2. John Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies (London, 1735), p. 46.
3. Ibid., p. 139.
4. Jean Barbot, A Description of the Coasts of Guinea, quoted by Hugh Thomas in The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440–1870 (London, 1997; edn. cited 1998), p. 346.
5. Captain Herdman to Admiralty, from Barbados, 3 August 1722. PRO: ADM. 1/1880, part 3.
6. Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies, p. 139.
7. Captain Herdman to Admiralty, 8 April 1723. PRO: ADM. 1/1880, part 3.
8. Captain Ogle to Admiralty, from Cape Coast Road, 5 April 1722. PRO: CO. ADM. 1/2242.
9. Captain Charles Johnson, History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn (London, 1972; edn. cited New York, 1999), p. 205.
10. Ibid., p. 223.
11. CSPC, vol. 1720–1721, no. 463, III.
12. Ibid.
13. Johnson, History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, p. 228.
14. Captain Chaloner Ogle to the Admiralty, 5 April 1722, HMS Swallow in Cape Coast Road. PRO: ADM. 1/2242.
15. For details of the Swallow’s actions against the pirates see: Captain Ogle’s letter to the Admiralty of 5 April 1722, 26 July 1722 and 8 September 1722, PRO: ADM. 1/2243; Captain Ogle’s log of the Swallow, PRO: ADM.51/954, part 7; log of Lieutenant Edward Chaloner of the Swallow, NMM: ADM/L/S564; Proceedings of Court held on the coast of Africa upon trying of 100 pyrates taken by HMS Swallow, PRO: HCA. 1/99.3; Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies, pp. 147, 191–4; Johnson, History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, pp. 237–87.
16. Captain’s log of HMS Swallow, 5 February 1722. PRO: ADM.51/954, part 7.
17. Ibid.
18. These figures are taken from Captain Ogle’s letter to the Admiralty. Johnson, General History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, p. 240, notes that the French Ranger was manned with sixteen Frenchmen, twenty Negroes and seventy-seven Englishmen.
19. Johnson, History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, p. 269.
20. Captain Ogle to the Admiralty, PRO: ADM. 1/2242.
21. Johnson, History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, p. 244.
22. These figures are from Captain Ogle’s letter to the Admiralty. Johnson, General History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, p. 245, notes that the Royal Fortune had a crew of 157, of whom forty-five were Negroes.
23. Atkins, A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies, p. 192.
24. Ibid., p. 147.
25. Ibid., p. 98.
26. See Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 12, 260; N. A. M. Rodger, The Wooden World (London, 1986), p. 114.
27. PRO: HCA. 1/99.3.
28. Peter Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London and New York, 1991), pp. 80, 216–18, 244; and reports in London newspapers of this period such as the Daily Courant, the Post Boy and Applebee’s Original Weekly Journal.
29. PRO: HCA. 1/99.3.
30. These figures are taken from a list drawn up by Captain Ogle which is headed ‘An acct. of the men taken in the Royal Fortune and Great Ranger, Pyrate ships, by his Majtys ship Swallow under my command’. PRO: ADM. 1/2242.
31. Captain Chaloner Ogle to the Admiralty, 8 September 1722. PRO: ADM. 1/2242.
32. Ibid.
33. The London Gazette of 4 December 1722 carried reports of the hurricane received from Kingston, Port Royal, and from HMS Falkland.
Chapter Fifteen: Back to the Bahamas
1. Rogers to Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 November 1729. CSPC, vol. 36, 1728–1729, no. 965.
2. Remarks on the condition of the fortifications at New Providence when Governor Rogers arrived the 25th August 1729, prepared by the lieutenant, gunner and sergeant of the garrison. PRO: CO. 23/14, f.141.
3. Queries from the Board of Trade for the year 1728. PRO: CO. 23/14, f.66.
4. Taken from the census figures sent home by Woodes Rogers on 14 October 1731. PRO: CO. 23/2 and quoted by Michael Craton and Gail Saunders in Islanders in the Stream: a History of the Bahamian People (Athens, Georgia, USA, 1992), vol. 1, pp. 119–121.
5. Estimated population of the English Sugar Islands in 1713, from Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713 (London, 1973), p. 312.
6. Richard Sheridan, ‘Caribbean Plantation Society, 1689–1748’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century, ed. P. J. Marshall (Oxford, 1998; edn. cited 2001), vol. II, p. 401.
7. Quoted by Brian Little, Crusoe’s Captain: Being the Life of Woodes Rogers, Seaman, Trader, Colonial Governor (London, 1960), pp. 214, 215.
8. Bahamas Correspondence, 1728–1746. PRO: CO. 23/14, ff. 121. See also Harcourt Malcolm, A History of the Bahamas House of Assembly (Nassau, 1921).
9. CSPC, vol. 38 (1731), nos. 419, 526.
10. These figures are taken from Marcus Rediker, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (Boston, 2004), p. 29. They are based on detailed studies made by Rediker and are confirmed by many contemporary estimates made by colonial governors, merchants and others.
11. Peter Earle, The Pirate Wars (London, 2003), p. 206.
12. Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (Cambridge, 1987), p. 283.
13. The Boston Gazette, 1–8 June 1724.
14. Governor Sir Nicholas Lawes to Council of Trade and Plantations, 12 June 1721. CSPC, 1720–1721, no. 523.
15. Governor Lawes, 18 May 1722. CSPC, 1722–1723, no. 142.
16. Governor Burnet to Lord Carteret, 25 June 1723. CSPCS, vol. 1722–1723, no. 606.
17. The present Disposal of all His Majesties Ships and Vessels in Sea Pay. PRO: ADM. 8/14.
18. See Earle, The Pirate Wars, p. 269, n.14.
19. Bahamas Correspondence, 1728–1746. PRO: CO. 23/14, f.157.
20. Lewis Bonnett to Charles Delafaye, New Providence, 10 February 1730. PRO: CO. 23/14, f.183.
21. Woodes Rogers to Council of Trade and Plantations, 10 February 1731. CSPC, vol. 38, 1731, no. 47.
22. Bahamas Correspondence, PRO: CO. 23/14, f.225.
23. Gentleman’s Magazine, September 1732, p. 979.
24. For details of the will of Woodes Rogers and the fate of his son William, see Brian Little, Crusoe’s Captain (London, 1960), pp. 199, 210, 219, 222, and G. E. Manwaring’s Introduction to Captain Woodes Rogers, A Cruising Voyage Round the World (London and New York, 1928), pp. xlv, xlvi.
Epilogue
1. The reference to pirates was dropped when the Bahamas achieved independence in 1973 and adopted the new motto ‘Forward, upward and onward together’ to go along with a fine coat of arms which celebrates the sun, the sea and the fauna and flora of the islands.
2. The following works were consulted for this chapter: Paula R. Backschreider, Daniel Defoe: His Life (Baltimore, 1989); Peter Earle, The World of Defoe (London, 1976); David Fausett, The Strange Surprising Sources of Robinson Crusoe (Amsterdam, 1994); John Robert Moore, Daniel Defoe: Citizen of the Modern World (Chicago, 1958); John Richetti, The Life of Daniel Defoe (Oxford, 2005); Pat Rogers, Robinson Crusoe (London, 1979); Arthur W. Secord, Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe (Illinois, 1924); Tim Severin, Seeking Robinson Crusoe (London, 2002); James Sutherland, Daniel Defoe: A Critcal Study (Harvard, 1971); Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (London, 1957).
3. Coleridge’s Miscellaneous Criticism, ed. Thomas Middleton Raysor (London, 1936), pp. 194, 300.
4. Richetti, The Life of Daniel Defoe, p. 185.
5. Secord, Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe, p. 31.
6. Glyndwr Williams, The Great South Sea: English Voyages and Encounters, 1570–1750 (London and New Haven, 1997), p. 179.
7. Quoted by
Rogers in Robinson Crusoe, p. 142.
8. Moore, Daniel Defoe: Citizen of the Modern World, p. 223.
9. Daniel Defoe, The Compleat English Gentleman, ed. K. D. Bulbring (London, 1890), p. 225.
10. Secord, Studies in the Narrative Method of Defoe, p. 49.
11. Rogers, Robinson Crusoe, p. 22.
12. Captain Charles Johnson, General History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn (London, 1972; edn. cited New York, 1999), p. 6.
13. Ibid., p. 62.
14. Ibid., p. 141.
15. Ibid., p. 143.
16. Ibid., p. 143.
17. Professor Schonhorn notes that Rogers probably contributed certain details to Johnson’s book. See Johnson, General History of the Pyrates, ed. Manuel Schonhorn, p. 673.
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