by Susan Ware
—on cigarettes and women's tennis, 33–34, 85–86, 93, 223 (n. 66)
—on coming out, 181, 203, 205–6
—on competing with men, 100, 171–72, 175–76, 200
—on discrimination and stereotyping in sports, 10–11, 19, 54, 57, 92, 100, 118–19, 152
—divorce, including rumors of, 28, 31, 191, 202
—early tennis training and coaching of, 19–20, 22–23
—education of, 23, 24, 25
—endorsements by, 76, 80, 181, 198
—on Equal Rights Amendment, 151
—Chris Evert, relationship with, 18, 32–33
—family of, 16–18, 19–20, 22, 25–26, 76, 90, 219 (n. 11)
—as feminist role model, 10, 15, 16, 41, 118–19, 181, 209, 210, 211, 213–14; and meaning for women of Battle of the Sexes, 2, 6, 7–8, 39, 41, 178
—and gay history, 180, 181, 190, 191, 203, 204–5
—as gay role model, 181, 191, 205–6
—on Janet Guthrie, 145
—HBO documentary on, 37, 206, 262 (n. 36)
—historical significance of, 8, 10–11, 209, 211, 213–14
—and homophobia, 17–18, 191, 192, 202, 203, 221 (n. 41)
—and importance of professional opportunities for women athletes, 75–76, 78, 143, 202
—individualism of, 12–13, 150, 152, 171, 218 (n. 32)
—injuries and health problems of, 31, 39, 42, 197, 202, 203
—Elton John, friendship with, 101, 205
—Larry King: marriage to, 25–26, 27–28, 31, 36, 106, 114, 179, 185–86; feminist influence of, 26, 152, 220 (n. 38);
business relationships with, 28, 77, 78–79, 80, 99–100, 102, 200;
conflicts of interest because of, 32, 102, 242 (n. 88);
during Marilyn Barnett affair, 179, 182, 184, 185–86, 187, 190, 191
—Ilana Kloss, relationship with, 190–91, 202, 205, 206, 262 (n. 36)
—and liberal feminism, 12–13, 14, 98–99, 151, 162, 176, 213
—links feminism and sports, 8, 10, 11, 43, 149, 152–53, 154, 181, 210, 211, 213–14
—Malibu beach house owned by, 184, 187–88, 189, 190
—and National women's Conference, 147, 149
—and New Agenda Conference, 199–200
—National women's Political Caucus, support for, 152
—outing of, 12, 16, 179–80, 180–81, 184, 191, 200, 266 (n. 74)
—parents’ difficulty dealing with sexuality of, 17–18, 27, 182, 184, 185, 203, 206, 221 (n. 41), 261 (n. 19)
—personality of, 16, 18, 23, 24–25, 36, 38, 42, 83, 98–99, 182, 201, 203
—Philadelphia Freedom, player-coach of, 101, 175
—Presidential Medal of Freedom, receives, 181
—press coverage of, 5–6, 24, 29–30, 36–38, 183, 184, 185, 186–87
—press reaction to outing, 184–85, 186–87
—prize money and earnings, 30, 31, 35, 76–77, 78, 101, 192, 198; impact on later tennis players’ earnings, 201–2, 209
—Renee Richards, support for, 195, 196–97, 264 (n. 56)
—resented by women tennis players, 23, 35–36, 76–77
—retirement of, 41–42, 75, 99, 103, 199
—and second-wave feminism, 9–10, 37, 82–83, 147, 149, 150–54, 161, 181, 210, 252–53 (n. 13), 253 (n. 18)
—on separate-but-equal paradigm in sports, 171, 177
—sexuality, struggles with, 5–6, 16, 26–27, 139, 179–80, 181–83, 185–86, 192, 204–5
—on sports and its relation to social change, 10–11, 80, 92, 118–19, 153
—on sports as entertainment, 34–35, 100, 101
—”sports feminism” of, 212–14
—as Sportswoman of the Year (1972), 38, 83–84, 128
—on team sports, 99, 143, 176, 201
—and tennis: 2, 19, 29–30, 34–35, 42, 131, 153, 154, 195, 201, 208–9; as advocate for women's professional tennis, 3, 14, 16, 30, 31–32, 35–36, 38, 201, 202, 208–9;
challenges country club image of, 20, 22, 29–30, 77–78, 100, 101, 208
—tennis game, fundamentals of, 7, 9, 25, 42, 88
—on tennis history, 23, 201–2, 214
—and Title IX, 43–44, 57, 76, 78, 209, 224 (n. 1)
—and Tower Amendment, 57
—turns pro, 30–31
—and U.S. Open, 33, 38, 39
—and Virginia Slims Tour, 3, 31–34, 107, 200, 264 (n. 54)
—weight and appearance of, 24, 202–3
—and Wimbledon, 23, 24, 28–29, 31, 38, 41, 42, 75, 81, 187, 199, 206
—women's Educational Equity Act (WEEA), support for, 35, 53–54, 1 52
—on women's liberation, 150–51, 152, 252 (n. 9)
—and womenSports, 75, 78–79, 80–81, 82–86, 88–90, 95, 235 (n. 10)
—and women's Sports Foundation, 90–91, 92, 93, 97–98, 98–99, 103
—and women's Tennis Association, 38, 187
—and World Team Tennis, 14, 75, 77–78, 99–100, 101–2, 103, 112, 176, 198, 200
King, Larry, 18, 28, 29, 31, 91, 150, 222 (n. 55); marriage of, 25–26, 27–28, 182, 183, 185–86, 187;
business partnerships of, 26, 32, 77, 198, 234 (nn. 4, 6);
personality of, 26, 77;
and feminism, 26, 152, 220 (n. 38);
on Billie Jean King's sexuality, 26–27, 28;
divorce of, 28, 191, 202;
conflicts of interest of, 32, 77, 102;
and Billie Jean King's abortion, 36–38;
and womenSports, 78, 79, 80, 89, 235 (n. 10);
and World Team Tennis, 99–100, 102, 198;
and Marilyn Barnett affair, 179, 182–83, 184–86, 187, 189, 190, 262 (n. 33)
King, Micki, 93
Kloss, Ilana, 190–91, 202, 205–6, 262 (n. 36)
Kokernot, Peggy, 148
Korbut, Olga, 84
Kramer, Jack, 31–32
Labor, Department of, 45, 46
Lacrosse, 58
Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), 144
Laver, Rod, 29, 30, 31, 101
Lawrence, Andrea Mead, 126
Lawsuits on access to sports, 128–29, 163–67
Legal Defense and Education Fund (NOW), 64, 158, 257 (n. 54)
Legal rights, history of women's, 164, 167–69
Lenglen, Suzanne, 29, 40
Lesbianism in sports, 12, 86, 124, 139, 140–42, 153, 180, 193–94, 197. See also King, Billie Jean—sexuality, struggles with
Liberal feminism, 11–14, 44, 98–99, 150, 151, 162, 171, 200
Liberalism, classic, 13
Lichtenstein, Grace, 9, 27, 35, 39, 152–53, 154, 183
Lieberman, Nancy, 193, 194, 197, 213–14, 263 (n. 47)
Life (magazine), 16, 30, 35
Lochner v. New York (1905), 157
Long Beach, Calif., 16, 17, 19, 22, 23
A Long Way, Baby (1974), 183
Lopez, Nancy, 144
Lopiano, Donna, 2, 67, 70, 97–98, 98–99, 127, 154, 155, 240 (n. 74)
Los Angeles State College, 24, 25
Los Angeles Times, 37, 184
Louis, Joe, 5, 16, 40
Mann, Carol, 95, 144, 180
Mantle, Mickey, 39, 76
Marble, Alice, 21, 22–23, 29, 126
Marvin v. Marvin, 187, 188–90
Masculinity and sports, 139, 151, 154–55, 171–74, 177–78, 211. See also Homosexuality, and male athletes
McEnroe, John, 207
Meyers, Ann, 138, 142
Millett, Kate, 153–54, 259 (n. 4)
Mink, Patsy, 47–48, 53, 61–62
Miss America pageant, 6, 9, 150
Moffitt, Betty, 16–17, 18, 19–20, 27, 116, 182, 184, 185, 203, 206
Moffitt, Bill, 16–17, 18, 19, 25, 27, 184, 185, 203, 206
Moffitt, Billie Jean. See King, Billie Jean
Moffitt, Randall James (Randy), 17, 20, 186
Moody, Helen Wills, 29, 40
Moran, Gussy, 21, 221 (n. 50)
/> Ms. (magazine), 9, 37, 51–52, 131, 152, 186, 254 (n. 23); compared to womenSports, 79-80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 89–90
Muller v. Oregon (1908), 157, 168
Namath, Joe, 41
Nashville Business College, 136
National Association of Girls and Women in Sport, 148
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 71, 134; battle with AIAW, 12, 32, 55, 67–69, 74, 82;
and Title IX, 47, 53, 54–55, 56–57, 58, 59–61, 67, 227–28 (n. 30), 230 (n. 52);
priorities of, 54, 125, 160, 162
National Federation of State High School Associations, 129–30
National Organization for Women (NOW), 9, 52, 59, 64–65, 87, 124; critique of Title IX sports regulations, 14, 149–50, 156–62, 164, 170, 178;
and sports, 87, 128, 165, 252 (n. 7). See also Legal Defense and Education Fund; Second-wave feminism
National women's Conference, 113, 147, 148, 149, 251–52 (n. 6)
National women's Political Caucus, 152
Navratilova, Martina, 42, 101, 143, 191–94, 195, 197, 201, 224 (n. 87)
Nelson, Mariah Burton, 141, 174
New Agenda Conference, 199–200, 241 (n. 77), 265 (n. 67)
Newcombe, John, 100
Newsweek, 5, 131, 187
New York Apples, 102, 112. See also New York Sets
New York Sets, 75, 101, 102
New York Times, 2, 5, 6, 33, 47, 150, 208; coverage of Title IX, 47, 53, 63
Nike, 98, 117, 146
Nineteenth Amendment, 9, 44, 82, 150
Nixon, Richard, 35, 48, 59, 63, 108, 206
Nyad, Diana, 200
Office for Civil Rights (OCR), 49, 52, 56, 159
Oglesby, Carole, 148, 251–52 (n. 6)
O’Hara Amendment, 61
Olympics, 120–21, 123, 125–26, 136, 138, 144, 173, 175, 197
Our Bodies, Ourselves (1973), 154–55
Outing, 12, 180–81, 191, 259 (n. 4)
Papatsos, Cal, 65, 134
Participation rates, sports, 11, 71–74, 129–30, 137
Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA), 165–66
Pepe, Maria, 128–29
Peppler, MaryJo, 93
Philadelphia Freedom, 101, 175
Phillip Morris, 31, 32, 34, 79
Physical education, women in: conservative attitudes of, 51, 141, 153, 161, 247 (nn. 42, 43); philosophy of, 54–55, 121–22, 125, 132–33, 134;
decline in influence of, 71, 74;
programs run by, 123–24, 163
Physical fitness, 127, 131, 148
Playboy (magazine), 151, 183, 184
Polivy, Margot, 55, 68, 71, 229 (n. 43)
Portland, Rene Muth, 141
Pottinger, J. Stanley, 49, 52, 159
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 181, 260 (n. 6)
President's Commission on the Status of Women, 9, 157
Project on Equal Education Rights (PEER), 64, 158
Project on the Status and Education of Women, Association of American Colleges, 49, 52
Protective legislation, 156–58
Race and sports, 13, 40, 58, 123, 126–27
Race car driving, 87, 144–45
Raskind, Richard. See Richards, Renee
Reagan, Ronald, 181, 199
Reed v. Reed (1971), 168–69
Richards, Renee, 195–97, 264 (n. 56)
Richey, Nancy, 32, 107, 197
Ride, Sally, 200
Riggs, Bobby, 1, 3–5, 6–7, 14, 22, 38, 54, 109, 196, 206, 207–8. See also Battle of the Sexes
Roberts, Selena, 10, 20, 28, 37, 43, 182, 185, 262 (n. 36)
Robinson, Jackie, 16, 39, 40
Roe v. Wade (1973), 9, 37, 168
Rogers, Will, 120
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 12–13, 39
Rowing, 58, 63, 119, 126, 144, 175
Rudolph, Wilma, 96, 126
Running, 83, 86, 97, 127, 131, 148–49
Ryan, Elizabeth, 42
Sandler, Bernice Resnick (Bunny), 49, 50, 52, 61, 162, 226 (n. 9); and passage of Title IX, 45–46, 47, 48;
on impact of Title IX, 63, 69, 74
Schlaly, Phyllis, 147, 169
Schroeder, Pat, 68
Schulz, Charles, 93
Second-wave feminism, 62, 156, 201; revival of, 8–10, 204, 210–11;
Billie Jean King and, 9–10, 149, 150–54, 161, 181, 210, 253 (n. 18);
and sports, 10–11, 62, 70, 72, 86–87, 148–49, 211, 212–14;
definition of, 12, 217 (n. 22);
on difference
versus formal equality, 50, 177;
on local level, 64–65, 128, 149, 165, 226–27 (n. 19), 252 (n. 7);
backlash against, 90, 147–48, 181. See also Liberal feminism; National Organization for Women
Separate-but-equal paradigm as applied to sports, 14, 119, 163, 167, 172, 254 (n. 27); and Title IX regulations, 49–50, 51, 169–70;
challenges to, 149–50, 156–62, 164–66, 170–71, 175–78
Sex discrimination: in sports, 8, 52–53, 54, 56, 57, 62, 98; in education, 45–46, 47–48, 50, 64, 67
Shore, Dinah, 93, 144
Skiing, 83, 126, 144
Smeal, Ellie, 158
Smith, Howard, 44
Smith, Margaret, 4, 24, 32
Smith, Robyn, 127, 153
Soccer, 58, 83, 117, 130, 166. See also women's World Cup
Softball, 83, 119, 123, 130, 139; leagues and teams, 78, 127, 140, 143, 155;
distinguished from baseball, 129, 173
Sperber, Paula, 93
Sports: as entertainment, 1, 6, 34–35, 194–95; and feminism, 10–11, 89, 92, 152–55, 162–63, 177, 212–14;
impact of revival of second-wave feminism on, 62, 70, 72, 86–87, 149–50;
gendered aspects of, 122, 171–78;
as continuum, 172, 174
Sports Illustrated, 9, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83–84, 132; coverage of Billie Jean King, 7, 23, 24, 29, 34–35, 38, 128, 183;
coverage of women's sports, 52–53, 56, 78, 85, 125, 131, 134;
Sports Illustrated for Women, 90
Sportswear and athletic gear, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 145–46
Sportswoman (magazine), 79, 80, 235 (n. 12), 237 (n. 42)
Sportswriters, female, 250 (n. 84)
Steinem, Gloria, 10, 37, 41, 90, 154
Stratford Raybestos Brakettes, 127, 143
Summit, Pat Head, 138–39
Surfing, 83, 85
Sweatt v. Painter (1950), 167
Swimming and diving, 71, 120, 121, 122, 126,130, 175
Switzer, Kathrine, 127, 145, 148, 194
Swoopes, Sheryl, 197
Television, 1, 2, 6, 33, 54, 94, 131, 209
Tennessee State University, 126
Tennis: popularity of, 2, 40–41, 77–78, 99, 102, 131, 208, 247 (n. 40); professional, 2–3, 11, 30–31, 201–2, 207–9;
women's professional, 3, 31–34, 38, 127, 144, 194–95, 201–2, 208–9;
recreational, 18, 120, 121, 123, 173;
amateur, 20–22, 29–30;
segregation in, 21–22, 40, 125–26;
history of, 22–23, 29, 40, 83;
lesbians in, 27, 139, 181, 183, 190–95;
high school and college, 71, 119, 133, 165. See also Virginia Slims Tour; women's Tennis Association; World Team Tennis
TennisAmerica, 32, 77, 234 (n. 6)
Three-prong test, 66–67
Tilden, Bill, 198
Time (magazine), 24, 37, 148, 150
Tinling, Ted, 21
Title IX, 8, 13, 78, 82, 133, 142, 146, 209; impact of, 2, 69–74, 118, 138–39, 141–42, 163, 167, 172, 178, 211–12;
and participation rates, 11, 13, 67, 70–71, 88, 129–30;
decline in women coaches because of, 13, 139, 141;
and liberal feminism, 13–14, 44;
and athletic scholarships, 24, 52, 66, 67, 94, 124, 130, 132–33, 134, 138;
Billie Jean King and, 43–44, 53–54, 57, 76, 78, 209, 224 (n. 1);
women's organizations and, 44, 47, 49–50, 54, 55, 59, 61, 62, 149;
public awareness of, 44, 51–53, 54, 56–57, 59, 62–63, 82, 129;
Congress and, 44–45, 46–48, 57, 60–62;
legislative history
of, 44–45, 46–48, 226 (nn. 11, 14);
Bernice Sandler and, 45–46, 47, 48, 63, 69, 74, 162;
and competitive athletics, 47, 48–49, 50, 58, 67–68, 166, 226 (n. 11), 229 (n. 43);
NCAA and, 47, 53, 54–55, 56–57, 58, 59–61, 67, 227–28 (n. 30), 230 (n. 52);
football and, 47, 55, 56, 60, 166;
coverage of, 47–48, 199, 265 (n. 65);
HEW's lagging enforcement of, 49, 51, 63–65, 94–95, 163, 231 (n. 65);
separate-but-equal paradigm and, 49–50, 51, 58, 169–70;
regulations drafted by HEW, 49–51, 52, 53, 56, 57–60, 66–67, 158, 161–62;
“laundry list,” 51, 58, 60;
and physical education, 51, 58, 60, 61–62, 158;
and revenue-producing sports, 57, 61;
and race, 58, 126;
contact sports exclusion of, 60, 166–67, 172;
compliance with, 65–66, 67, 68, 71, 74, 96;
three-prong test of, 66–67;
“glass sneaker” of, 70, 71, 74, 181;
women's Sports Foundation and, 94–95, 99;
NOW comments on, 156, 158–61, 162, 164, 178;
and Equal Rights Amendment, 170–171
Torch relay, National women's Conference, 148–49
Tower Amendment, 57
Track and field, 71, 121, 122, 125, 130, 144, 175, 176; African American women in, 58, 123, 126
Triola, Michelle, 187, 188–89
Turner, Holly, 94, 97
Tuskegee Institute, 126 Tyus, Wyomia, 93
United States Lawn Tennis Association (USLTA), 21, 30, 32, 33, 38, 83, 107
United States Olympic Committee (USOC), 82, 199, 200
U.S. Open, 22, 33, 38, 39, 40, 127, 131, 192, 196, 197, 199, 207
United States Tennis Association (USTA), 22, 197, 207–8
Van der Meer, Dennis, 32, 77, 183
Varona, Donna de, 8, 126, 148, 149, 233 (n. 81); and women's Sports Foundation, 91, 93, 95, 97–98, 199, 240 (n. 74)