Holmes Papers, DU (calendared PJD, VIII, 484); JD to Holmes, October 21, December 21, 1862, ibid., 454–56, 561–62; W. P. Johnston to Wife, August 15, 1862 (quotation), Johnston Papers, TU.
92. JD to Francis Pickens, August 1, 1862, PJD, VIII, 318.
93. JD to Holmes, October 21, 1862, to George Randolph, November 12, 1862, ibid., 454–55, 488.
94. Ibid., 470n., 483; McWhiney and Hallock, Bragg, I, 325–26, 338.
95. JD to VD, June 23, 1862, PJD, VIII, 265; ibid., 439, 446, 470n., 483.
96. O.R., XVII, pt. 2, 757–58.
97. Frank E. Vandiver, Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System (Baton Rouge, La., 1956), 34–35, 57–59; T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York, 1952), 245; Symonds, Johnston, chap. 14; Jones, Confederate Strategy, chaps. 6–7.
98. Johnston to Wigfall, December 4, 1862, Mrs. D. Giraud Wright, A Southern Girl in ’61: The War-Time Memories of a Confederate Senator’s Daughter (New York, 1905), 99–100, on December 15, 1862, Wigfall Family Papers, LC; Symonds, Johnston, 179–81. Many scholars view the appointment as placing Johnston on the shelf; see, e.g., Connelly, Autumn.
99. On JD and the Trans-Mississippi, consult notes 89, 90, 105, and 106 here, along with Robert W. Johnson (Confederate senator from Arkansas) to JD, December 21, 1862, PJD, VIII, 558.
100. JD to Randolph, November 15, 1862, JDC, V, 374 (final quotation), November 12 (first two quotations), 14 (two messages), 1862, PJD, VIII, 488, 490–92, and Randolph to JD, November 15, 1862, ibid., 495; Younger, ed., Inside the Confederacy, 30–31; Jones, Rebel, I, 188; Mallory Diary, November 19, 1862, Mallory Papers, UNC; Edward Anderson Journal, November [1862], Edward C. Anderson Papers, ibid.; W. P. Johnston to Wife, November 18, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU.
101. Richmond Examiner, November 17, 1862; G. W. C. Lee to JD, November 17, 1862, PJD, VIII, 496.
102. PJD, VIII, xlviii, 549–50n.; John J. Pettus and Wiley P. Harris to JD, December 1, 1862, James Phelan to JD, December 9, 1862, ibid., 525, 539–44; JD to VD, December 15, 1862 (second quotation), to James A. Seddon, December 15, 1862, ibid., 548–49, 551; John E. Magee Diary, December 12, 13, 1862, John E. Magee Papers, DU; R. Lockwood Tower, ed., A Carolinian Goes to War: The Civil War Narrative of Arthur Middleton Manigault, Brigadier General, C.S.A. (Columbia, S.C., 1983), 53 (first quotation); New York Herald, December 17, 27, 1862.
103. New York Tribune, December 25, 1862.
104. Stoddard Johnson Journal, Bragg Papers, Palmer Collection, WRHS; WPL, 359; James Seddon to JD, December 13, 1862, PJD, VIII, 548; ibid., xlviii–xlix, 549–50n., 560 ed.n.; Lise Mitchell Journal, March 1863, in Mitchell Papers, UNC.
105. Johnston to JD, December 22, 1862, JD to Holmes, December 22, 1862, PJD, VIII, 559, 561–62; Johnston to Louis Wigfall, December 4, 1862, Wright, Southern Girl, 99–100; New York Herald, December 17, 1862; Joseph E. Johnston, “Jefferson Davis and the Mississippi Campaign,” in Robert U. Johnston and Clarence C. Buel, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols.; New York, 1887–88), III, 474.
106. Holmes to JD, December 29, 1862, JD to Holmes, January 28, 1863, PJD, VIII, 584–86, IX, 42–44.
107. JD to VD, December 15, 1862, ibid., VIII, 548–49.
108. VD to JD, December 18, 21, 1862, ibid., 552–53, 557–58.
109. Ibid., 565 ed.n., 565–79 (quotations in order 566, 574, 571, 577, 578).
110. Ibid., xlix, 587 ed.n., 587–89, 589–90n.
111. Ibid., 566 (final quotation), 589–90n., IX, xli, 3, 7 ed.n., 7–8 (first quotation on 8), 9 (second quotation), 10 ed.n.; W. C. Cameron to Thomas Ruffin, January 1, 1863, Thomas Ruffin Papers, UNC.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: “Lift Men Above All Personal Considerations”
1. PJD, IX, xli, 10–11 ed.n., 11–15; Richmond Enquirer, January 7, 1863.
2. M&P, I, 276–97 (quotations, 277, 290, 297).
3. On background and context regarding the Army of Tennessee, see Thomas Lawrence Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge, La., 1971), chap. 4; Grady McWhiney and Judith Lee Hallock, Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat (2 vols.; Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1991), I, chap. 16; Steven E. Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate C
ommand in the West (Lawrence, Kans., 1990), chap. 11; and Craig L. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography (New York, 1992), chap. 14. I will cite specifically only pertinent correspondence.
4. JD to Johnston, January 22, February 19 (quotation), 1863, JDC, V, 420–21, PJD, IX, 67.
5. JD to Johnston, January 21, 22, 1863, PJD, IX, 35, JDC, V, 420–21.
6. Johnston to JD, February 3, 12, 1863, PJD, IX, 48–49, 59–60; Lydia Johnston to Charlotte Wigfall, March 16, 1863, Wigfall Family Papers, LC.
7. Symonds, Johnston, 197; Johnston to Wigfall, March 4, 1863, Wigfall Family Papers, LC; JD to Johnston, February 19, 1863, PJD, IX, 66–68; Wigfall to Johnston, February 27, 1863 (JO 290), Joseph E. Johnston Papers, HL; Seddon to Johnston, February 5, March 3, 1863, O.R., XXIII, pt. 2, 626–27, 659.
8. Seddon to Johnston, March 9, 1863, O.R., XXIII, pt. 2, 674; Polk to JD, February 4, March 30, 1863, PJD, IX, 50–51, 118–19.
9. Johnston to Seddon, March 9, 12, 19, 1863, O.R., XXIII, pt. 2, 674, 684, 708; Johnston to JD, April 10, 1863, PJD, IX, 137–38.
10. Mrs. Burton Harrison, Recollections Grave and Gay (New York, 1911), 71; The Stranger’s Guide and Official Directory for the City of Richmond (Richmond, Va., 1863), 3–5.
11. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865, Stephen R. Mallory Papers, UNC (all Mallory citations refer to this collection unless otherwise noted); John Louis Peyton, The American Crisis; or, Pages from the Note-Book of a State Agent During the Civil War (2 vols.; London, 1867), I, 120.
12. White House of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History (Richmond, Va., [1993]), 16, 83, 88–91; Thomas Bragg Diary, November 30, 1861, Thomas Bragg Papers, UNC (all Thomas Bragg citations refer to this collection).
13. Mallory to Master S. R. Mallory, September 27, 1865, Mallory Papers; B. N. Harrison to Prof. Quinche, March 21, 1862 (copy), Burton Harrison Papers, LC; William P. Johnston to Rosa, May 17, 1862, Johnston Papers, TU; J. B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary (2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1866), II, 272 (quotation).
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