La Rochelle (i)
Rocroi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Rohault, Jacques (i)
Romance of the Three Kingdoms (novel) (i), (ii) n 13, (iii) n 53
Romania (i), (ii), (iii)
Rome (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)
Rosa of Lima, Saint (i), (ii), (iii)
Ross, Dennis (i)
Rotterdam (i), (ii)
Roussillon (i), (ii)
Le Roy Ladurie, Emanuel (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Royal Society of London (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) n 1, Plate 28
Rubens, Peter Paul (i)
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (i)
Ruidarenes (i), (ii)
Rump Parliament (i), (ii), (iii)
Rushworth, John (i), (ii), (iii), Plate 13
Russell, Conrad (i), (ii)
Russia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), Fig. 19, (lx) n 8
Rycaut, Paul (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) n 27
Ryukyu islands (i)
Sachsen-Gotha (i)
Saddam, Hussein (i)
Safed (i), (ii), (iii)
Safi, Shah of Iran (i), (ii)
Sahara (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Sahel (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
St Andrews University (i), (ii)
St Keverne's (i)
St Lawrence, river (i), (ii), (iii)
Saintes (i)
Saints (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Salamanca (i), (ii)
Salang Pass (i)
Salces (i), (ii)
Salisbury, Neal (i)
La Salle, Chevalier de (i)
Salt tax (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), Plate 10
Salvador (i), (ii), (iii)
Salvius, Johan Adler (i), (ii), (iii)
Salzburg (i)
Samarkand (i)
Samurai (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
San Lúcar de Barrameda (i)
San Miguel de Tucumán (i)
Sanderson, William (i)
Sandrart, Joachim von (i)
Sanfilippo (i)
Sankin kōtai (i), (ii), (iii)
Sansom, Oliver (i), (ii)
Santa Coloma, Dalmau de Queralt, count of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) n 22
Santa Coloma de Farners (i), (ii)
Santa Fé la Vieja, Argentina (i), (ii)
Santiago de Chile (i), (ii), (iii) n 29
Santiago de Compostella (i)
Santorini (i), (ii) n 41
São Jorge da Minha (i)
Sarkozy, Nicholas (i)
Sault Sainte Marie (i)
Savoy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Saxe-Weimar, Bernard of (i),
Saxony (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Scandinavia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Scheer, Griet Piet (i)
Schilling, Heinz (i)
Schools (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii)
Schottel, Justus Georg (i)
Schumacher, Peder (i)
Schumpeter, Joseph (i), (ii) n 8
Schütz, Heinrich (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Schwartz, Stuart (i), (ii)
Scientific Revolution (i), (ii), (iii), Plates 27, 28, Figs 54, 55
Scotland (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), Fig. 5
Scott, David (i)
Scott, James C. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Scudéry, Madeleine de (i)
Segadors (reapers) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Segovia (i), (ii)
Séguier, Pierre (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) n 20
Seine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Sejanus, Lucius Aelius (i), (ii) n 66
Sejm (federal Diet of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Semedo, Alvaro (i), (ii), (iii) n 59
Sen, Amartya (i), (ii) n 3
Senegal (i), (ii), (iii)
Senegambia (i), (ii), (iii)
Sennar (i)
Serfs (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) n 15, (vii) nn 43–4, (viii) n 90, see also Servants, Slaves
Serrès (i), (ii)
Serua (i)
Servants (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), see also Serfs, Slaves
Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de (i), (ii), (iii)
Sévigné, Renaud de (i)
Seville (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), Fig. 42
Sexby, Edward (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) n 32
Shanxi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Shaanxi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Shah Jahan, Mughal emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii) n 72
Shahjahanabad (later Delhi) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Shakespeare, William (i), (ii)
Shandong (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) n 72
Shanghai (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)
Sharpe, Kevin (i)
Shengjing (i)
Shenyang (Mukden) (i)
Shi Kefa (i), (ii)
Shikoku (i)
Shimabara (i), (ii), (iii)
‘Ship Money’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) n 39
Shivaji (i), (ii) n 2
‘Short Parliament’ (i), (ii)
Shunzhi, Emperor of China (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Sibao (i)
Sibbald, Sir Robert (i), (ii)
Siberia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
Sichuan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Sicily (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi)
Sieges (i), (ii), (iii)
Sigismund III Vasa, king of Poland and Sweden (i), (ii)
Sikhs (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Silesia (i), (ii)
Silk (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)
Silver, see Currency
Simbirsk Lane (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), Fig. 19
Sinaloa (i)
Singer, Robert (i)
Sinop (i)
Skippon, Philip (i), (ii), (iii)
Slaves (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (
xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii) n 102, (xliii) nn 5, (xliv), Fig. 46, see also Serfs, Servants
Slovenia (i)
Slovik, Paul (i)
Smallpox (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv) n 53, see also Disease
Smith, Thomas C. (i)
Smithfield (i)
Smolensk (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Smout, Adriaan (i), (ii) n 27
Smyrna, see Izmir
Snow, see Little Ice Age
Soares, Diogo (i)
Sodomy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) n 20
Sofala (i)
Sofia Romanov (i)
Soissons, Louis de Bourbon, count of (i)
Soldiers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii), (lxxxiii), (lxxxiv), (lxxxv), (lxxxvi), (lxxxvii), (lxxxviii), (lxxxix), (xc), (xci), (xcii), (xciii), (xciv), (xcv), (xcvi), (xcvii), (xcviii), (xcix), (c), (CI), (CII), (CIII), (CIV), (CV), (CVI), (CVII), (CVIII), (CIX) n 77, (CX) n 14, (CXI) n 10, see also Janissaries, Samurai, Wars
Soll, Jacob (i)
Solothurn (i)
Sombaopu (i)
Song, Chinese Imperial Dynasty (i), (ii)
Songs, see Music
Sonora (i)
Sorbière, Samuel (i), (ii)
Sorokin, Pitirim (i)
South China Sea (i)
Spain (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii), (lxxxiii), (lxxxiv), (lxxxv), (lxxxvi), (lxxxvii), Plates 6, 10, 11, 12, Figs 10, 29
Spices (i), (ii) n 38
Spinoza, Baruch (i), (ii), (iii)
Spitsbergen (i), (ii)
Sprat, Thomas (i)
Sri Lanka (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Stansel, Valentin (i)
Star Chamber, Court of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Starvation, see Famine
States-General (Dutch Republic) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
States-General (France) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
States-General (Naples) (i)
Steensgaard, Niels (i), (ii)
Stephens, Anthony (i)
Steuart, Adam (i)
Stockholm (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Storer, Arthur (i)
Stradivari, Antonio (i), (ii)
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), Plate 15
Stralsund (i), (ii)
Stránský, Pavel (i), (ii)
Strasbourg (i), (ii)
Street lighting (i)
Strozzi, Tommaso (i)
Struve, Lynn (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Strypa (i)
‘Stunting’, see Height
Styria (i), (ii)
Suárez, Margarita (i)
Subtelny, Orest (i) n 7
Sudan (i), (ii)
Sudd (i)
Suffolk (i)
Sugar (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
Suicide (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii) nn 5, 6, 8, 16, Plate 5
Sulawesi (i)
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune duke of (i), (ii), (iii) n 54
Sumptuary Laws (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), see also Dress
Sunspots (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) nn 36, 38, Plate 1, Fig. 2
Superior, lake (i)
Surat (i), (ii)
Suzhou (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Suzuki Shōsan (i), (ii)
Swabia (i)
Sweden (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l) n 50, (li) n 14
Swiss Confederation (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
Syria (i), (ii), (iii), Fig. 21
Sysyn, Frank (i)
Tabor, Robert (i)
Taille (i), (ii), (iii)
Taiwan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
Taj Mahal (i), (ii)
Talanda (i)
Talon, Omer (i)
Tamarit, Francesc de (i), (ii)
Tamerlane (i)
Tang, Chinese imperial dynasty (i)
Tang Xianzu (i)
Tangier (i)
Tanistry (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Tarabotti, Elena Cassandra (i)
Tarragona (i), (ii), (iii)
Tasmania, (i), (ii)
Tawney, Richard (i)
Taxation, taxes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), Plates 10, 11, Figs 21, 31
Tea (i), (ii)
Tecumseh (i)
Tegh Bahadur (i)
Teixeira Saldanha, Bento de (i)
Teleki, Mihail
Tell, William (i), (ii)
Temperature (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv) n 14, (xxvi) nn 63, (xxvii), Plate 28, Figs 2, 18, 19, 34, 51
Tenedos (i), (ii)
Testament, Old and New, see Bible
Testi, Fulvio (i)
Thames, river (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Thames River Barrier, (i)
Theatre (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) n 23, (viii) n 29
Theibault, John (i)
Theologians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) n 43, (xviii) n 12, (xix) n 76
Thessalonica (i)
Thiele, Peter (i), (ii), (iii)
Thionville (i)
Thirty Years War (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv) n 65, Plates 2, 9, 22, 23
Thomas, Sir Keith (i)
Thornton, John (i)
‘Thorough’ (in Ireland) (i)
Three Feudatories Revolt (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Tiacang (i)
Tianjin (i)
Tianqi, emperor of China (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Tigris, river (i), (ii)
Tilly, Johann Tserclaes, count of (i)
Timbuktu (i)
Tinglin Yao (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Tipperary (i)
Tisza, river (i)
Toba, Mount (i)
Tobacco (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), Plate 22
Tōhoku (i)
Tokugawa Hidetada, shogun (i), (ii), (iii) n 22
Tokugawa Iemitsu, shogun (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix) nn 22, 28, (x) n 31, (xi) nn 45, 49
Tokugawa Ieyasu, shogun (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) n 31, (vi) n 49
Tokyo (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv) n 50, Plates 4, 20
Tomsk (i), (ii)
La Torre, count of (i)
Tortosa (i), (ii)
Totman, Conrad (i), (ii)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (i)
Trade (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), Fig. 42
Trakhaniotov, Peter (i), (ii)
Transylvania (i), (ii), (iii)
Trapani (i)
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (i), (ii), (iii)
Trier (i)
Trivulzio, Teodoro (i)
Trosten, Hannes (i)
Trotsky, Leon (i)
Troyes (i)
Tryon, Thomas (i), (ii)
Tsaritsyn (i)
Tunisia (i)
Turenne, vicomté of (i), (ii) n 46
Turfvolster, Alit (i)
Turkey (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Turquet de Mayerne, Theodore (i)
Tuscaloosa (i)
Tuscany, Ferdinand, Grand Duke of (i), (ii), (iii)
Tutini, Camillo (i), (ii) n 17
Tweed, river (i), (ii), (iii)
Tyler, Wat (i)
Tyne, river (i)
Tyneside (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Typhoid (i)
Tyrone, county (i), (ii)
Uceda, Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas duke of, (i)
Uganda (i)
Ukraine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx) n 5, (xxxi) n 73
Ulm (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Ulozhenie (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) n 40
Ulster (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)
Unfree Labour, see Serfs, Servants, Slaves
Uniate church (i), (ii), (iii)
‘Union of Arms’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
United Nations (i)
United States of America (i), (ii)
Universities (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), Fig. 49
Unteregg (i)
Uppsala University (i)
Urals (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Utrecht (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Uzbeks (i), (ii)
Valdivia (i)
Valence (i)
Global Crisis Page 160