16 Henry Kamm, “East German Social Democrats Back a Candidate and a Unification Plan,” New York Times, February 26, 1990.
17 Serge Schmemann, “East Germany’s Ballot: Voting Away a Nation,” New York Times, March 18, 1990.
18 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, June 27, 1990, quoted in Ronald D. Asmus, “An Obituary Without Tears,” Report on Eastern Europe, January 4, 1991., p. 18.
19 Rada Nikolaev, “Between Hope and Hunger,” Report on Eastern Europe, 2, no. 1 (January 4, 1991): 5-10.
20 Zlatko Anguelov, “The Leader and His Movement,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 3 (Autumn-Winter 1990): 27-28.
21 “Bulgaria’s Reichstagsbrand?” EER, 4, no. 3: 29.
22 For a survey of Bulgarian the changes during 1990, see John D. Bell, “‘Post-Communist’ Bulgaria,” Current History (Philadelphia), December 1990, pp. 417-20, 427-29.
23 Jiri Pehe, “The Instability of Transition,” Report on Eastern Europe, January 4, 1991, p. 12.
24 Henry Kamm, “Civic Forum, Prague’s Leading Party, Splits in Two,” New York Times, February 12, 1991.
25 “President Havel’s Speech on the Anniversary of the 1968 Invasion,” EER, Autumn-Winter 1990, p. 93.
26 Ivan Volgyes, “For Want of Another Horse: Hungary in 1990,” Current History, December 1990, p. 423.
27 Ibid., p. 424.
28 Rudolf L. Tökes, “Hungary’s New Political Elites: Adaptation and Change, 1989-90,” Problems of Communism, November-December 1990, p. 64.
29 See the interview with the Hungarian social philosopher Mihaly Vajda in East European Reporter, 4, no. 3 (Autumn-Winter 1990): 43.
30 Celestine Bohlen, “Hungarians Are Thriving, Gloomily,” New York Times, June 24, 1991.
31 For an informative and dispassionate analysis of the split, see Jakub Karpinski, “The Difficult Return to Normality,” Uncaptive Minds (New York), November-December 1990, pp. 24-26.
32 Jacek Maziarski, “The Goals of the Center Alliance,” East European Reporter, Autumn-Winter 1990, p. 7.
33 Interview with Zbigniew Bujak, East European Reporter, Autumn-Winter 1990, pp. 10-11.
34 Mary Battiata, “The Two Lech Walesas: Solidarity Hero Accused of Demagoguery,” Washington Post, November 22, 1990.
35 Victoria Pope, “Lech-Luster: Walesa’s Personal Transformation,” The New Republic, December 3, 1990, p. 25.
36 Barbara Spinelli, “The Day After,” La Stampa (Milan), November 30, 1990; English translation in Uncaptive Minds, November-December 1990, p. 35.
37 See Piotr Wierzbicki’s masterful essay “Lech Walesa: The Sphinx from Gdansk,” Uncaptive Minds, November-December 1990, pp. 27-31.
38 Vladimir Tismaneanu, “Sindromul Bucuresti,” Romania Literara (Bucharest), August 9, 1990.
39 “Proclamatia de la Timisoara,” Romania Libera (Bucharest), March 20, 1990; English translation in East European Reporter, Spring-Summer 1990, pp. 32-35.
40 For the difficulties of Romania’s transition to democracy, see Vladimir Tismaneanu, “The Revival of Politics in Romania,” in Nils H. Wessell, ed., The New Europe: Revolution in East—West Refotions (New York: Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 1991), pp. 85-99.
41 See Vladimir Tismaneanu, “Homage to Golania,” The New Republic, July 30-August 6, 1990, pp. 16-18; William McPherson, “In Romania,” Granta, no. 33, pp. 9-56; Mihnea Berindei, Ariadna Combes, and Anne Planche , Roumanie, le livre blanc: La réalité d’un pouvoir néo-communiste (Paris: La Decouverte, 1990).
42 “Romanian Resistance,” East European Reporter, Autumn—Winter 1990, pp. 89-91.
43 J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (New York: Praeger, 1960), p. 6.
44 David Binder, “Exiled Romanian King Has Hopes of Return,” New York Times, February 17, 1991.
45 Milan Andrejevich, “The End of an Era, New Beginnings?” Report on Eastern Europe, January 4, 1991, p. 39.
46 Robin Alison Remington, “The Federal Dilemma in Yugoslavia,” Current History, December 1990, p. 408.
47 Brenda Fowler, “Slovenes Vote Decisively for Independence from Yugoslavia,” New York Times, December 24, 1990.
48 Sabrina P. Ramet, “Serbia’s Slobodan Milosevic: A Profile,” Orbis (Philadelphia), Winter 1991, p. 105.
49 “Alia Speaks on Ideology, Changes in Bloc,” FBIS—Eastern Europe, November 29, 1989, p. 6.
50 See Simon Jones, “Albanians Cheer for Their New Freedom,” The Independent (London), July 14, 1990.
51 “Top Albania Writer Seeks Asylum in France, a Blow to His President,” New York Times, October 26, 1990.
52 David Binder, “Albanian Exile Writer Sees Reform,” New York Times, December 6, 1990.
53 “Albania Removes Statues of Stalin,” New York Times, December 22, 1990.
54 Paul Anastasi, “New Albania Barely Conceals a Stalinist Bedrock,” New York Times, January 20, 1991.
Epilogue Fears, Phobias, Frustrations
1 Nicolae Manolescu, “How We Have to Destroy Communism,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 4 (Spring-Summer 1991): 79-80.
2 Stelian Tanase’s speech “Romanian Civil Society and Violence,” delivered at the Timisoara Conference, March 25-27, 1991.
3 Dimitrina Petrova, “Political Pluralism in Bulgaria,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 4 (Spring-Summer 1991): 35.
4 Agnes Heller, “Is There Anything New Under the Sun in East-Central Europe?” paper presented at the Timisoara Conference; French translation: Est-Ouest (Paris), June 1991, pp. 8-11.
5 Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1985), pp. 215-81.
6 Adam Michnik, “The Presence of Liberal Values,” East European Reporter, 4, no. 4 (Spring-Summer 1991): 71, and Ralf Dahrendorf, Reflections on the Revolution in Europe (New York: Random House, 1990).
Index
“Action-Program” (Czechoslovakia, April 1968), 93, 187
Aczel, György, 150, 199
Adamec, Ladislav, 208, 216
Afanasyev, Yury, 184
aggiornamento, 281
Agitprop departments, 32
“Agrarians-Nikola Petkov” (Bulgaria), 256
Agrarian Union (Bulgaria), 256
Akhmatova, Anna, 23, 37
Aladar, Imre, 12
Albanian Communist Party, 17
Alia, Ramiz, 177, 230, 275
Alliance of Free Democrats (Hungary), 173, 203, 246, 247, 260, 261-262
Alliance of Reformist Forces (Yugoslavia), 273
Anderson, Sascha, 164
Andreyeva, Nina, 190
Andropov, Yury, 179
Antall, Jozsef, 261, 262
Antonescu, Marshal Ion, 15, 249
Aragon, Louis, 102
Arendt, Hannah, 172, 285
Arrow Cross Movement (Hungary), 9, 15
Atanasov, Georgi, 220
Balcerowicz, Leszek, 266
Baranczak, Stanislaw, 64
Bence, György, 115, 246
Benes, Eduard, 26
Beria, Lavrenty, 22, 59
“Berlin Appeal,” 165, 252
Berlin Wall, 1, 46, 86, 162, 212
Berman, Jakub, 43, 51-53, 54, 62
Beron, Petar, 256
Beszelö, 197, 200, 201, 203, 205
Bialer, Seweryn, 185
Bielecki, Jan Krisztof, 266
Biermann, Wolf, 164
Bierut, Boleslaw, 17, 43, 53, 56, 61, 62, 65
Biszku, Bela, 199
Blaga, Lucian, 56
Blandiana, Ana, 235
Bloch, Ernst, 79
Bogomolov, Oleg, 187
Bohley, Bärbel, 169
Böhme, Ibrahim, 254
Botez, Mihai, 116, 226, 281
Brandys, Kazimierz, 126
Brasov riot, 227
Brecht, Bertolt, 55
Brezhnev, Leonid, 85, 87, 89, 95, 104
Brezhnev Doctrine, 211, 216, 217
Brown, J. F., 83, 120-121
Broz, Josip (“Tito”), 13
Brzezin
ski, Zbigniew, 29, 46, 57, 172, 182, 184
“Bucharest syndrome,” 269
Budapest Commune, 13
Bujak, Zbigniew, 133, 264, 265
Bukharin, Nikolai, 40, 60
Bulgarian Communist Party, 13
Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, 256
Bulgarian Socialist Party, 223
Calfa, Marian, 258
Carol II, King, 7, 14, 15
Catholic Church, 25, 62, 66, 117, 119, 124, 171
Ceausescu, Elena, 224, 225
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 82, 84, 90, 95, 116, 171, 174, 197,208, 223235, 239
Center Alliance (Poland), 264
Cernik, Oldrich, 101
Charter 77,116,133,141, 144-146, 156-157,159,171,174,216,235
Chervenkov, Vulko, 17, 53, 56, 85
Chetniks, 15
Chisinevschi, Iosif, 80
Christian Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia), 258
Christian Democratic Party (East Germany), 212, 252
Christian Democrats, 258
Cioran, Emil, 5
Citizens’ Committee, (Poland), 263
Citizens’ Movement—Democratic Action (ROAD—Poland), 264-265, 266
Civic Alliance (Romania), 271
Civic Alliance Party (Romania), 271
Civic Association (Czechoslovakia), 258-259
Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 216, 217, 235, 247, 258
“Club for the Support of Glasnost and Perestroika” (Bulgaria), 221
Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea, 9, 14
Cominform, 22-23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 35, 37, 40, 47, 79
“Cominformists,” 48
Comintern (Communist International), 8, 11-12,13,16, 18, 23, 53
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 49
Conquest, Robert, 106
Constantinescu, Miron, 80
Cornea, Doina, 142, 226, 235
Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 57-58, 185
Croatian Democratic Union, 274
Czechoslovak Writers’ Union, 91
“Czechoslovakia’s Road to Socialism,” 93
Dahrendorf, Raif, 244, 251, 286
Democratic Awakening (GDR), 252
Democratic Opposition (Hungary), 185, 200-201, 246
Demszky, Gabor, 260
Dery, Tibor, 72
Deutscher, Isaac, 62
Dienstbier, Jiri, 259
Dimitrov, Georgi, 13, 17, 27
Dinescu, Mircea, 226, 229
Djilas, Milovan, 13, 17, 49, 50, 76, 105
Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Alexandru, 12
Dogan, Ahmed, 256
Draskovic, Vuk, 245
Dubcek, Alexander, 92, 93, 94-95, 96, 97-100, 102, 181, 206-207, 216
Duca, Ion G., 14
Dzhurov, Dobri, 221
East Berlin uprising, 55
Ecoglasnost (Bulgaria), 256
Eliade, Mircea, 5
Endecjia (National Democratic Party, Poland), 107-108
Eppelmann, Reiner, 165, 166, 252
Eurocommunism, 95
Evangelical Church (East Germany), 163
Fabian, David, 12
Farkas, Mihaly, 17, 53
Federation of Young Democrats (FIDESZ) (Hungary), 68, 204-205, 246, 260
Feher, Ferenc, 77, 115, 172, 281
Filipescu, Radu, 142
Fiszbach, Tadeusz, 195
Fock, Jenö, 199
Friedrich, Carl, 172
“Gang of Four” (Ceausescu, Jakes, Honecker, Zhivkov), 282
Garton Ash, Timothy, 132, 145, 195, 243, 246, 248, 285
Gazeta Wyborcza, 264
Gelman, Aleksandr, 180
Georgescu, Teohari, 24-25, 45
Georgescu, Vlad, 226
Gerasimov, Gennady, 191
Geremek, Bronislaw, 110, 263
Gerö, Ernö, 17, 53, 73-74
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 16, 4243, 45, 53-54, 56, 80-81, 8284, 90
Gierek, Edward, 108, 109, 110
Goldstücker, Eduard, 91
Goma, Paul, 116, 226
Gomulka, Wladislaw, 16, 25, 28, 29, 43, 44, 62, 65-67, 76, 79, 107, 108, 110
Göncz, Arpad, 261
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 120, 142, 176, 177, 179-191, 194, 282
Gorkic, Milan, 12
Gottwald, Klement, 17, 26, 44, 54
“goulash socialism,” 80
Great Purge, 12, 18, 35
Great Terror, 39
Greek Civil War, 22
Grenzfall (Borderline), 169
Grosz, Karoly, 68, 189, 202, 203, 238
Group for Social Dialogue (Romania), 270
Groza, Petru, 24
Gysi, Gregor, 213-214, 252, 254
Hager, Kurt, 210
Haraszti, Miklos, 116, 149-152, 173, 203, 281
Harich, Wolfgang, 79
Havel, Vaclav, 3, 104-105, 130, 133-147, 148, 153-154, 157-160, 167-168, 173, 215, 216, 217-219, 247, 250, 257, 258, 259-260
Havemann, Robert, 164-165
Hay, Gyula, 73
Hayek, Friedrich von, 258
Heller, Agnes, 77, 115, 172, 281, 285
Helsinki Agreements, 117, 178
Herbert, Zbigniew, 33
Hirsch, Ralf, 166
Hlinka, Andrej, 9
Hodos, George H., 40, 41
Holzer, Jerzy, 108
Honecker, Erich, 142, 162-163, 206, 208, 210, 215, 238
Honecker, Margot, 210-211
Horn, Gyula, 189
Horthy, Miklos, 7, 15
Hoxha, Enver, 17-18, 56, 81
Hoxha, Nexhmije, 276
Hungarian Democratic Forum, 203, 260, 261, 262
Hungarian Democratic Union, 236
Hungarian Socialist Party, 203
Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, 203
Husak, Gustav, 92-93, 102, 161, 239
Hvizdala, Karel, 158
Ideology, 136, 137, 150, 172-173, 176
Ideological dictatorship, 191
Ideological fetishism, 138
Iliescu, Ion, 225, 235, 267-271
Independent Students’ Association (Poland), 192
Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers’ Parties (Cominform), 22-23
Initiative for Peace and Human Rights (GDR), 145
Internationalism, Stalin’s concept of, 47
Intervention, 188-189
Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe, 198
Ionesco, Eugène, 5, 226
Iron Guard (Romania), 9, 14, 15
Italy, Communist Party of, 22, 95
Jacobinism, 60
Jakes, Milos, 161, 206-207, 215-216, 232, 238, 239, 282
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, xi, 120, 131, 174, 192-194, 196, 238, 263
Jeszensky, Geza, 262
Jiu Valley Strikes (Romania), 116, 226
“Joint Declaration from Eastern Europe,” 168
Jowitt, Kenneth, xvi, 242
Judaism, 6, 9, 44, 259
Kadar, Janos, xi, 67, 74, 76-80, 86, 99, 115-117, 142, 149-152, 199, 200, 238, 283
Kadare, Ismail, 276
Kadarism, x, 142, 173-174, 198, 202-203, 281
Kafka, Franz, 5, 91
Kaganovich, Lazar, 58, 65
Kamenev, Lev, 40, 60
Kardelj, Eduard, 17
KGB, 180
KPD (Communist Party of Germany), 163
Khrushchev, Nikita, xv, 47, 54-61, 65, 71, 80-82, 85, 89-100, 179, 276, 280-281
Khrushchevism, 78, 79, 114, 173, 181
Kirov, Sergei, 60
Kis, Janos, xv, 29, 59, 66, 69, 109
Klaus, Vaclav, 258-259
Koestler, Arthur, 5, 10
Kohl, Helmut, 212, 253
Kohout, Pavel, 104
Kolakowski, Leszek, xv, 29, 59, 66, 109, 124, 126, 182
Kolarov, Vasil, 17
Konrad, György, xv, 166, 147-148, 153
KOR (Worker’s Defense Committee, in Poland), 110, 117, 122-124, 131, 144-145, 157, 171, 246
Kosovo, xi, 237, 275
Kostov, Traicho, 17, 29, 42, 44
Kostrzewa, Wera, 12
Kosygin, Aleksei, 85
Köszeg, Ferenc, 205
Kovalev, Sergei, 103
Krakow, 9, 246, 263
Krawczyk, Stefan, 169
Kremlin, xi, 8, 13, 16-18, 27, 46-50, 75, 86, 89, 95-98, 101, 103, 105-106, 125, 132, 178, 184, 196, 280, 282
Krenz, Egon, 209, 211, 213
Kriegel, Frantisek, 102
Kultura, 117
Kun, Bela, 13
Kundera, Milan, 1, 102, 104, 126, 145
Kurdjali, 222
Kuron, Jacek, 108, 110, 122, 124
Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 195
“Legion of Archangel Michael” (Iron Guard, Romania), 14
Leipzig, 3, 208
Lenin, V. I., 8, 12, 52-53
Leninism, xiii, xiv, 13, 20, 31, 42, 94, 96, 121, 131, 144, 179, 181-182, 185, 195, 199, 242-244, 250, 255, 269, 283, 287
Lenin shipyard in Gdansk, 129, 264
Lenski-Leszcyinski, Julian, 12
Lewin, Moshe, 170-171
Liberal Club (Czechoslovakia), 259
Liberals, 155, 178
Liblice, (Kafka Conference), 91
Liehm, Antonin, 98-99
Ligachev, Yegor, 191
Lilov, Aleksander, 255, 257
Lipski, Jan Josef, 123
Literarni Listy, 96
Lublin Government, 17
Luca, Vasile, 16, 45, 53
Lukacs, Georg, 5, 78, 281
school of critical Marxism, 246
Lukanov, Andrei, 22, 257
Luxemburg, Rosa, 61
Luxemburgism, 12, 61
Macedonian communists, 273
de Maizière, Lothar, 252
Malenkov, Georgy, 22, 55-58
Malta Conference, 230
Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 36-37
Mandelstam, Osip, 37
Manolescu, Nicolae, 272, 284
“March on Warsaw” (Red Army, 1920), 8
Markovic, Ante, 273
Markus, György, 172
Markus, Maria, 115
Marshall Plan, 26, 218, 282
Marx, Karl, 83, 84, 246
Marxism, 63, 71, 125, 126, 163, 244
de-radicalization, 172
genuine, 49, 188
humanism, 99, 125
neo-Marxism, 188
Soviet style, 28
and universalism, 228
Utopian blueprint, 179
Marxism-Leninism, 2, 87, 113, 213, 237
betrayal of, 27
and Brezhnev, 104
call for global worker solidarity, 135
as codified by Stalin, 32
in Czechoslovakia, 93
in danger, 184
distortion, 164
and Gorbachev, 227-228
self-perpetuation, 100
weakness of ideology, 62
Reinventing Politics Page 43