by Hubert Wolf
32. Sommario del Ristretto della Abbadessa, no. VII: Risposta ad una contestazione fiscale sul segreto imposto dai PP. Confessori; ACDF SO St. St. B 7 d.
CHAPTER EIGHT “During These Acts I Never Ceased My Inner Prayer”
1. Costituti del P. Peters; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 y and B 6 z.
2. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte I: Sulla veneratione e culto della fondatrice Sr. Maria Agnese Firrao; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
3. On the networks around the Curia, see Wolfgang Reinhard, Freunde und Kreaturen. Verflechtung als Konzept zur Erforschung historischer Führungsgruppen. Römische Oligarchie um 1600 (Munich, 1979).
4. There is no modern biography of Kleutgen with sufficient historical as well as theological aspirations. Deufel’s 1976 study, Kirche, provides much important information, but has also been heavily criticized for its errors. Cf. Walter, “Zu einem neuen Buch,” pp.318–56, and Schwedt, “Rez. Zu Deufel,” pp. 264–69. But read alongside the corrections made by Peter Walter in particular, the book can certainly be useful. See also Belz, Michelis, pp. 46–53; Finkenzeller, Kleutgen, pp. 318–44; Lakner, Kleutgen, pp. 183–202 (still worth reading); Langhorst, Jugendlehen (on Kleutgen’s youth); Schäfer, Kontroverse, pp. 37–53; Walter, Philosophie, pp. 145–75 (essential); Wolf (ed.), Prosopographie, pp. 806–17. There are several different dates given for Kleutgen’s birth, probably because his gravestone has it as September 11, 1811. According to the church books of the former Dominican monastery in Dortmund, Joseph Wilhelm was born on April 9, 1811, the son of the merchant Wilhelm Kleutgen. The name “Carl” was added subsequently. Erzbistumsarchiv Paderborn Matrikelbestand der Dortmunder Propsteipfarrei St. Johannes Baptist I/5. In spite of intensive research, no picture of Kleutgen has yet come to light.
5. Blaschke, 19. Jahrhundert, pp. 38–75; Lill, Ultramontanismus, pp. 76–94; Wolf, Kirchengeschichte, pp. 92–121. Subsequent information also taken from this last text.
6. Johann Sebastian Drey was born in 1777. He was professor of apologetics, dogmatic theology, and the history of dogma at the Katholische Landes-Universitat of Ellwangen, which existed for only a few years before being integrated into the University of Tübingen. In 1819, Drey cofounded the journal Tübinger Theologische Quartalschrift. He died in 1853. See Abraham P. Kustermann, “Drey,” in LThK, 3rd ed., vol. 3 (1995), p. 373.
7. Hermes was born in 1775 and became professor of dogmatic theology in Münster in 1807. He moved to Bonn in 1820, and died in 1831. See Hubert Wolf, “Hermes, Georg,” in RGG, 4th ed., vol. 3 (2000), p. 1664. On Hermesianism, see Nichols, Conversation, pp. 23–41 (a chapter significantly entitled “A Kantian Beginning: Georg Hermes”); Hubert Wolf, “Hermesianismus,” in RGG, 4th ed., vol. 3 (2000), pp. 1667–68. On Hermes’s indexing, see Schwedt, Urteil.
8. On the dating of this, see Walter, Philosophie, pp. 146–47.
9. Kleutgen, Memorandum, pp. 5–11, here pp. 7–8.
10. Kleutgen, Schulen, p. 193; Kleutgen, Theologie, vol. I, pp. 18–19. On Kleutgen’s role in the rise of new scholasticism, see Marschler, Scheeben, pp. 459–84; Steck, Kleutgen, pp. 288–305; Walter, Philosophie; Weiß, Moral.
11. Cf. Lakner, Kleutgen, p. 200.
12. Cf. Finkenzeller, Kleutgen, p. 322.
13. Cf. Wolf (ed.), Prosopographie, pp. 806–17 (list of votums).
14. Cf. Lakner, Kleutgen, p. 192.
15. Walter, “Zu einem neuen Buch,” p. 320.
16. Kleutgen to Franz Hülskamp, May 16, 1868; quoted in Deufel, Kirche, pp. 92–93.
17. Cf. Deufel, Kirche, p. 182, note 22, and pp. 91–93. This “psychologizing” view drew the criticism of Walters at the time, who wanted to see more consideration of the historical context in which Kleutgen was operating. Cf. Walter, “Zu einem neuen Buch,” pp. 319–20.
18. On the new scholastic understanding of miracles, cf. Albert Lang, Fundamentaltheologie, 2 vols. (Munich, 1962), here vol. 1: Die Sendung Christi, II. Hauptstück: Das Problem der übernatürlichen Offenbarung, Chapter 3: “Das Wunder als das entscheidende Offenbarungskriterium,” pp. 111–31. On the significance of Mariology in Kleutgen’s theology, see Haacke, Maria, pp. 97–110.
19. Cf. Burkhard Peter, “On the History of Dissociative Identity Disorders in Germany: The Doctor Justinus Kerner and the Girl from Orlach, or Possession as an ‘Exchange of the Self,’ ” in Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 59 (2011), pp. 82–102.
20. Cf. for example Blaise Pascal’s caustic criticism of the probabilism and laxism of Jesuit morality in his “Lettres provinciales” of 1656.
21. Costituto di P. Kleutgen, March 11, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z.
22. Sommario del Ristretto di P. Peters, no. II: Fogli originali consegnati nel Costituto, March 18, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 g1. The printed version: ibid., B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
23. Sommario del Ristretto di P. Peters, no. III: Fogli originali consegnati nel Costituto, March 26, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
24. The “Honorable House of gate de’ Specchi” is the home of the congregation of lay brothers founded by Francesca Romana. Cf. Oblate di S. Francesca Romana dette di Tor de’ Specchi, in Moroni, Dizionario 30 (1845), pp. 196–203; Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, “Franziska von Rom,” in BBKL 2 (1990), pp. 113–14; http://www.tordespecchi.it (10/8/2013).
25. The Teresians, also called Barefoot Nuns, were a Carmelite order founded by Teresa of Avila in Spain, in 1562. Cf. Pierer’s Universal-Lexikon, vol. 17 (Altenburg, 1863), p. 494.
26. Van Everbroeck was born in 1784, and became professor of canon law, liturgy, and Chaldean, and later church history, at the Collegio Romano in 1825. In 1856 he was made a theologian of the Apostolic Penitentiary, and he died in 1863. See Wolf (ed.), Prosopographie, pp. 534–36.
27. Camillo Tarquini was born in 1810, and was professor of church law at the Collegio Romano from 1852 to 1869, and again from 1871 to 1873. He was made a cardinal in 1873, and died in 1874. See ibid., pp. 534–36.
28. Ludwig I, the son of Maximilian I Joseph and Princess Auguste Wilhelmine Maria von Hessen-Darmstadt, was born in 1786 and crowned king of Bavaria in 1825. He died in 1868. See Andreas Kraus, “Ludwig I.” in NDB 15 (1987), pp. 367–74.
29. Princess Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine was Maximilian I Joseph’s second wife, and became the first queen of Bavaria in 1806, after Bavaria had been declared a kingdom. The marriage produced eight children. The marriage contract stipulated that Karoline did not have to give up her protestant faith, and would receive her own protestant preacher. She died in 1841 and was interred beside her husband in Munich’s Theatinerkirche. The protests against the unworthiness of her burial—the entire Catholic clergy appeared in secular clothes—finally led her stepson Ludwig I to soften his attitude toward the protestant church in Bavaria. See Manfred Berger, “Karoline Friederike Wilhelmine von Baden,” in BBKL 23 (2004), pp. 199–207.
30. Cf. Garhammer, Regierung, pp. 84–90.
31. Cf. Deufel, Kirche, pp. 259–60.
32. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte I: Sulla veneratione e culto della fondatrice Sr. Maria Agnese Firrao; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
33. Costituto di P. Peters, March 28, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z.
34. Sommario del Ristretto di P. Peters, no. V: Fogli consegnati nel Costituto, April 16, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
35. On scholastic disputation, see Uwe Gerber, “Disputatio,” in TRE 9 (1982), pp. 13–15; Hanspeter Marti, “Disputatio,” in Gert Ueding (ed.), Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, vol. 2 (Tübingen, 1994), pp. 866–80.
36. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte I: Sulla veneratione e culto della fondatrice Sr. Maria Agnese Firrao; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
37. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte I
I: Risposte sulla santità affettata di M. Luisa e sugli altri addebiti relativi; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
38. Sommario del Ristretto di P. Peters, no. I: Fogli consegnati dall’Inquisito P. Peters nel Costituto, March 12, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
39. On the so-called “processiones ad intra” cf. the tract on the Trinity in Perrone, Praelectiones Theologicae. Vol. 4: De Deo uno et trino, pp. 209–360.
40. On the qualities of God, His unity, His knowledge, and will, as well as His love and His aim and the connection between these qualities, see the “Tractatus de deo eiusque attributis,” in Perrone, Praelectiones Theologicae. Vol. 4: De Deo uno et trino, pp. 5–208.
41. The theology of creation reflects how we can understand the creed of God as “creator of heaven and earth,” as the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed acknowledges Him to be. Cf. Perrone, Praelectiones Theologicae. Vol. 5: De Deo creatore.
42. Soteriology is the theory of the salvation of mankind through Jesus Christ. The theory originally made a unity from Christ the man and his deeds, in a biblical and patristic sense. In late scholasticism, the creation of the dogma of Christology, the theory of Jesus as a man, caused a separation between Christology and Soteriology. Cf. Müller, Dogmatik, p. 372. Giovanni Perrone did not give Soteriology its own tract, merely touching upon the question in his Christology tract “de incarnatione,” where he presents Jesus Christ as the true Messiah in an apologetic debate “adversus hebraeos.” Cf. Perrone, Praelectiones Theologicae. Vol. 6: De incarnatione et cultu sanctorum, pp. 5–104.
43. The working of God in the soul is addressed in new scholastic dogma as part of the theory of grace, and the question of how God’s grace works in man. Cf. Perrone, Praelectiones Theologicae. Vol. 7: De gratia christi.
44. Sommario del Ristretto di P. Peters, no. VI: Fogli consegnati nel Costituto, April 22, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
45. Nothing further is known about Alessandra Carli; Archivio della Cattedrale di Comacchio, Stato d’anime della città di Comacchio del 1826–27, fol. 41. On her father’s business, see Notizie per l’anno 1835, p. 263; Notizie per l’anno 1845, p. 355.
46. Costituti di P. Peters, no. N: Fogli consegnati nel Costituto, April 23, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z.
47. Cf. Denzler, Lust.
48. See Götz von Olenhusen, Klerus, pp. 236–37 and elsewhere; Klee, Grundriß, pp. 90–94, here p. 92.
49. See the relevant explanations in the “Tractatus IX: De sexto praecepto Decalogi” by Alphons of Liguori, Homo Apostolicus instructus in sua vocatione ad audiendas confessiones sive praxis et instructio confessariorum (Turin, 1870), p. 178. On Alphons of Liguori and his reception, see Weiß, Moral.
50. Thomas Aquinus, Summa Theologiae IIa–IIae, Quaestio 154, article 4.
51. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte II; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
52. The veneration of the heart of the Virgin Mary is closely connected to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The Oratorian Johannes Eudes began celebrating a feast of the Heart of Mary in addition to the Heart of Jesus feast in his order in 1646. Pius VII gave it his official approbation at the start of the nineteenth century, and set the date for it as August 22, the octave day of the Assumption. Cf. Karl-Heinrich Bieritz, Das Kirchenjahr. Feste, Gedenk- und Feiertage in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Munich, 1991), p. 150. In the Sant’Ambrogio period, Rome officially recognized a liturgical veneration of the Heart of Mary in 1805. This was then instated in all the institutions that requested it. See Theodor Maas-Ewerd, “Herz Mariä. I. Verehrung,” in LThK, 3rd ed., vol. 5 (1996), pp. 60–61, here p. 60. On the dedication to the immaculate heart of Mary, see also Franz Courth, “Marianische Gebetsformen. Die Herz-Mariä-Weihe,” in Wolfgang Beinert and Heinrich Petri (ed.), Handbuch der Marienkunde, vol. 1 (Regensburg, 2nd ed., 1997), pp. 550–52.
53. The theory of the connection between religion and sexuality is put forward by the psychologist and protestant theologian Christina Bachmann, among others. Cf. Christina Bachmann, Religion und Sexualität. Die Sehnsucht nach Transzendenz (Stuttgart, 1994), here pp. 118 and 226. On the relationship between religion, sexuality, and ecstasy, cf. Klaus Peter Köpping, “Ekstase,” in Christoph Wulf (ed.), Vom Menschen. Handbuch Historischer Anthropologie (Weinheim and Basel, 1997), pp. 548–68; Wunibald Müller, Ekstase. Sexualität und Spiritualität (Mainz, 1992).
54. Costituto di P. Peters, May 28, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z.
55. Costituto di P. Peters, June 1, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z.
56. Pierre Dens, Theologia moralis et dogmatica, vol. 4 (Dublin, 1832), no. 297 I. See also “Baiser,” in Abbé Migne, Encyclopédie Théologique, vol. 31 (Paris, 1849), p. 293: “Kisses … on unusual parts of the body, for example on the chest, the bosom, or more columbarum [in the manner of doves], in which one puts the tongue into the mouth, are to be censured. They are viewed as an expression of lustful intentions, or at least as leading to a serious danger of lust, meaning one cannot save oneself from the mortal sin.”
57. Otto Best, “Zungenkuss,” in Best, Lexikon, p. 254; Elberfeld, Geschichte.
58. Costituti di P. Peters, May 28 and June 4, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 z.
59. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte II: Risposte sulla santità affettata di M. Luisa e sugli altri addebiti relativi; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
60. Karl, Glauben, p. 9.
61. Ibid., p. 14.
62. Ibid., p. 28.
63. Ibid., p. 30.
64. Ibid., p. 37.
65. Ibid., p. 31.
66. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte IV: Sulle asserite predizioni, rivelazioni ed operazioni del Demonio relative alla malattia ed avvelenamento della novizia Principessa; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
67. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte III: Sul segreto imposto alle monache circa le cose straordinarie e sù di altri addebiti; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text unless otherwise stated.
68. Sommario del Ristretto di P. Peters, no. X: Fogli consegnati nel Costituto, July 1, 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
69. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters, Parte V: Istanze e contestazioni Fiscali; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 i.
70. Costituti di P. Kleutgen; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 y, fol. 189–195. Subsequent quotations also taken from this text.
71. Ristretto con Sommario relativo ai Costituti del P. Giuseppe Peters già confessore delle Monache Riformate in Sant’Ambrogio, October 1861; ACDF SO St. St. B 6 g (handwritten version) and ibid., B 6 i (printed copy).
72. Letter from Hohenlohe to Pappalettere, August 1, 1859, quoted in Wenzel, Freundeskreis, pp. 361–62.
73. Letter from Gangauf to Postelmayr, November 25, 1853, quoted in ibid., p. 161.
74. Baltzer was born in 1803, and became a priest and lecturer at the Catholic Theological Seminary in Bonn in 1829. He went to Breslau as an extraordinary professor of dogmatic theology, and gained tenure there in 1831. He became a canon in Breslau in 1846, and from 1860 was persecuted by the prince-bishop of Breslau, Heinrich Foerster. He was relieved of his office and barred from drawing a salary. In 1870 he joined the Old Catholic movement, though he died a year later. See Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, “Baltzer,” in BBKL 1 (1975), p. 361; Ernst Melzer, “Baltzer,” in ADB 2 (1875), p. 33.
75. Knoodt was born in 1811 and became an extraordinary professor in Bonn in 1845, achieving tenure two years later. In 1878 he became the vicar general of the Old Catholics’ Diocese, and he died in 1889. See Herman H. Schwedt, “Knoodt,” in BBKL 4 (1992), pp. 163–65; Paul Wenzel, “Knoodt,” in NDB 12 (1979), p. 211.
76. Baltzer to Knoodt, November 21, 1853, quoted in Wenzel, Freundeskreis, p. 161.
77. Cf. Wolf, Ketzer, pp. 52–58.
78. Reikerstorfer, Günther, p. 266.
79. As Pri
tz puts it. Glauben, p. 266.
80. See ibid., pp. 348–75; Schäfer, Kontroverse, pp. 28–36.
81. Philosophisches Jahrbuch von Dr. A. Günther und Dr. J. E. Veith, Lydia 4 (1854), p. 603.
82. Wenzel, Anliegen, p. 204.
83. Ibid., p. 206.
84. Quoted in ibid., p. 211, note 445.
85. Quoted in ibid., pp. 213 and 216.
86. Geissel was born in 1796. He became bishop of Speyer in 1837, bishop coadjutor in 1841, archbishop of Cologne in 1845, and cardinal in 1850. He died in 1864. See Eduard Hegel’s article on him in Gatz (ed.), Bischöfe, pp. 239–44.
87. Rauscher, who was born in 1797, became archbishop of Seckau in 1849 and prince-archbishop of Vienna in 1853. He was made a cardinal in 1855, and died in 1875. See Erwin Gatz’s article on him in ibid., pp. 596–601.
88. The account of the trial against Günther in Rome is based on the excellent study by Herman H. Schwedt, with additional material from sources released by the Vatican ACDF archive in 1998. Schwedt, Verurteilung, pp. 301–43. See also Schoeters, Beckx, pp. 146–51. On the theological disagreement between Kleutgen and Günther, see Schäfer, Kontroverse.
89. See Wolf (ed.), Prosopographie, pp. 806–17, here p. 807.
90. See ACDF Index Causes célèbres 4, Günther.
91. Schwarzenberg was born in 1809. He became prince-bishop of Salzburg in 1836, cardinal in 1842, and prince-bishop of Prague in 1850. He died in 1885. See Erwin Gatz, in Gatz (ed.), Bischöfe, pp. 686–92.
92. Brignole was born in 1797 and made a cardinal in 1834. He was the prefect of the Congregation of the Index from 1851 to 1853, and died in 1853. See Weber, Kardinäle, vol. 2, pp. 443–44 and elsewhere.
93. Lambruschini was born in 1776, became a cardinal in 1831, and was cardinal secretary of state from 1836 to 1846. He died in 1854. See ibid., pp. 475–76 and elsewhere.
94. Schwedt, Verurteilung, p. 309.
95. D’Andrea was born in 1812. He became titular bishop of Mèlitene and nuncio to Switzerland in 1841. He was made a cardinal in 1852, and served as prefect of the Congregation of the Index from 1853 to 1861. In 1866 he was suspended from the office of bishop, and from his cardinalate in 1867, with the loss of all his earnings. His rehabilitation and his death both came in 1868. See Wolf (ed.), Prosopographie, pp. 379–83.