farmers/hunter-gatherers, 113-118,119 phase transitions, 123, 124-125 populations with slow modernization, 122 science/technology adaptation, 122-128 studying, 120 thresholds, 123, 124 trade, 118-119 Spanish explorers, 46, 129-130 Spanish fly
definition/description, 250 European doctors use of, 168 Sperm production description, 96 driving genes/alleles, 96, 98 SPAG6 sperm motility gene, 96
Sphingolipids
definition/description, 250 storage disorders, 214, 215, 220 Squanto, 163
Squirrels and viral disease, 28 Stomach cancer, 90 Stomach ulcers, 90 Stoza, 152 Sub-Saharan Africa African advantages, 170-173 agriculture/adaptations, 80 Dutch colonization, 172 European advantages, 172, 173 expansion into, 139, 170-173 FAS, 83 gene flow, 139 lack of science, 127 OCA2 albinism, 93 technology comparison, 172 Suebians, 152 Sumerians, 180 Sungir, 33 Surui people, 167 Sweeps. See Selective sweeps Syncytin, 47 Syphilis, 162
Taino people, 163 Talmud, 193,202 Taurine cattle, 48, 49 (photo), 68
Tay-Sachs disease, 188, 203, 213,
214,220,222,250 Taylor, Elizabeth, 203
Teeth
changes with domestication, 112
evolutionary changes, 4, 60, 112
high-carbohydrate diet effects, 79
iron deficiency effects, 77 retromolar space changes, 60 Teosinte, 6, 8 (fig.), 13 Texas longhorn, 49 (photo) Third Chimpanzee, The
(Diamond), 140 "Thrifty genotype" hypothesis, 81 Thucydides, 227 Tibetans and high altitude, 56 Tiglath Pileser III, 145-146 Titus' destruction of the Temple, 193
Tolstoy, Leo 186 Tooby, John, 9-10 Tools/weapons
Aurignacian culture, 26, 29, 244
bone/ivory use, 32 Bushmen, 3-4
Chatelperronian tradition, 29,
156, 245 iron tools of Bantu, 156 modern humans, 25, 26, 29, 30,
156, 244 Mousterian industry, 29, 248 Paleolithic age, 249 projectile weapons, 26, 32-33, 156
regional style beginnings, 30 sewing needles, 25 trade for materials, 30 Upper Paleolithic innovations,
30, 32-33 See also specific tools/weapons Torah, 193,201
Torsion dystonia, 221-222 Trade
Ashkenazi Jews, 195-196 farmer personality traits and,
118-119 gene flow, 141-142 infectious diseases, 87 middlemen/agriculture, 119 modern humans' displacement
of Neanderthals, 27 modern social patterns,
118-119 overview, 141-142 tools' materials, 27, 30 Upper Paleolithic, 30 Triglycerides, 133 Tuaregs, 150,150 (photo) Tuberculosis, 166-167 Tungiasis, 162 Turks' expansion, 155,156 Tutsis, 77-78 Typhus, 86
Upper Paleolithic innovations art, 30, 33, 34-35, 35 (photo) burials, 33-34 cave paintings, 30, 34, 35
(photo) description, 30, 32-35,
225-226 fire uses, 33 food preservation, 33 genetic change, 31-32 hunting, 32-33 overview, 29-32, 64 pottery, 33, 34
protective structures/dwellings,
34 rate, 30
sculpture, 34, 38-39 (photo) social system, 33 tools/weapons, 30, 32-33
Upper Paleolithic innovations (continued) trade, 30 See also Modern
human/Neanderthal matings
Vandals
blue eyes, 149, 153 definition/description,
151-152, 250 Roman Empire and, 149, 151, 152,250 Venus of Dolni Vestonice, 34, 38
(photo) Venus of Willendorf, 34, 38
(photo) Viruses
retroviruses, 46-47, 47 (fig.) squirrels and, 28 Visigoths, 152 Vitamin D
agriculture transition/diet
changes, 78 deficiency problems, 78 skin color, 78, 92, 93-94,243 ultraviolet radiation, 78 Vitamin-deficiency diseases, 76
Wall, J. D., 61 Wars
biological superiority, 158 "flower wars" of Aztecs, 164 Malthusian trap, 102, 103 Weapons, 26, 32-33, 156. See also Tools/weapons
Weinryb, Bernard D., 199-200 West Indies, 163 Western Europe honey bees, 50, 51
Wheat, 48
Wheel invention/use, 178, 180 Whippets/myostatin mutation,
217-218,218 (photo) Whitfield, Charles, 50,51 Whooping cough, 161 Witten, Edward, 191 Wolves, 7 (photo)
behavior, 6, 10-11, 13, 55 deer/moose and, 28 dogs and, 5, 6,10-11, 13, 52, 55
Writing invention, 180
X chromosome, 250
Y chromosome
Amerindian genetic history, 46,
129-130 definition/description, 251 elites reproductive advantage
evidence, 106 modern human/Neanderthal matings, 45-46, 61 Yanomamo
definition/description, 250-251 tuberculosis, 166-167 Yellow fever, 139,162,172
Zayed, Amos, 50, 51 Zebu cattle, 48, 49 (photo), 68
Table of Contents
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THE NEANDERTHAL WITHIN 25
AGRICULTURE: THE BIG CHANGE 65
CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE 85
GENE FLOW 129
EXPANSIONS 155
The 10,000 Year Explosion Page 27