26.
Borosage and Marks, op. cit., p. 21.
27.
Kermit Roosevelt, Countercoup: The Struggle for Control of Iran (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979), passim.
28.
Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: America’s Failure in the Middle East (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980), passim.
29.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 13.
30.
Rositzke, op. cit., p. 162.
31.
Church Committee, op. cit., Book IV, p. 49.
32.
Ibid., p.55.
33.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 12.
34.
Corson, op. cit., p. 132.
35.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 12.
36.
Thomas W. Braden, “I’m Glad the CIA is ‘Immoral’,” The Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14.
37.
Sol Stern, “NSA and the CIA,” Ramparts 5, March 1967, pp. 29-38.
38.
William E. Colby, “Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee,” January 15, 1975, as quoted in The Washington Post, January 16, 1975, p. A18.
39.
The Washington Post, January 16, 1975, p. A18.
40.
Church Committee, op. cit., Book I, p. 193.
41.
Ibid.
42.
Ibid., p. 192.
43.
Ibid., p. 199.
44.
Carl Bernstein, “The CIA and the Media,” Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977, p. 55.
3. Washington: Fun in the Files
1.
Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York: Stonehill Publishing Company, 1975), pp. 56-58.
5. Life at Langley
1.
U.S. Congress, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, 94th Congress, 2nd sess., 1976. (Hereafter cited as Church Committee.) Book IV, p. 64.
2.
Ibid., p. 65.
3.
Ibid., pp. 66-67.
4.
Ibid., p. 67.
5.
Ibid.
6.
Ibid., pp. 67-68.
7.
Ibid., p. 68.
8.
Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), pp. 31-32, 297.
9.
Ralph W. McGehee, “Foreign Policy By Forgery: The C.I.A. and the White Paper on El Salvador,” The Nation, April 11, 1981, pp. 423-434. Deletions in original.
10.
Thomas Lobe, United States National Security Policy and Aid to the Thailand Police (University of Denver Graduate School of International Studies: Monograph Series in World Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 2, Denver: University of Denver, Colorado Seminary, 1977), passim.
11.
Center for National Security Studies, CIA’s Covert Operations Vs. Human Rights (Washington, D.C.), p. 13.
12.
The Washington Post, January 18, 1971, p. B7.
13.
Andrew Tully, CIA: The Inside Story (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1962), pp. 88-89, 97. See also Warren Hinckle and William Turner, The Fish Is Red (New York: Harper & Row, 1982).
14.
Marchetti and Marks, op. cit., pp. 298-299.
15.
Newsweek 84, September 30, 1974, p. 37. See also Philip Agee, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York: Stonehill Publishing Company, 1975).
16.
The Washington Post, April 6, 1973, pp. A1, A12.
17.
U.S. Congress, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Covert Action in Chile, 94th Congress, 1st sess., 1975.
18.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 12.
19.
Ibid.
20.
Marchetti and Marks, op. cit., pp. 124-125.
21.
Ibid., pp. 126-131.
22.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 12.
23.
Church Committee, op. cit., Book IV, p. 68.
24.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 12. See also John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
25.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 13. See also John Stockwell, op. cit.
26.
Newsweek 78, November 22, 1971, p. 37. The New York Times, September 22, 1974, Section 4, p. 1. Marchetti and Marks, op. cit., pp. 31, 117.
27.
Center for National Security Studies, op. cit., p. 13. See also Gordon Winter, Inside BOSS (London: Penguin, 1982).
28.
Church Committee, op. cit., Book IV, p. 69.
29.
The New York Times, January 4, 1975, p. 8.
30.
The New York Times, December 31, 1974, p. 1.
31.
William E. Colby, “Statement before the Senate Armed Services Committee,” January 15, 1975, as quoted in The Washington Post, January 16, 1975, p. A18. (Hereafter cited as “Colby Statement.”)
32.
Congressional Quarterly, February 24, 1967, pp. 271-272.
33.
Colby Statement, loc. cit.
34.
Center for National Security Studies, “CIA Domestic Spying More Extensive,” September 10, 1979.
35.
Colby Statement, loc. cit.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Ibid.
38.
The Washington Post, January 16,1975, pp. Al, A18.
39.
The New York Times, December 17, 1972, p. 23.
40.
Nina Adams and Alfred McCoy, Laos: War and Revolution (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 155-178.
6. North Thailand: Saving the Hill Tribes
1.
Thomas Lobe, United States National Security Policy and Aid to the Thailand Police (University of Denver Graduate School of International Studies: Monograph Series in World Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 2, Denver: University of Denver, Colorado Seminary, 1977), p. 24.
2.
Douglas S. Blaufarb, The Counterinsurgency Era (New York: The Free Press, 1977), p. 195.
3.
Christopher Robbins, Air America: The Story of the CIA’s Secret Airlines (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1979), p. 19.
7. Headquarters: Duping Congress
1.
Frank Snepp, Decent Interval (New York: Random House, 1977), passim.
2.
The New York Times, July 29, 1965, p. 11.
8. In Search of Reds
1.
Douglas S. Blaufarb, The Counterinsurgency Era (New York: The Free Press, 1977), pp. 196, 183, 197.
2.
Chawin Sarakham, Unmasking the CIA (Bangkok: Kribisak and Thapthiuami, 1974). This book describes the operation. (This footnote was required by the Agency during the review process.)
9. Headquarters: Ghosts in the Halls
1.
See for example, Miles Copeland, Without Cloak and Dagger (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), p. 320; and Harry Rositzke, CIA’s Secret Operations (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1977), p. 51 and following.
2.
Peer de Silva, Sub Rosa: The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence (New York: Times Books, 1978), pp. 193-194.
10. The CIA in Vietnam: Transforming Reality
1.
Douglas Pike, Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press, 1966).
2.
Michael Charles Conley, The Communist Insurgent Infrastructure in South Vietnam: A
Study of Organization and Strategy (Washington, D.C.: The American University, 1967).
3.
Vietnam Lao Dong Party, Thirty Years of Struggle of the Party (Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1960), p. 26.
4.
Ibid., p. 71. See also Jeffrey Race, War Comes to Long An (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), passim.
5.
Senator Mike Gravel, The Pentagon Papers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Vol. I, p. 45.
6.
Alexander Kendrick, The Wound Within (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974), p. 35.
7.
Gravel, op. cit., p. 53.
8.
Gravel, op. cit., p. 78.
9.
Gravel, op. cit., p. 204.
10.
Philippe Devillers and Jean Lacouture, End of a War: Indochina, 1954 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), p. 224. The footnote on page 342 re this topic is sourced to The London Times, December 15, 1965.
11.
Dr. Tom Dooley, Three Great Books (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, Inc., 1960), pp. 48, 98, 100.
12.
Jim Winters, “Tom Dooley the Forgotten Hero,” Notre Dame Magazine, May 1979, pp. 10-17.
13.
Joseph B. Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976), pp. 252, 255.
14.
Department of Defense, United States Vietnam Relations 1945-1967 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1971) (Hereafter referred to as the Department of Defense Pentagon Papers.), Vol. 10, p. 958.
15.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change: 1953-1956 (New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1963), p. 372.
16.
Edward Geary Lansdale, Major General, United States Air Force (Ret.), In the Midst of Wars (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), p. 327.
17.
Department of Defense Pentagon Papers, op. cit, Vol. 10, p. 1077.
18.
Warren Hinckle, Robert Scheer, and Sol Stern, “The University on the Make,” Ramparts, special edition, 1969, p. 54.
19.
Bernard B. Fall, Last Reflections on a War (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1967), pp. 201-202, in part quoting Jean Lacouture.
20.
Philippe Devillers, “The Struggle for the Unification of Vietnam,” China Quarterly, No. 9, January-March 1962, pp. 15-16. Noam Chomsky, At War with Asia (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), p. 41. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Bitter Heritage (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), pp. 34-35. And others.
21.
Robert F. Turner, Vietnamese Communism (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1975), p. 172.
22.
Department of Defense Pentagon Papers, op. cit., Vol. II, Section IV, A. 5, Tab 4.
23.
Gravel, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 252.
24.
William Colby and Peter Forbath, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), pp. 256-257.
25.
Douglas Pike, History of Vietnamese Communism, 1925-1976 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), p. 15.
26.
Colby, op. cit., p. 169.
27.
Colby, op. cit., pp. 203, 206.
28.
Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), pp. 245-246.
29.
For accounts of the events surrounding the Tonkin Gulf incident, see for example: Eugene G. Winchy, Tonkin Gulf (New York: Doubleday, 1971); Anthony Austin, President’s War (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1971); Peter Dale Scott, The War Conspiracy (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1972); Joseph C. Goulden, Truth Is the First Casualty (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969); and Ralph Stavins et al., Washington Plans an Aggressive War (New York: Random House, 1971).
30.
The Washington Post, “CIA Fakes ’65 Evidence on War in Vietnam, Ex- Officer [Philip Liechty] Charges,” March 20, 1982, p. A19.
31.
Ibid.
32.
Ibid.
33.
General William Childs Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1976), p. 152.
34.
Marchetti and Marks, op. cit., p. 245.
35.
Ibid., p. 246.
36.
Colby, op. cit., p. 269.
11. Coming Home
1.
Nina S. Adams and Alfred W. McCoy (eds.), Laos: War and Revolution (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 380-381, in part quoting Associated Press dispatch of June 8, 1970.
12. Down and Out in Thailand
1.
The New York Times, January 6, 1974, p. 4.
2.
Chawin Sarakham, Unmasking the CIA (Bangkok: Kribisak and Thapthiuami, 1974). This book describes the operation. (This footnote was required by the Agency during the review process.)
3.
The New York Times, The Pentagon Papers (Toronto: Bantam Books, Inc., 1971), p. 133.
4.
Ibid., p. 134.
5.
Ibid., p. 133.
6.
John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1978), p. 32.
13. Light at the End of the Tunnel
1.
Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), pp. 158-160.
2.
The Wall Street Journal, “Tarnished Report?” June 8, 1981, p. 1. See also Philip Agee, White Paper? Whitewash! (New York: Deep Cover Publications, 1981).
3.
Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, June 1975 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975). Beginning on page 137.
4.
Sam Adams, “Vietnam Cover-up: Playing War with Numbers, A CIA Conspiracy Against its Own Intelligence,” Harper’s, May 1975, pp. 41-73.
5.
Reprinted in Facts on File, The CIA and the Security Debate: 1975-1976 (New York: Facts on File, 1977), p. 86.
14. Conclusion
1.
Philip Agee, White Paper? Whitewash! (New York: Deep Cover Publications, 1981).
2.
The Washington Post, “CIA Faked ’65 Evidence on War in Vietnam, Ex-Officer Charges,” March 20, 1982, p. A19.
3.
United States House of Representatives, “Iran: Evaluation of U.S. Intelligence Performance Prior to November 1978” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979).
4.
Saul Landau and Craig Nelson, “The CIA Rides Again,” The Nation, March 6, 1982.
5.
See Ralph W. McGehee, “Foreign Policy By Forgery: The C.I.A. and the White Paper on El Salvador,” The Nation, April 11, 1981.
6.
Newsweek, “A Plan to Overthrow Kaddafi,” August 3, 1981, p. 19.
Appendix: This Book and the Secrecy Agreement
1.
Thomas Lobe, United States National Security Policy and Aid to the Thailand Police (University of Denver Graduate School of International Studies: Monograph Series in World Affairs. Vol. 14, No. 2, Denver: University of Denver, Colorado Seminary, 1977).
2.
Dr. E. Thadeus Flood, “The United States and the Military Coup in Thailand,” Indochina Resource Center publication, undated, p. 1.
3.
Thomas Lobe, op. cit., p. 117.
GLOSSARY
Agent: A foreign national who supplies information or performs other functions for the CIA case officer.
Border Patrol Police (BPP): A Thai paramilitary organization.
Case officer: An American staff officer working at any level in the Directorate for Operations and serving as intelligence gatherer, propaganda writer, or covert operator.
Census Aspiration Cadre (CA): United States program in Northeast Thailand to provide information on the Communist Party of Thailand
.
China activities: Headquarters element in the Far East division that directed the CIA’s worldwide intelligence collection and covert operations against Communist China.
Civil Air Transport (CAT): The Agency’s first airline in the Far East based initially and primarily on Taiwan.
Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (CORDS): A united organization of American and Vietnamese governmental elements to pacify the Vietnamese.
Civilian, Police, Military (CPM): Thai provincial structure for countering the Communist Party of Thailand. CPM-1 was a military camp in Sakorn Nakorn Province in Northeast Thailand that conducted military operations against the CPT in the Northeast.
Communist Suppression Operations Command (CSOC): The Thai central headquarters for all reporting, planning, and operations against the Communist Party of Thailand.
Dead drop: A device for maintaining contact between clandestine operatives – where money or messages can be left for pick-up; e.g., a hole behind a loose brick in a wall.
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