2. “Nielsen: Chinese Smartphone Market Now Driven by Upgrading,” press release, June 16, 2015, http://www.nielsen.com/cn/en/press-room/2015/Nielsen-Chinese-Smartphone-Market-Now-Driven-by-Upgrading-EN.html.
3. “Chinese Singles Now Closing in on 200 Million; Unmarried Women Giving Birth Charged with Fine,” December 4, 2015, trans. by author, http://health.people.com.cn/n/2015/1204/c398004-27888743.html.
4. Amanda Lee, “How Alibaba Turned China’s Singles’ Day Into The World’s Biggest Shopping Bonanza,” Forbes, November 7, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ahylee/2016/11/07/how-alibaba-turned-chinas-singles-day-into-the-worlds-biggest-shopping-bonanza/#137b1e9776c0 (accessed July 29, 2017).
5. Steven Millward, “China’s Singles Day vs America’s Black Friday and Cyber Monday,” Tech in Asia, November 2, 2016, https://www.techinasia.com/china-singles-day-versus-black-friday-cyber-monday-sales.
6. Ibid.
7. Liyan Chen, “China’s Singles Day Is Already Bigger Than Black Friday, Now It’s Going Global,” Forbes, November 11, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/liyanchen/2015/11/10/chinas-singles-day-is-already-bigger-than-black-friday-now-its-going-global/#7196947f71aa (accessed July 29, 2017).
8. Frank Lavin, “Singles’ Day Sales Scorecard: A Day In China Now Bigger Than A Year In Brazil,” Forbes, November 16, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/franklavin/2016/11/15/singles-day-scorecard-a-day-in-china-now-bigger-than-a-year-in-brazil/#4a710df51076 (accessed July 29, 2017). The article notes “projected e-commerce sales” from Brazil and the number was later verified through “Annual Online Shopping Turnover in Brazil from 2011 to 2017 (in Billion Brazilian Reals),” Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/222115/online-retail-revenue-in-brazil-projection/.
9. “Singles’ Day Obliterates Cyber Monday’s Sales in 2 Hours,” Fortune.com, November 11, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/11/10/alibaba-singles-day-sale-total/.
10. Haiguang Xin, “双十一电商疯狂之夜, 马云说了什么?” [“On Double 11, E-Commerce’s Night of Craziness, What Did Jack Ma Say?”], Sina.com.cn, November 12, 2014, trans. by author, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49bc1a2d0102vbj8.html?tj=tech.
11. “Growing Upper Middle Class Creates Attractive Market: Report,” China.org.cn, March 20, 2014, http://www.china.org.cn/business/2014-03/20/content_31858451.htm.
12. Sherisse Pham, “Singles Day: Alibaba Posts Jaw-Dropping Numbers,” CNNMoney, November 11, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/11/11/technology/alibaba-by-the-numbers/index.html.
13. Ibid; “Singles’ Day: China Splurges $9.3Bn in 12 Hours on World’s Biggest Online Shopping Day,” The Guardian, November 11, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/nov/11/china-singles-day-new-record-online-shopping-alibaba.
14. “Taobao Cries Foul Over Study’s Claim That It Sells Fake, Substandard Goods,” South China Morning Post, April 17, 2015, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1693396/taobao-cries-foul-over-studys-claim-it-sells-fake-substandard-goods (accessed July 29, 2017).
15. “Internet Trends: Post-90’s Become Online Market’s Cutting Edge,” October 1, 2016, trans. by author, https://kknews.cc/zh-my/tech/vn3va4.html.
16. Paul Liu, Xuemei Bennink Bai, Jason Jia, and Eva Wang, “The Accelerating Disruption of China’s Economy,” Fortune.com, June 26, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/06/26/china-alibaba-jack-ma-retail-ecommerce-e-commerce-new/ (accessed July 29, 2017).
17. “Chinese New Year Travel Underway: Estimates Predict 3.6 Billion One-Way Journeys,” January 16, 2014, trans. by author, http://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2014/01/140116_china_chunyun; “How Is Chinese New Year Travel’s 3.6 Billion Calculated?” February 8, 2014, trans. by author, http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/0208/c70731-24296732.html.
18. Frank Lavin, “Singles’ Day Sales Scorecard: A Day in China Now Bigger Than a Year in Brazil,” Forbes, November 16, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/franklavin/2016/11/15/singles-day-scorecard-a-day-in-china-now-bigger-than-a-year-in-brazil/#4a710df51076 (accessed July 29, 2017); Julia Zhu, “China’s E-Commerce Goes Mobile in 2014,” Tech in Asia, December 30, 2013, https://www.techinasia.com/china-ecommerce-goes-mobile-2014.
19. Phil Wahba, “Cyber Monday 2016 Tops All Time Sales Record,” Fortune.com, November 29, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/11/29/cyber-monday-2016-sales/.
20. Catherine Cadell, “Alibaba’s Singles” Day Sales Race Past $5 Billion in First Hour,” Business Insider, November 11, 2016, http://www.businessinsider.com/r-alibaba-singles-day-sales-race-past-5-billion-in-first-hour-2016-11.
8. Test Monsters Dream of Innovation
1. Richard Wike and Bridget Parker, “Corruption, Pollution, Inequality Are Top Concerns in China,” Global Attitudes Project, Pew Research Center, September 24, 2015, http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/09/24/corruption-pollution-inequality-are-top-concerns-in-china/.
2. “International Student Totals by Place of Origin, 2008/09—2009/10,” All Places of Origin, Institute of International Education, https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/All-Places-of-Origin/2009-10 (accessed July 29, 2017).
3. “Chinese Students Return from Study Abroad Job Market Official Report,” Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, March 25, 2016, trans. by author, http://www.moe.edu.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2016n/xwfb_160325_01/160325_sfcl01/201603/t20160325_235214.html.
4. Zoe Baird and Emily Parker, “New American Jobs, Made in China,” The Wall Street Journal, May 30–31, 2015.
5. Sharon Yin, “The Economic Impact of Chinese International Students in the United States,” Yale Economic Review, August 3, 2013, http://www.yaleeconomicreview.org/archives/294.
6. “Peking University Report: China’s One Percent Own One Third of Household Wealth,” January 1, 2016, trans. by author, http://phtv.ifeng.com/a/20160116/41540417_0.shtml.
7. Zheping Huang, “Chinese Students Are Studying Abroad in Record Numbers—Then Coming Home in Droves,” Quartz, March 29, 2016, https://qz.com/650511/chinese-students-are-studying-abroad-in-record-numbers-then-coming-home-to-xx/ (accessed July 29, 2017). Original report in Chinese: http://www.moe.edu.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_fbh/moe_2069/xwfbh_2016n/xwfb_160325_01/160325_sfcl01/201603/t20160325_235214.html.
8. “Put Off by Trump? Baidu’s Li Urges Silicon Valley Talent to Call China Home,” South China Morning Post, November 18, 2016, http://www.scmp.com/business/article/2047324/put-trump-baidus-li-urges-silicon-valley-talent-call-china-home (accessed July 29, 2017).
9. Stuart Clark, “China: The New Space Superpower,” The Observer, August 28, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/28/china-new-space-superpower-lunar-mars-missions (accessed July 29, 2017).
9. The Good Comrade
1. Jianfen Wang, “Report Identifies LGBT Preferences in Capital,” Chinadaily.com.cn, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-06/29/content_25896418.htm (accessed July 29, 2017).
2. “2015 China LGBT Spending Habits Report,” Danlan, November 11, 2015, trans. by author, http://www.danlan.org/disparticle_52160.htm.
3. Ibid.
4. Yinhe L., “Regarding Gay Wives,” Sina Weibo, trans. by author, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_473d53360100dkiv.html.
5. “Collateral Damage,” The Economist, March 20, 2010, http://www.economist.com/node/15731324 (accessed July 29, 2017).
6. “Chinese Gay Wives: Millions of Heterosexual Women Marrying Closeted Men,” Sohu, February 2, 2017, http://www.sohu.com/a/126266833_349547.
7. “China Officially Connected to the Internet in 1994,” CCTV, April 20, 2014, http://english.cntv.cn/2014/04/20/VIDE1397997720861267.shtml (accessed July 29, 2017).
8. “Michael Jackson: Your Number One Music Icon,” CNN, August 27, 2010, http:/
/edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/08/24/music.icon.gallery/ (accessed July 29, 2017).
9. “China’s ‘Pink Market’ Value Estimated at US$470B Annually,” Ecns.com.cn, July 18, 2014. http://www.ecns.cn/business/2014/07-18/125007.shtml.
10. Victoria Ho, “Grindr Sells 60% Stake to Chinese Investor, Faces Growing Competition,” Mashable, January 12, 2016, http://mashable.com/2016/01/12/grindr-china-blued/#LNIrCsW8fuqj (accessed July 29, 2017).
11. Zhu Wenqian, “China’s Gay App Blued Taps into Pink Economy,” Chinadaily.com.cn, June 2, 2016, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2016-06/02/content_25584439.htm.
10. Learning to Play
1. Gu Ban, The History of the Former Han Dynasty. Full text and specific scroll can be accessed for free online through Chinese Text Project: http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=684848&remap=gb#p36.
2. “Empire of the Pig,” The Economist, December 17, 2014, http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636507-chinas-insatiable-appetite-pork-symbol-countrys-rise-it-also; Lexin Cai et al., “China’s Astounding Appetite for Pork: Recent Trends and Implications for International Trade,” Penn Wharton Public Policy Initiative, April 2, 2015, http://publicpolicy.wharton.upenn.edu/live/news/644-chinas-astounding-appetite-for-pork-recent-trends; Kelsey Nowakowski, “Why Corn—Not Rice—Is King in China,” The Plate (blog), National Geographic, May 18, 2015, http://theplate.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/18/why-corn-not-rice-is-king-in-china/.
3. Xuetai Wang, “中华饮食文化精神” [“The Essence of Chinese Culinary Culture”], trans. by author, Guang Ming Daily, November 30, 2006, http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2006-11/30/content_514905.htm.
4. The Works of Mencius. Full text and specific portion can be accessed in English and Chinese for free online through Chinese Text Project, however alternate translation used: http://ctext.org/mengzi/gaozi-i.
5. Wang, “The Essence of Chinese Culinary Culture.”
6. “Conversation with Yu Jiawen at Super Schedule HQ,” interview by author, February 1, 2015. One of the first clips of Yu Jiawen to go viral where he is participating in a TV gameshow can be seen here: https://v.qq.com/x/page/p0320uvdlc0.html.
7. Jon Russell, “Tencent Takes Full Control Of ‘League Of Legends’ Creator Riot Games,” TechCrunch, December 17, 2015, https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/17/tencent-takes-full-control-of-league-of-legends-creator-riot-games/ (accessed July 30, 2017).
8. Don Monroe, “Speaking Tonal Languages Promotes Perfect Pitch,” Scientific American, November 9, 2004, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/speaking-tonal-languages/.
11. Be There Now
1. “Harbin, China,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Harbin; “St. Sophia Cathedral,” Travel China Guide, https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/heilongjiang/harbin/st-sophia-church.htm.
2. Alan Taylor, “The 2015 Harbin Ice and Snow Festival,” The Atlantic, January 6, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/01/the-2015-harbin-ice-and-snow-festival/384265/.
3. “China Becomes World’s Largest Outbound Tourism Market,” Chinadaily.com.cn, December 28, 2016, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-12/28/content_27798009.htm.
4. Ibid.
5. 《中国语言生活状况报告 (2016) 》[“The State of the Chinese Language (2016)”] The Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. May 31, 2016. http://www.moe.edu.cn/s78/A19/moe_814/201605/t20160531_247149.html
6. Sho Kawano, Joshua Lu, Ricky Tsang, and Jingyuan Liu, “The Chinese Tourist Boom,” Goldman Sachs Investor Insight, November 20, 2015, http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/macroeconomic-insights-folder/chinese-tourist-boom/report.pdf.
7. Jung-pang Lo, “Zheng He: Chinese Explorer,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zheng-He; Frank Viviano, “China’s Great Armada,” National Geographic, July 2005, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0507/feature2/; Ishaan Faroor, “Voyages of Mariner Zheng He: Symbolism for Modern China, Time, March 8, 2010, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1969939,00.html.
8. Li Keqiang, draft of “Li Keqiang’s Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the First World Conference on Tourism for Development,” May 19, 2016, http://www.cnta.com/English_Column/201605/t20160520_771546.shtml; see also Li Keqiang, “Report on the Work of the Government,” March 5, 2017, http://english.gov.cn/premier/news/2017/03/16/content_281475597911192.htm.
9. “未来三年：中国旅游‘515战略’（组图）” [“China Tourism ‘Strategy 515’ in the Three Years to Come”], trans. by author, Wang Yi News, January 21, 2015, http://news.163.com/15/0121/08/AGFHN53S00014Q4P.html.
10. “Mass Tourism Era Can Be Expected as Premier Li Encourages Paid Vacations,” China Daily USA, March 8, 2016, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2016-03/08/content_23781932_2.htm; “Li Keqiang’s Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the First World Conference on Tourism for Development,” China National Tourism Association, May 20, 2016, http://www.cnta.com/English_Column/201605/t20160520_771546.shtml (accessed July 30, 2017).
12. A Young Man and His Party
1. Hans Tung and Jixun Foo, “200 Million Trendsetters: China’s Millennials are Shaping the Global Economy,” Medium, January 14, 2016, https://medium.com/ggv-capital/200-million-trendsetters-china-s-millennials-are-shaping-the-global-economy-f52c392d54bb (accessed July 30, 2017).
2. Perry Link, “China: The Anaconda in the Chandelier,” The New York Review of Books, April 11, 2002, http://www.chinafile.com/library/nyrb-china-archive/china-anaconda-chandelier.
3. John Lee, “Pitfalls of an Aging China,” Hudson Institute, January 2, 2013, https://www.hudson.org/research/9443-pitfalls-of-an-aging-china (accessed July 30, 2017).
4. Richard Wike and Bridget Parker, “Corruption, Pollution, Inequality Are Top Concerns in China,” Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project, September 24, 2015, http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/09/24/corruption-pollution-inequality-are-top-concerns-in-china/ (accessed July 30, 2017).
5. “Four Years On, Xi’s War on Corruption Is More Than Hunting Tigers, Flies,” Chinadaily.com.cn, December 9, 2016, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-12/09/content_27627002.htm.
6. Tania Branigan, “Xi Jinping Vows to Fight ‘Tigers’ and ‘Flies’ in Anti-Corruption Drive,” The Guardian, January 22, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/22/xi-jinping-tigers-flies-corruption (accessed July 30, 2017).
7. Edward Wong, “Chinese Court Upholds Life Sentence for Top Aide to Bo Xilai,” The New York Times, March 1, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/world/asia/china-bo-xilai-aide-wu-wenkang.html.
8. “Visualizing China’s Anti-Corruption Campaign” ChinaFile, January 21, 2016, http://www.chinafile.com/infographics/visualizing-chinas-anti-corruption-campaign.
9. See, for example, Javier C. Hernández, “China Corruption Fight Extends to Top Officials in Beijing and Shanghai,” The New York Times, November 11, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/12/world/asia/china-crackdown-corruption-beijing-shanghai-ai-baojun-lu-xiwen.html.
10. Perry Wong and Michael C. Y. Lin, “Best Performing Cities, CHINA 2015: The Nation’s Most Successful Economies,” The Milken Institute, September 2015, http://www.best-cities-china.org/best-performing-cities-china-2015.pdf.
11. “Chinese President Xi Jinping ‘Given 62% Pay Rise’,” BBC News, January 20, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-30896205 (accessed July 30, 2017).
12. William A. Callahan, China: The Pessoptimist Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 32.
13. Suisheng Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), 214.
14. Chris Buckle
y, “China Says Its Students, Even Those Abroad, Need More ‘Patriotic Education,’” The New York Times, February 10, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/world/asia/china-patriotic-education.html.
About the Author
ZAK DYCHTWALD moved to China after graduating from Columbia University. He lives in New York City and spends nearly half the year in China while heading up a small think tank and consultancy focused on young China. You can sign up for email updates here.
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