D. Serre et al., "No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans," PLoS Biology 2, no. 3 (2004): 313-317; M. Currat and L. Excoffier, "Modern Humans Did Not Admix with Neanderthals during Their Range Expansion into Europe," PLoS Biology 2, no. 12 (2004): e21; T. D. Weaver and C. C. Roseman, "Ancient DNA, Late Neandertal Survival, and Modern-Human-Neandertal Genetic Admixture," Current Anthropology 46, no. 4 (2005): 677-683.
Daniel Garrigan et al., "Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long- Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provides Evidence That Humans Descend from a Structured Ancestral Population," Genetics 170 (2005a): 1849-1856; Daniel Garrigan et al., "Evidence for Archaic Asian Ancestry on the Human X Chromosome," Molecular Biology and Evolution 22 (2005b): 189-192; J. Hardy et al., "Evidence Suggesting That Homo neanderthalensis Contributed the H2 MAPT Haplotype to Homo sapiens," Biochemical Society Transactions 33 (2005): 582-585; Vincent Plagnol and Jeffrey D. Wall, "Possible Ancestral Structure in Human Populations," PLoS Genetics 2 (2006): e105; P. D. Evans et al., "Microcephalin, a Gene Regulating Brain Size, Continues to Evolve Adaptively in Humans," Science 309, no. 5741 (2005): 1717-1720; P. D. Evans et al., "Evidence That the Adaptive Allele of the Brain Size Gene Microcephalin Introgressed into Homo sapiens from an Archaic Homo Lineage," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 48 (2006): 18178.
Vincent Plagnol and Jeffrey D. Wall, "Possible Ancestral Structure in Human Populations," PLoS Genetics 2 (2006): e105.
Patrick D. Evans et al., "Evidence That the Adaptive Allele of the Brain Size Gene Microcephalin Introgressed into Homo sapiens from an Archaic Homo Lineage," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103, no. 48 (2006): 18178.
Graham K. Coop et al., "The Timing of Selection at the Human FOXP2 Gene," Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, no. 7 (2008): 1257.
Johannes Krause et al., "The Derived FOXP2 Variant of Modern Humans Was Shared with Neandertals," Current Biology 17, no. 21 (2007): 1908-1912.
James O'Connell and James Allen, "Dating the Colonization of Sahul (Pleistocene Australia—New Guinea): A Review of Recent Research," Journal of Archaeological Science 31, no. 6 (2004): 835-853.
chapter three
John Hawks et al., "Recent Acceleration of Human Adaptive Evolution," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 52 (2007): 20753.
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 407.
Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread ofCultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
E. E. Thompson et al., "CYP3A Variation and the Evolution of Salt-Sensitivity Variants," American Journal of Human Genetics 75, no. 6 (2004): 1059-1069.
John Maynard Smith, Evolution and the Theory of Games (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
L. Cordain et al., "Original Communication:The Paradoxical Nature of Hunter-Gatherer Diets: Meat-Based, yet Non-Atherogenic," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, no. 1 (2002): S42-S52.
Jared Diamond, "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race," Discover 8, no. 5 (1987): 64-66.
Mark Nathan Cohen and George J. Armelagos, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (Academic Press, 1984); Clark Larsen, Bio- archaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Benjamin F. Voight et al., "A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome," PLoS Biology 4, no. 3 (2006): e72; Eric T.Wang et al., "Global Landscape of Recent Inferred Darwinian Selection for Homo sapiens," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 1 (2006): 135-140.
A. Helgason et al., "Refining the Impact ofTCF7L2 Gene Variants on Type 2 Diabetes and Adaptive Evolution," Nature Genetics 39 (2007): 218-225.
James Neel, "Diabetes Mellitus: A 'Thrifty' Genotype Rendered Detrimental by 'Progress'?" American Journal of Human Genetics 14 (1962): 353-362.
Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
J. Burger et al., "Absence of the Lactase-Persistence-Associated Allele in Early Neolithic Europeans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 10 (2007): 3736.
M. Fulge et al., "Lactose Persistence in Prehistoric Individuals," 8th International Conference on Ancient DNA and Associated Biomol- ecules, October 16-19, 2006, Lodz, Poland.
chapter four
A. G. Maier et al., "Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Invasion through Glycophorin C and Selection for Gerbich Negativity in Hman Populations," Nature Medicine 9, no. 1 (2003) 87-92.
T. J. Vullaimy et al., "Diverse Point Mutations in the Human Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene Cause Enzyme Deficiency and Mild or Severe Hemolytic Anemia," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85, no. 14 (1988): 5171-5175; Bernadette Modell and Matthew Darlison, "Global Epidemiology of Haemoglobin Disorders and Derived Service Indicators," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 6 (2008): 480-487.
Richard Carter and Kamini N. Mendis, "Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria," Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15 (2002): 564-594; Matthew A. Saunders et al., "The Extent of Linkage Disequilibrium Caused by Selection on G6PD in Humans," Genetics 171, no. 3 (2005): 1219-1229; Jun Ohashi et al., "Extended Linkage Disequilibrium surrounding the Hemoglobin E Variant due to Malarial Selection," American Journal of Human Genetics 74, no. 6 (2004): 1198-1208.
Meredith E. Protas et al., "Genetic Analysis of Cavefish Reveals Molecular Convergence in the Evolution of Albinism," Nature Genetics 38, no. 1 (2006): 107-111.
Gwynneth Stevens et al., "Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA2) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Distribution of the Common 2.7-kb P Gene Deletion Mutation," Human Genetics 99, no. 4 (1997): 523-527.
Zanhua Yi et al., "A 122.5-Kilobase Deletion of the P Gene Underlies the High Prevalence of Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2 in the Navajo Population," American Journal of Human Genetics 72, no. 1 (2003): 62-72.
John R. Baker, Race (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974),
279.
Benjamin F. Voight et al., "A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome," PLoS Biology 4, no. 3 (2006): e72.
W. P. Rock et al., "A Cephalometric Comparison of Skulls from the Fourteenth, Sixteenth and Twentieth Centuries," British Dental Journal 200 (2006): 33-37.
Scott H. Williamson et al., "Localizing Recent Adaptive Evolution in the Human Genome," PLoS Genetics 10 (2007).
Ibid.
John Hawks, "Adaptive Evolution of Human Hearing and the Appearance of Language," Seventy-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, April 11, 2008, Columbus, Ohio.
Notes to Pages 104-126 235
John Reader, Africa: A Biography of the Continent (New York: Knopf, 1998).
Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007).
J. Rousseau, The Social Contract (Baltimore: Penguin Classics, 1968).
John Robert McNeill and William H. McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View of World History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003).
Robert C. Allen, "Agriculture and the Origins of the State in Ancient Egypt," Explorations in Economic History 34, no. 2 (1997): 135-154.
Laoise T. Moore et al., "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland," American Journal of Human Genetic. 78, no. 2 (2006): 334-338.
Rene Grousset, The Empire ofthe Steppes: A History of Central Asia (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1970).
Mark G.Thomas et al., "Evidence for an Apartheid-Like Social Structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1601 (2006): 2651-2657.
Robert Sallares et al., "The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems," Medical History 48, no, 3 (2004):311-328.
The song "Is There for Honest Poverty," by Rober
t Burns, is more commonly known as "A Man's A Man for a'That," and is famous for its eloquent support of egalitarianism.
Jesse L. Byock, Viking Age Iceland (New York: Penguin, 2001).
Daniel G. MacArthur et al., "Loss of ACTN3 Gene Function Alters Mouse Muscle Metabolism and Shows Evidence of Positive Selection in Humans," Nature Genetics 39, no. 10 (2007): 1261.
William D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land: The Collected Papers ofW.D. Hamilton, vol. 1, Evolution of Social Behaviour (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 417.
Valerie Bockstette et al., "States and Markets: The Advantage of an Early Start," Journal of Economic Growth 7 (2002): 347-369; Douglas O. Hibbs and Ola Olsson, "Geography, Biogeography, and Why Some Countries Are Rich and Others Are Poor," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004): 3715-3720.
Kay R. Jamison, Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (New York: Free Press, 1993).
R. M. Nesse and George C. Williams, "Darwinian Medicine," Life Science Research 3 (1999): 1—17.
P. A. Hoodbhoy, "Science and the Islamic World—The Quest for Rapprochement," Physics Today 60, no. 8 (2007): 49-55.
chapter five
Stephen L. Zegura et al., "High-Resolution SNPs and Mi- crosatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas," Molecular Biology and Evolution 21, no. 1 (2004): 164-175.
Martin Richards, "The Neolithic Invasion of Europe," Annual Review of Anthropology 32, no. 1 (2003): 135-162; Isabelle Dupanloup et al., "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans," Molecular Biology and Evolution 21, no. 7 (2004): 1361-1372.
Veronica L. Martinez-Marignac et al., "Admixture in Mexico City: Implications for Admixture Mapping of Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Risk Factors," Human Genetics 120, no. 6 (2007): 807-819.
Valter Gualandri et al., "AIMilano Apoprotein Identification of the Complete Kindred and Evidence of a Dominant Genetic Transmission," American Journal of Human Genetics 37, no. 6 (1985): 1083.
Cesare R. Sirtori et al., "Cardiovascular Status of Carriers of the Apolipoprotein A-IMilano Mutant," Circulation 103, no. 15 (2001): 1949-1954.
John K. Bielicki et al., "High Density Lipoprotein Particle Size Restriction in Apolipoprotein A-I (Milano) Transgenic Mice," Journal of Lipid Research 38, no. 11 (1997): 2314-2321.
Alan G. Fix, Migration and Colonization in Human Microevolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Georgi Hudjashov et al., "Revealing the Prehistoric Settlement of Australia by Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Analysis," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 21 (2007): 8726.
Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 207.
Robert Sallares et al., "The Spread of Malaria to Southern Europe in Antiquity: New Approaches to Old Problems," Medical History 48, no. 3 (2004): 311-328.
Alessandro Achilli et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Variation of Modern Tuscans Supports the Near Eastern Origin of Etruscans," American Journal of Human Genetics 80, no 4 (2007): 759-768.
Marco Pellecchia et al., "The Mystery of Etruscan Origins: Novel Clues from Bos Taurus Mitochondrial DNA," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science 274, no. 1614 (2007): 1175-1179.
Notes to Pages 145-169 237
Sadaf Firasat et al., "Y-chromosomal Evidence for a Limited Greek Contribution to the Pathan Population of Pakistan," European Journal of Human Genetics 15, no. 1 (2007): 121—126.
Tatiana Zerjal et al., "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols," American Journal of Human Genetics 72, no. 3 (2003): 717—721.
Dio Cassius, Roman History, vol. 9, Books 71-80, translated by Earnest Cary and Herbert B. Foster, Loeb Classical Library, no. 177 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927).
Hans Eiberg et al., "Blue Eye Color in Humans May Be Caused by a Perfectly Associated Founder Mutation in a Regulatory Element Located within the HERC2 Gene Inhibiting OCA2 Expression," Human Genetics 123, no. 2 (2008): 177-187.
Edward Gibbon, A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: B. F. French, 1830), 95.
chapter six
Lawrence H. Keeley, War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza et al., The History and Geography of Human Genes (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Montgomery Slatkin and Christina A. Muirhead, "A Method for Estimating the Intensity of Overdominant Selection from the Distribution of Allele Frequencies," Genetics 156, no. 4 (2000): 2119-2126.
Kristin N. Harper et al., "On the Origin of the Treponematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach," PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, no. 1: e148 doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000148.
Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492—1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1976).
Alison P. Galvani and Montgomery Slatkin, "Evaluating Plague and Smallpox as Historical Selective Pressures for the CCR5-delta32 HIV-Resistance Allele," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 25 (2003): 15276-15279.
Analabha Basu et al., "Genome-Wide Distribution of Ancestry in Mexican Americans," Human Genetics, DOI 10.1007/s00439-008- 0541-5.
Ana Magdalena Hurtado et al., "The Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases among South American Indians: A Call for Guidelines for Ethical Research," Current Anthropology 42, no. 3 (2001): 425-432.
10. Richard Gordon, Great Medical Disasters (New York: Stein and Day, 1983), 41.
Henry Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763 (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 205.
Charles R. Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle (New York: Bantam Books, 1958), 376.
Aristotle, History of Animals (New York: Kessinger, 2004), 226.
Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 139.
James P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, The Oxford Introduction to Proto Indo European and the Proto Indo European World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); David Anthony, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007).
James P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth (London: Thames and Hudson, 1989).
Raymond D. Crotty, When Histories Collide: The Development and Impact of Individualistic Capitalism (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press, 2001); Morton O. Cooper and W.J. Spillman, "Farmer's Bulletin No. 877—Human Food from an Acre of Staple Farm Products," Farmers' Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1919).
The line in the Iliad has been translated this way: "The Hippe- molgi, whose diet is mares' milk ..." Homer, translated by Stanley Lom- bardo, Iliad (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997), 239.
Herodotus, translated by Aubrey de Selincourt, The Histories (New York: Penguin, 1972), 310-315.
J. Burger et al. "Absence of the Lactase-Persistence-Associated Allele in Early Neolithic Europeans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 10 (2007): 3736.
Sarah A.Tishkoff et al., "Convergent Adaptation of Human Lactase Persistence in Africa and Europe," Nature Genetics 39, no. 1 (2007): 31-40.
Bruce Lincoln, Priests, Warriors, and Cattle: A Study in the Ecology of Religions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
N. S. Enattah et al., "Independent Introduction ofTwo Lactase- Persistence Alleles into Human Populations Reflects Different History of Adaptation to Milk Culture," American Journal of Human Genetics 82, no. 1 (2008): 57-72.
chapter seven
1. Linda Gottfredson, "Log
ical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing," in The True Measure ofEducational and
Psychological Tests: Correcting Fallacies about the Science of Testing, edited by R. Phelps (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, in press). Despite widespread condemnation of standardized tests, the data are unambiguous that they are the best available predictor of academic achievement and job success. There is essentially no controversy about this within the cognitive testing community.
Cyril Russell and Harry S. Lewis, The Jew in London (London: Harper Collins, 1900).
Data from the Nobel Foundation, http://nobelprize.org/ (accessed October 1,2008).
"Jewish Recipients of the ACM A.M. Turing Award," http:// www.jinfo.org/Computer_ACM_Turing.html (accessed October 1,2008).
Richard S. Tedlow et al., "The American CEO in the Twentieth Century: Demography and Career Path," Harvard NOM Working Paper No. 03-21, Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 03-097, February 2003, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstra0383280 or DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.10.2139/ssrn.38328.
Data from Hillel International at http://www.hillel.org/Hillel Apps/JLOC/Search.aspx (accessed October 1, 2008).
Margaret H. Williams, The Jews among the Greeks and Romans: A Diasporan Sourcebook (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, "From Farmers to Merchants: A Human Capital Interpretation of Jewish Economic History," 2002, http://www.cepr.org/pubs/dps/DP3718.asp.
Mel Konner, Unsettled: An Anthropology of the Jews (New York: Viking Compass, 2003).
Williams, The Jews among the Greeks and Romans; Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1974).
The 10,000 Year Explosion Page 21