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Notes
Sources cited often are referred to by abbreviations. Otherwise, the reference is indicated as follows: the full title of a work is given at its first mention; thereafter, the book, article, or other source is shown by citing in square brackets, after the author’s name, the chapter in which the work was first mentioned, then the note number. Thus Azcona [1:21] means that the full title, etc., of the work by Azcona will be found in chapter 1, note 21. The abbreviations below refer to the editions of the work used, not necessarily the best.
Note: Many footnotes in Spanish have been included because so often the language of the golden age in Spain has a fascination all its own.
Abbreviations
AEA: Anuario de Estudios Americanos
AEM: Anuario de Estudios Medievales
AGI: Archivo General de las Indias
AGS: Archivo General de Simancas
AHR: American Historical Review
APS: Archivo de Protocolos, Seville
BAE: Biblioteca de Autores Españoles
BAGN: Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico
BRAH: Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid
CDI: Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista, y organización de las posesiones españolas en América y Oceania, 42 vols., Madrid 1864–89, ed. Joaquín Pacheco and Francisco Cárdenas
CDIU: Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista, y organización de las antiguas posesiones españolas de ultramar, 25 vols., Madrid 1880–1932
cit: cited
Cu: Cuadernos Americanos
ed: edition; edited by
f: folio
fn: footnote
Fr: Father, sometimes Fray
HAHR: Hispanic American Historical Review
intr: introduced by
Las Casas: Bartolomé de las Casas, Historia de las Indias, ed. M. Aguilar, 3 vols., Madrid 1927
leg: legajo
lib: libro
Lic.: licenciado
mgr.: monsignor
ms.: maravedís
NF: Neue Folge
Oviedo: Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Historia general y natural de las Indias, 5 vols., ed. Juan Pérez de Tudela, Madrid 1959
p: pieza, i.e., piece (in archives)
qu.: quoted by
r.: ramo, i.e., section (in archives)
r: recto, i.e., right side (in folio pages)
R de I: Revista de Indias
repr.: reprinted by
res.: residencia of
tr.: translation; translated by
v: verso, the other side (in folio pages)
vol.: volume
Chapter 1
1. Tr. L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain, 1250–1500, Chicago 1990, 219.
2. In a town once known to the Muslims as Atqua and, to the Christians, as Ojos de Huéscar. Peter Martyr reported that the fire had been caused by a piece of “candlewood,” a resinous tree used to give light, dropped in the Queen’s tent (Epistolario, in Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Madrid 1953 [hereafter Martyr], 9, 160).
3. In 1483, he had led 350 lances against the Moors and had been named commander (alcaide) of the fortress in the city of Jaén, when the Moors had withdrawn. He was also cousin of a famous royal minister of another generation, Álvaro de Luna. For his subsequent actions, see ch. 9 below.
4. Martyr [1:2], 91.
5. “el de las hazañas.” It would be interesting to know if this Pulgar, like the historian of the same name, was a converso.
6. Martyr [1:2], 91.
7. Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, tr. Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, London 1898, 5, 338.
8. See Petrus Christus II’s Our Lady of Granada, usually dated “c. 1500,” now in the Museo del Castillo, in Peretallada. See illustration in this book, at end of first plate section, and Diego Angulo Íñiguez, “La Ciudad de Granada, vista por un pintor flamenco,” in Al-Andalus, 5, 1940, 460–70.
9. Antoine de Lalaing, Rélation du premier voyage de Philippe le Beau en Espagne, en 1501, Brussels 1876, 204–8.
10. Those who had fled from Antequera had in Granada their own quartier, La Antequerela.
11. See Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l’Afrique septentrionale, tr. and repr., Paris 1969, 4, 74.
12. Circular letter of King Yusuf III of Granada, c. 1415, found in Aragon and published by J. Ribera and M. Asín, Manuscritos árabes y aljamiados de la Biblioteca de la Junta, Madrid 1912, 259, cit. L. P. Harvey [1:1], 59.
13. These figures come from Ladero Quesada in “Isabel y los musulmanes,” in Isabel la Católica y la política, Instituto de Historia de Simancas, Valladolid 2001.
14. The more popular designation moros was often used, too, and the place where they lived, morerías. Muslims who became Christians were known as moriscos. Mudéjares were known as sarracenos in Aragon.
15. Abu’ l’-Abbas Ahmad al-Wanshari, c. 1510, qu. Harvey [1:1], 58.
16. Las Siete Partidas, ed. Francisco López Estrada and María Teresa López García-Berdoy, Madrid 1992, 420: “deben vivir los moros entre los cristianos en aquella misma manera que … lo deben hacer los judios; guardando su ley y no denostando la nuestra … en seguridad de ellos no les deben tomar ni robar lo suyo por fuerza.”
17. Historia del Abencerraje y la hermosa Jarifa, perhaps Antonio Villegas, Madrid 1551–65.
18. Six hundred eighty-three slaves were given to prelates or knights, seventy to Cardinal Mendoza. A few were sent to the Pope.
19. Alfonso de Palencia, Crónica de Enrique IV, Historia de la guerra de Granada, ed. A. Paz y Melia, Biblioteca de Autores Españoles (hereafter BAE), vols. 257, 258, Madrid 1973–75, 57. Merlo was the Crown’s man in Seville, the asistente.
20. Luis Suárez, Isabel I, Reina, Barcelona 2000, 221.
21. Tarsicio Azcona, Isabel la Católica, Vida y Reinado, Madrid 2002, 184.
22. J. Masía Vilanova, “Una política de defensa mediterránea en la España del siglo XVI,” in Fernando el Católico, pensamiento político, V Congreso de Historia de la Corona de Aragón, Saragossa 1956, 99ff. See also W. H. Prescott, The Art of War in Spain: The Conquest of Granada, 1481–92, London 1995 (a reprinted version of his chapters on the war in his life of Fernando and Isabel), 181.
23. L.P. Harvey[1:1], 228, 256.
24. Hernando del Pulgar, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, Madrid 1770, 177–79.
25. Macchiavelli, The Prince, tr. and ed. by George Bull, London 1961, 119. Macchiavelli said: “In our own time we have Fernando of Aragón the present king of Spain. He can be regarded as a new prince because, from being a weak monarch, he has
risen to being, for fame and glory, the first king of Christendom. If you study his achievements, you will find that they were all magnificent and some of them unparalleled. At the start of his reign, he attacked Granada and that campaign laid the foundation of his power.” Sir John Elliott (Imperial Spain, London 1963, 34) similarly wrote: “A vigorous renewal of the war against Granada would do more than anything else to rally the country behind its new rulers.”
Chapter 2
1. In the twentieth century, Don Juan told his son Don Juan Carlos that he, too, “had to be nomadic” (El País, November 20, 2000, 29).
2. Antonio Rumeu de Armas, Itinerario de los Reyes Católicos, 1474–1516, Madrid 1974, 157–64; 179–83.
3. See the list of such journeys in Rumeu de Armas [2:2], 14–15, and fns 3–18.
4. The point is made by Azcona [1:21], 371.
5. The tradition is that the Flemish fifteenth-century tapestries near the tombs of these monarchs in the cathedral at Granada were among those carried around by them. But Isabel had 370 tapestries, it is said.
6. Suárez, [1:20], 120, uses the word “theatrical” for these.
7. The imperial chancellor of Charles V, Gattinara, thought that the peripatetic court had a Roman precedent. See A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Oxford 1964, 1, 366–67. The “comitatus,” the combination of ministries attached to the Emperor, constituted “in fact a migratory body.” The dukes of Burgundy were equally nomadic, and so was the Emperor Maximilian. For their remarkable travels, see Collection des voyages des souverains des Pays-Bas, ed. M. Gachard, vol. 1, Brussels 1876, 9–104.
8. This order had been founded in the fourteenth century and had by 1490 about thirty-five priories.
9. The sense of a lost past is powerfully experienced today if one visits La Mejorada, where the once splendid patios are covered by mallows, and wild dogs roam the cells: “Corn is where Troy was.”
10. According to Lorenzo Galíndez de Carvajal (Anales Breves de los Reyes Católicos, in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Madrid 1851, vol. 18, 229–30), “Los reyes tenían un libro y en él memoria de los hombres de más habilidad y méritos para los cargos que vacasen, y lo mismo para la provisión de los obispados y dignidades eclesiásticas.”