by Susan Jaques
15 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 127–28.
16 Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 232.
17 Lukas de Blois, “Caesar the General and Leader,” in The Landmark Julius Caesar Web Essay, ed. Kurt A. Raaflaub, www.thelandmarkcaesar.com, 107.
18 James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History, Vol. II (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1904–1906), 487–88.
19 Wescher, “Vivant Denon,” 185.
20 Ibid., 184.
21 Bénédicte Savoy, Patrimoine annexé: Les siasies de bien culturels pratiqués par la France en Allemagne autour de 1800, Vol. 2 (Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 2003), 117.
22 Wescher, “Vivant Denon,” 184.
23 Ibid., 185.
24 Wrathall, “Napoleon’s hat.”
25 David W. Booth, “Some Little Known Designs by Louis-Pierre Baltard and Jean Baptiste Rondelet for the Transformation of the Church of the Madeleine into a Temple of Glory,” Canadian Art Review 16, no. 2 (1989): 149.
26 Ibid., 150.
27 Ibid., 151.
28 Robert Bordaz and Claude Mollard, “Napoleon et l’Architecture,” La Nouvelle Revue des Deux Mondes (July 1973): 98.
29 Booth, “Some Little Known Designs,” 153.
30 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 157.
31 Tadgell, Antiquity, 571.
32 Jeffrey A. Becker, “Maison Carrée,” Smarthistory, March 8, 2016, http://smarthistory.org/maison-carree/.
33 James Anderson, Roman Architecture in Provence (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 53.
34 Sheila Bonde, “Renaissance and Real Estate: The Medieval Afterlife of the ’Temple of Diana’ in Nimes,” in Antiquity and its Interpreters, eds. Alina Payne, Ann Kuttner, and Rebekah Smick (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 58.
35 Anderson, Roman Architecture, 109.
36 Ibid., 104.
37 Lawrence Durrell, “Provence Entire? Chapter One,” Twentieth Century Literature 33 (Autumn 1987): 27.
38 Annie Jourdan, “The Grand Paris of Napoleon: From a Dream of Magnificence to a Dream of Unity,” Journal of the international Napoleonic Society (Nov. 2011).
39 Bordaz and Mollard, “Napoleon et l’Architecture,” 99.
40 Napoleon et Paris, 206.
41 Ibid., 198.
42 La Regina, Archeological Guide to Rome, 156.
FOUR: COINING AN EMPIRE
1 Draper, Arts Under Napoleon, 1.
2 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 26.
3 Fabrizio Pesando, “Roman Coins,” in Rome: Art and Architecture, ed. Marco Bussagli (Cologne: Konemann, 1999), 100.
4 Daniele Leoni, Coins of Rome: Trajan (Verona: lemonetediroma, 2009), 3.
5 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 61.
6 Carol Humphrey Vivian Sutherland, Ancient Numismatics: A Brief Introduction (New York: The American Numismatic Society, 1958), 26.
7 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 61.
8 Novillo and Posadas, “Octavian: the Last Man Standing,” 70–71.
9 Ibid.
10 David R. Sear, Roman Coins and their Value (London: Seaby, 1988), 95.
11 Pesando, “Roman Coins,” 101.
12 Kleiner, Roman Sculpture, 62.
13 Francesco Gnecchi, The Coin-Types of Imperial Rome, tr. Emily A. Hands (London: Spink & Son Ltd, 1908), 74.
14 Leoni, Coins of Rome: Trajan, 4.
15 Ibid., 60.
16 Jocelyn M. C. Toynbee, Roman Medallions (New York: The American Numismatic Society, 1986), 17.
17 Ibid., 95.
18 Roman Medallions (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1975), 3.
19 Toynbee, Roman Medallions, 15.
20 Ibid., 143.
21 Gnecchi, The Coin-Types of Imperial Rome, 54.
22 Jeff Starck, “Charlemagne, king father of Europe, ushers in coinage reform,” Coin World, June 1, 2015, https://www.coinworld.com/news/world-coins/2015/05/charlemagne---king-father-of-europe--ushers-in-coinage-reform.all.html#.
23 Aimee Ng, The Pursuit of Immortality: Masterpieces from the Scher Collection of Portrait Medals (New York: The Frick Collection in association with D. Giles Limited, 2017), 15.
24 Ibid., 15.
25 Aimee Ng, “Portrait Medals from the Scher Collection Come to the Frick,” The Frick, http://www.frick.org/blogs/curatorial/portrait_medals_scher_collection
26 Ibid.
27 Mark Jones, Medals of the Sun King (London: British Museum Publications, 1979), 2.
28 Mark Jones, “The Medal as an Instrument of Propaganda in late 17th and early 18th Century Europe,” The Numismatic Chronicle 142 (1982): 117.
29 Sabine Haag, Zuhanden Ihrer Majestät: Madaillen Maria Theresias (Vienna: Kunsthistoriches Museum-Museumsverband, 2017), 10.
30 Draper, Arts Under Napoleon, 7.
31 Wayne Hanley, The Genesis of Napoleonic Propaganda, 1796 to 1799, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
32 Antony Griffiths, “The Design and Production of Napoleon’s Histoire Metallique,” Part I, The Medal, no. 16 (Spring 1990): 16.
33 Hanley, Genesis.
34 Stephen Scher, Commentary on Napoleonic Commemorative Medals, Yale Center for British Art, http://interactive.britishart.yale.edu/critique-of-reason/528/commentary-by-stephen-scher.
35 Hanley, “Genesis.”
36 Antony Griffiths, “Drawings for Napoleonic Medals,” in Designs on Posterity: Drawings for Medals, ed. Mark Jones (London: British Art Medal Trust, 1994).
37 Karine Huguenaud, “5 Franc Piece, Napoleon Emperor, 1806,” trans. Peter Hicks, January 2002, http://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/objects/5-franc-piece-napoleon-emperor-1806/.
38 Mark Jones, The Art of the Medal (London: British Museum Publications, 1979), 101.
39 Ibid., 100–01.
40 Daniela Gallo, ed., Les Vies de Dominique-Vivant Denon (Paris: Louvre, 2001), 386.
41 Beyeler, Pie VII, 117.
42 Les Vies de Dominique-Vivant Denon, 386.
43 Griffiths, “Design and Production,” 23.
44 Ibid., 20.
PART FIVE: PRINCIPATE
ONE: CURIA REGIS
1 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 24.
2 Philip Mansel, The Eagle in Splendour: Napoleon I and His Court (London: G. Philip, 1987), 27.
3 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, xxxiii.
4 Mansel, Eagle, 47.
5 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 248.
6 Ibid., 234.
7 Mansel, Eagle, 21.
8 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 34.
9 Ibid., 121.
10 Fiona Ffoulkes, “‘Quality always distinguishes itself’: Louis Hippolyte LeRoy and the luxury clothing industry in early nineteenth-century Paris,” in Consumers and Luxury: Consumer Culture in Europe 1650–1850, ed. Maxine Berg and Helen Clifford (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1999), 193.
11 DeLorme, Joséphine, 166.
12 Mansel, Eagle, 27.
13 Las Cases, Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 124.
14 Mansel, Eagle, 17.
15 Rafe Blaufarb, Napoleon: Symbol for an Age (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008), 114.
16 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 62.
17 Mansel, Eagle, 61.
18 DeLorme, Joséphine, 114.
19 Blaufarb, Napoleon, 110.
20 Lapatin, Luxus, 221.
21 Ibid., 4.
22 “Dinner Plate from the Emperor’s Personal Service: Schonbrunn Palace,” Napoleon Foundation, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/images/dinner-plate-from-the-emperors-personal-service-schonbrunn-palace/.
23 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 216.
24 Joanna Gwilt, French Porcelain for English Palaces: Sèvres from the Royal Collection (London: Royal Collection Publications, 2009), 178.
25 Ibid., 1067.
26 Ibid.
27 Scott, “Cloth of Gold,” 1561.
28 Katia Frey, “L’enterprise napoléonienne,” in Pa
ris et ses fontaines: de la Renaissance à nos jours, eds. Dominique Massounie, Pauline Prévost-Marcilhacy, and Daniel Rabreau (Paris: Délégation à l’action artistique de la ville de Paris, 1995), 104–23.
29 Ibid., 105.
30 Philip Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, ed. William Smith (London: John Murray, 1875), 544.
31 Morton, Fountains, 31.
32 Katherine W. Rinne, “The Secret Life of Roman Fountains,” Places: Forum of Design for the Public Realm 12, no. 2 (Winter 1999): 76.
33 Ibid., 266.
34 Ibid., 68.
35 Kenneth D. Matthews Jr., “The Embattled Driver in Ancient Rome,” Expedition (Spring 1960): 26, https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/2-3/The%20Embattled.pdf.
36 Ayers, The Architecture of Paris, 27.
37 Frey, “L’enterprise napoléonienne,” 109.
38 Marc Gaillard, Les Fontaines de Paris (Amiens: Martelle, 1995), 15–16.
TWO: A FAMILY OF KINGS
1 Jean Sorabella, “Art of the Roman Provinces, 1–500 a.d.,” in Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000).
2 La Regina, Archeological Guide to Rome, 164.
3 Ibid., 16.
4 Dwyer, Citizen Emperor, 221.
5 Lady Mary Lloyd, New Letters of Napoleon I, ed. M. Léon Lecestre (New York: D. Appleton, 1898), 150.
6 Herold, The Mind of Napoleon, 257.
7 Zarzeczny, Meteors, 105.
8 Bonaparte, Aphorisms, 97.
9 Susan Vandiver Nicassio, Imperial City: Rome, Romans and Napoleon, 1796–1815 (Welwyn Garden City, U.K.: Ravenhall Books, 2005), 229.
10 Mansel, Dressed to Rule, 84.
11 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 43.
12 Hugh Honour, “The Italian Empire Style,” Apollo 80, no. 31 (Sep. 1, 1964): 229.
13 Bazin, The Museum Age, 183.
14 Bazin, The Louvre, 55.
15 “The Marriage of the Virgin,” Pinacoteca di Brera, http://pinacotecabrera.org/en/collezione-online/opere/the-marriage-of-the-virgin/.
16 Catherine Hyde Govion Broglio Solari, Private Anecdotes of Foreign Courts, Vol. 1 (London: H. Colburn, 1827), 456.
17 Shannon Selin, “Caroline Bonaparte Murat, Napoleon’s Treasonous Sister,” July 2014. A Covent Garden Gilflurt’s Guide to Life, http://www.madamegilflurt.com/2014/07/a-salon-guest-caroline-bonaparte-murat.html.
18 Rémusat, Memoirs of Madame de Rémusat, 488.
19 Anthony Blunt, “Naples under the Bourbons,” The Burlington Magazine 121, no. 913 (April 1979): 208.
20 “Caroline, Soeur de Napoleon, Reine des Arts,” Ajaccio, Palais Fesch-musée des Beaux-Arts, June 2017, https://enfilade18thc.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/palais-fesch-exposition-caroline-murat-dp.pdf.
21 Costanza Beltrami, Italian Art Society, August 26, 2015, http://italianartsociety.tumblr.com/post/127642287447/by-costanza-beltrami-gem-engraver-and-medalist.
22 Judith Harris, Pompeii Awakened: A Story of Rediscovery (London and New York: I. B.Tauris, 2007), 149.
23 Joan R. Mertens, “A Drawing by Chassériau,” Metropolitan Museum Journal 15 (1980): 153.
24 Harris, Pompeii Awakened, 149.
25 Ibid., 151.
26 Maria Sapio, ed., The Museum of Capodimonte, Issuu, https://issuu.com/arte-m/docs/guida_capodimonte_inglese.
27 Marianna van der Zwaag, ed., King Louis Napoleon & his Palace in Dam Square, Amsterdam Royal Palace, Issuu, July 24, 2012, https://issuu.com/koninklijkpaleisamsterdam/docs/napoleon_eng_final, 53.
28 Ibid., 81.
29 Ibid., 48.
30 Ibid., 70.
31 Adrián Almoguera, “Project for the Bonaparte Forum in Madrid,” trans. Leyly Moridi and Peter Hicks, Napoleon Foundation, September 2016, https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/objects/projet-for-the-bonaparte-forum-in-madrid/.
32 Ibid.
33 Kathryn Kane, “Bagging Bonaparte’s Baggage,” The Regency Redingote, June 2013, https://regencyredingote.wordpress.com/2013/06/28/regency-bicentennial-bagging-bonapartes-baggage/.
34 Wescher, “Vivant Denon,” 186.
THREE: VENUS VICTRIX
1 “Paolina Borghese e la storia della sua visita a Torino,” Mole 24, December 9, 2013, http://www.mole24.it/2013/12/09/paolina-borghese-visita-torino/.
2 Ibid., 122.
3 Ibid., 136.
4 Flora Fraser, Pauline Bonaparte (New York: Anchor Books, 2009), 112.
5 Anthony Majanlahti, The Families Who Made Rome: A History and a Guide (London: Pimlico, 2006), 80.
6 “Paolina Borghese e la storia.”
7 Andrea Zanella, Canova in Rome (Rome: Fratelli Palombi, 1993), 63.
8 Anna Coliva and Fernando Mazzocca, eds., Canova e la Venere vincitrice (Milan: Electa, 2007), 39.
9 Paola Mangia, Canova. Artists and Collectors: A Passion for Antiquity (Rome: De Luca Editori D’Arte, 2009), 116.
10 Ibid., 104.
11 Coliva and Mazzocca, Canova, 19.
12 Carole Paul, Making a Prince’s Museum (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2000), 47.
13 Coliva and Mazzocca, Canova, 92.
14 David Bindman, “Lost Surfaces: Canova and Color,” Oxford Art Journal 39, no. 2 (Aug. 2016): 229–41.
15 Da Sesso, Antonio Canova, 27.
16 Christina Ferando, “Canova and the writing of art criticism in 18th century Naples,” Word & Image: A Journal of Verbal/Visual Inquiry 30, no. 4 (2014): 362.
17 Giuseppe Pavanello, La Biblioteca de Antonio Canova (Verona: Cierre edizioni, 2007), 7.
18 Ibid., 10.
19 Ben Pollitt, “Canova, Paolina Borghese as Venus Victorius,” Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/neo-classicism/a/canova-paolina-borghese-as-venus-victorius.
20 Mary Beard, “The Twelve Caesars: Images of Power from Ancient Rome to Salvador Dali, Part 4, Caesar’s Wife: Above Suspicion?” (Lecture at the Sixtieth A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., April 17, 2011).
21 Ibid.
22 Cordier, Napoleon: The Imperial Household, 43.
23 Ibid., 68.
24 Dwyer, Citizens and Kings, 324.
25 Coliva and Mazzocca, Canova, 221.
26 Ibid., 90.
27 Hughes, Rome, 366.
28 Francis Henry Taylor, The Taste of Angels (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), 556.
29 Ambrosino, Secret Archives, 290.
30 Majanlahti, Families, 177.
31 Caroline Vincenti Montanaro and Andrea Fasolo, Palazzi and Villas of Rome (Verona: Arsenale Editrice, 2001), 38.
32 Tiffany Parks, “The Borghese Gallery and the Fate of an Ill-gotten Collection,” Part 1, Tiffany-Parks.com, Dec. 8, 2011, https://www.tiffany-parks.com/blog/2011/12/08/the-borghese-gallery-and-the-fate-of-an-ill-gotten-collection-part-1?rq=Borghese.
33 Gail Feigenbaum, ed., with Francesco Freddolini, Display of Art in the Roman Palace (Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute, 2014), 44.
34 Paul, Making a Prince’s Museum, 12.
35 Souren Melikian, “Behind the Borghese Collection,” New York Times, Aug., 28, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/arts/29iht-melik29.html.
36 Parks, “The Borghese Gallery.”
37 Mangia, Canova, 25.
38 Melikian, “Behind the Borghese Collection.”
39 Coliva and Mazzocca, Canova, 19.
40 Marie-Lou Fabréga-Dubert, La collection Borghese au musée Napoléon (Paris: Musée du Louvre: École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, 2009), 13.
41 Ibid., Intro.
FOUR: CARRARA
1 Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women, 166.
2 Ibid., 167–68.
3 Maria Teresa Caracciolo, ed., Les Soeurs de Napoleon (Paris: Musée Marmottan Monet, 2013), 10.
4 Ibid.
5 Sante Bargellini, “Paganini and the Princess,” Musical Quarterly 20, no 4 (Oct. 1934): 4122.
6 Ibid., 409.
<
br /> 7 Joel Leivick, Carrara: The Marble Quarries of Tuscany (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999), 10–11.
8 Leonardo da Vinci’s Inventions, http://www.leonardodavincisinventions.com/.
9 Leivick, Carrara, 10–11.
10 Felix Petrelli, “Visiting Carrara Marble Quarries—Apuan Alps’ Eternal Snow,” Italy Magazine, Feb. 2014.
11 Christopher Tadgell, Antiquity: Origins, Classicism and the New Rome (New York: Routledge, 2007), 564.
12 Sarah Pothecary, “When was the Geography written?” Strabo the Geographer, September 2007, http://www.strabo.ca/when.html.
13 Malacrino, Constructing the Ancient World, 24.
14 Ibid., 39.
15 Ibid., 25.
16 Grossman, Looking, 8, 18, 25.
17 Ibid., 74–75, 85.
18 Ibid., 94, 105.
19 William L. MacDonald, The Architecture of the Roman Empire, Vol. 1 (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1982), 148.
20 Alison Leitch, “The Life of Marble,” Australian Journal of Anthropology 7, no. 1 (April 1996): 235–37.
21 Walter Pater, “The Poetry of Michelangelo,” in Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, ed. Charles Seymour, Jr. (London: Thames and Hudson, 1972), 164.
22 Sam Anderson, “The Majestic Marble Quarries of Northern Italy,” New York Times Magazine, July 26, 2017.
23 Pater, “The Poetry of Michelangelo,” 164.
24 Mario Guderzo, email message to author, January 18, 2018.
25 Alison Yarrington, “Anglo-Italian Attitudes: Chantrey and Canova,” in The Lustrous Trade: Material Culture and the History of Sculpture in England and Italy, c.1700–c.1860, eds. Cinzia Sicca and Alison Yarrington (London and New York: Leicester University Press, 2000), 143.
26 Eric Scigliano, Michelangelo’s Mountain (New York: Free Press, 2005), 129.
27 Caracciolo, Les Soeurs de Napoleon, 27.
28 Hubert and Ledoux-Lebard, Napoléon, 100.
29 Ibid., 56.
30 Lawrence Sondhaus, “Napoleon’s Shipbuilding Program at Venice and the Struggle for Naval Mastery in the Adriatic,” Journal of Military History 53, no. 4 (Oct. 1989): 353.
31 “The Arrival of Napoleon,” Teatro La Fenice di Venezia, http://www.teatrolafenice.it/site/index.php?pag=73&blocco=168&lingua=eng.
32 Mansel, Eagle, 32.
33 Bargellini, “Paganini,” 415.
34 Ibid.
35 Derrick Worsdale, “Later Neo-Classical Florentine Furniture at Palazzo Pitti,” Furniture History 14 (1978): 50.