1421: The Year China Discovered the World

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1421: The Year China Discovered the World Page 43

by Gavin Menzies


  Native carvings of foreign ships and horses found near tributaries of the Mississippi

  Chinese jade found in tombs near the Mississippi (Georgia – Nacooche Mound; Michigan Mound, p.269B)

  Coronado report of junks with gilded sterns found near estuary of Mississippi

  Chinese DNA found among Sioux and Cree Ojibwa peoples of Upper Mississippi

  Horse remains found near Lake Superior

  Elephant remains at 32°50′N, 80°10′W

  Carvings of monkeys and elephants

  Buried stone observation platforms at Rock Lake

  Stone fortresses at 44°10′N, 93°00′W

  Turkeys exported from North America to Europe (via Silk Road) before Columbus set sail

  Chinese hens found by first Europeans in North America

  Amaranth exported to China before Europeans reached North America

  Cherokees murder foreign miners near St Peter’s River – Minay Sotor (Scott McLean)

  26 chromosome cotton from North America to Africa

  Chenopodium album and marsh cress to New Zealand

  Mustangs?

  9. British Columbia (Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands) and Washington State

  Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands appear on the Waldseemüller and Zatta maps drawn before Europeans arrived in British Columbia; on Zatta’s map, Queen Charlotte Island is called ‘Colonia dei Chinesi’

  Hugo Grotius (1624), reporting Galvão: ‘The people of China … sailed ordinarily the coast, which seems to reach unto 70 degrees towards the north’, viz. as far north as the Bering Straits

  Squamish Indian accounts of visits of Chinese traders before Europeans (Robert Hassell)

  Tens of thousands of Chinese copper coins found either buried or attached as ornaments to Native American and Chinese objects on Vancouver Island, dated pre-Columbus

  Chinese talisman and lamp, dated pre-Columbus (Vancouver Island)

  Bronze figurine of Garuda – pre-European arrival (John Grubber)

  Babiroussa – wild pigs of Sulawesi – found buried in chieftain’s grave (Vancouver Island)

  Squamish Indians have identical words to Chinese, more than 37 examples, e.g. tsil (wet) and chin (wood)

  Recent (post Bering Straits flooding) Chinese DNA in Queen Charlotte Islands people (Professor Bryan Sykes, Seven Daughters of Eve)

  Chinese storage jars, Tofino (Hector Williams)

  Chinese clay vase, Vancouver Island (B. Morelan)

  Totem poles identical to Wuhan (Geoff McCabe)

  Washington Potters – Lake River (Terry Glavin, The Last Great Sea)

  Lovekin Rock wreck (R. Hassell)

  Long Beach wreck (R. Hassell)

  Haida myths – people sailing from west towards sunrise before Europeans (Paul Wagner)

  Queen Charlotte Islands – small deer (G. Berteig)

  Chinese coins on coast (G. Berteig)

  Ancient Chinese bronzes (John Grubber); ancient Asian ceramics (Hector Williams); Jodicus Hondius map (Chinese junk) (Robert Hassell)

  Washington State Pacific coast, Ozette Lake site – Chinese artefacts (Don Mollick)

  Point Adams – wreck (Clatsop Beach) (Ed Mitchell); Asian pot wreck (H. Williams)

  Neahkahnie Beach – wreck (Cabrillo)

  Washington State dig – Ming porcelain (Ken Holmes, Sean Griffin, Terry Glavin)

  Wool dogs (E. Miller and Susan Crockford)

  Inuit = Yin Uit (people from Yin) (Martin Tai)

  Aleut people have Chinese DNA

  Haida and Aleut people have same language

  Lakotas resemble Chinese – clothes/swastikas (Richard Chauvet)

  10. Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Colorado and Oregon

  The area appears on the Cantino (1502) and Waldseemüller (1507) charts, drawn before Europeans arrived there

  Antonio Galvão (1555) reports Chinese claims to be ‘lords’ of Mexico

  Coronado found Chinese people in Tiguex (near Albuquerque)

  Coronado’s expedition found ships with gilded sterns (Mafeo and Frois corroborate); treasure ships had large gilded carvings of an eagle on their sterns

  Chinese merchants reported in ports of Quatulco and Panuco (Gregorio Garcia)

  Acosta met Chinese

  Asiatic shipwrecks on Mexican Pacific coast (Hugo Grotius)

  Chinese jade buried in Nacooche Mound, Michigan Mound

  Pictures of horses (foreign to Americas prior to Columbus) and foreign ships carved by Indian peoples (more than 100), dated pre-Columbus

  Hibiscus (Rosa sinensis) and Chinese roses found by first Europeans (Secret Journal) (Dr Tan Koolin)

  Chinese ship’s dogs (Acosta)

  Maize (Mexican corn) found by first Europeans to reach China

  Chinese chickens found by Coronado (Topira)

  The Navajo and Zuni tribes have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding) (Novick et al)

  Maize found by da Gama – Cape of Good Hope

  Statuettes of Buddha, Grand Canyon; Buddhist ceremonial dishes of solid silver (J. Smothers)

  Names of towns (Henriette Merz)

  Granby Dam, Colorado – statuette (Thad Daly)

  Navajo people understood Chinese last century (John Ting)

  Zuni people understand Japanese (Jim Tanner, Nancy Yaw Davis, Barbara Vibbert)

  Cabrillo/Bartholomeu Ferreiro, Nave de Cataio – ship of China wrecked at Oregon

  11. California

  California is accurately depicted on the Waldseemüller map (1507), drawn before the first Europeans arrived

  Antonio Galvão (1555) reports Chinese claims to be ‘lords’ of the Pacific coast of America

  Major Powers describes a Chinese colony between the Russian and Sacramento Rivers

  Professor Fryer describes Chinese as the builders of the stone walls on the eastern side of San Francisco Bay (Clayton Roberts, Andy Asp)

  Wreck of junk at Sacramento (Dr John Furry): hull wood dated to 1410; magnetometer reading showing iron in hull; seeds in hull; rice in hold (supposedly brought to the Americas by Europeans)

  Diseases of Native American peoples otherwise found in China and SE Asia – hookworm, roundworm; Chinese DNA in Navajo and Zuni peoples (Novick et al)

  Chinese chickens, which cannot fly or swim, found by first Europeans (Acosta)

  Chinese anchors – Palos Verdes, San Pedro Bay, Redondo Beach (barnacles dated pre-Columbian) (Elliot Stiles, Michael Bleidistel)

  Chinese roses and hibiscus (Rosa sinensis) found by first Europeans (Dr Tan Koolin)

  Chinese porcelain

  Chinese jade (Bill McVicar)

  Turkeys and maize exported to China before Columbus set sail

  Drake chased a Chinese junk

  Gregorio Garcia, El Reino de Anian – Chinese came to Pacific coast before Europeans

  Avalon Harbour – treasure box (Steve Hayes)

  Chinese carved stone (Steve Elkins) – raised ink characters

  Founder of LA was Chinese (Sylia)

  San Francisco Chinese can trace ancestry to before Europeans (R. Ohlsen)

  Chinese stone sculpture (C. Marschner)

  Early Ming bronze plate buried at Susanville (A. D. Palmer)

  Monterey Pines indigenous to China (Bruce Tickell Taylor, Sandy Lydon)

  Father Luis Sales OP finds Chinese colony at Santa Barbara, 1772–90

  Navajo elders understand Chinese (Jim Tanner and John Ting)

  Zuni understand Japanese (Jim Tanner and Nancy Yaw Davis)

  Similarities between Zuni and Jomon of Japan (F. Lizuka)

  ‘Dragon’ ships before Columbus (Theodore Bainbridge)

  Santa Catalina Island – wrecked junk

  12. The Azores

  Sorensen & Raish B 003 007, C 116 383, F 112 B, G 066B (big storm – ancient street appears on Corvo), 071, L 364 B, R 017 074 B, S 155

  Islands appear on Kangnido – published before Europeans arrived there

  First Portuguese found a statue of mou
nted horsemen ‘with writing we could not understand’

  Columbus reported Chinese bodies washed ashore at Flores

  After great storm of 1870 stone village was exposed on Corvo

  Azores lies on the route from America with wind and current – Chinese had been in America

  Machado-Joseph disease is prevalent among Flores natives; author believes this disease originated in China.

  In 1421 there was 0° magnetic variation on the summit of Corvo – important to medieval navigators; this is where the statue was found

  13. Mexico

  Mexico appears on Waldseemüller chart (1507) before Europeans set sail

  Chinese body in tomb at Teotihuacan (NE of Mexico City) (Professor Niven)

  Chinese people described by Europeans – Coronado, Acosta, Galvão

  Jucutácato shroud depicting arrival of horsemen and Chinese ship’s dogs

  Chinese wreck – Playa La Ropa (Bahia de Zihuatanejo) and on coast (Acosta)

  Chinese figurine beside body in tomb at Teotihuacan

  Chinese chickens (Acosta)

  Chinese roses and hibiscus (Rosa sinensis) (Dr Tan Koolin)

  Chinese lacquer technology

  Chinese jade medallions and ear plugs – Teotihuacan

  Diseases otherwise unique to Far East – roundworm, hookworm, lice and nits

  Pictures of horses (unknown in Americas prior to Columbus) in Mayapan, Chichen Itza and Teotihuacan

  Nayarit legends: ‘ships like houses’ visited them before Europeans

  Chinese rice found by first Europeans

  Chinese paper-making technology

  Mexican plants taken to China and Far East – maize, papaya, tobacco – before European voyages

  Chinese butterfly fishing nets – Rio Balsas

  Chinese statue – Teotitlan

  Chinese vase – Azacapotzaco

  Chinese dyestuff technology practised by local people

  Chinese ship’s dogs (Acosta and B. Chang)

  Chinese merchants visited port of Quatulco before Europeans (Loayza)

  Export of tobacco, sweet potatoes, maize to Philippines (Magellan/Pigafetta); tortora reeds, tomatoes, sweet potatoes to Easter Island; and sweet potato to Hawaii

  The Campeche Maya and Buctzozt Maya have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding)

  The Othmis tribe closely resemble the Chinese

  Zecharia Sitchin’s website – extraordinary similarity between late Mayan/Chinese art

  Chinese musical instruments – more than 50 per cent of Central American instruments occur in Burma (Needham)

  Neck-rest pillows and Chinese carrying pots (Needham)

  Identical fairy stories – ‘Rabbit in the Moon’ (Needham)

  Chinese artefacts – Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Chiapas do Corzo, La Venta (L27, K094, M342C, L240, W269)

  Chinese bronzes (R. Hristov) (Ming – Mixtec Tomb, Oaxaca)

  Stone carvings in Chichen Itza almost identical to Beijing – snake head fountains/drainage spouts (Zecharia Sitchin)

  Toy elephant, Jalapa

  Mayan glyphs on west wall of temple are Chinese; Mongolian script on same wall – Phaspa (R. Wertz)

  Certain tribes worked in metal pre-Europeans (Gary Jennings, Howard Smith)

  New Mexico – Indian Pueblos – legend of Chinese warriors (A. Moya)

  Linguistics – Chiapas Tse-Tsal, Tso Tsil (R. Banzo)

  Legend of wrecked Chinese junk (Joel Fressa)

  ‘Chinese totem figurines’ of west Mexico (I. B. Remsen, Clay Ranger)

  Copan (Honduras) Chinese man with moustache (Mrazerts)

  Montezuma – Aztec ancestors came from east by sea in company of a great lord (Ranking)

  First Spaniards found rulers wearing silk (Ranking; Cortez to Charles V)

  First Spaniards found Mongol script written on paper (Ranking – Staenburg 325)

  Alexander von Wuthenau – ‘pre-Columbian statues of Chinese’, Tlapacoya, Guerro, La Venta (fig.77 and p.210)

  Similarity between late Mayan/Chinese art/Tao Taio (Karin and Alan Moks)

  Guatemala/La Democracia Chinese carved stones (Catherine Skinner)

  Copan Maya/Chinese art (Heron) (Dean Dey)

  Chinese pigs (cuino)

  14. Panama and Venezuela

  Venezuela shown on maps before Europeans set sail – Cantino (1502), Waldseemüller (1507); Orinoco shown on Martellus (1489)

  DNA of Indian people shows transferrins otherwise unique to Kwantung, SW China (Arends and Gallengo); DNA of Indian peoples of Surinam, Guyana and northern Brazil shows similar ‘Chinese’ connection (Arends and colleagues – M443)

  Chinese chickens found the length of Peru; Peruvian emperors use the Chinese name for chickens, atahualpa

  Coconuts, native to south Pacific, found by first Europeans (Acosta), and bananas (Maldonado’s expedition)

  Illustrated Record of Strange Countries (published China, 1430) shows armadillos, unique to South America

  Sampan (boat), balsa (raft) – identical words in Chinese

  Chinese claim to have ruled over ‘locations in Central and South America’ – Antonio Galvão, quoted by Richard Hakluyt

  Chinese jade – Panama and Costa Rica (Barbosa Rodrigues and Palmatory)

  Rice, cotton from India and Chinese ship’s dogs found by first Europeans

  Papayas (unique to Central America) found by first Europeans on Easter Island

  The Waunaba and Ngoye people have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding)

  Horses in Panama (Columbus) (B. McEwan)

  Columbus’s secret report – Chinese miners in bird boats (Martin Tai)

  15. Peru

  Waldseemüller (1507) and Piri Reis (1513) show Peru before Europeans arrived there

  Pictures of Chinese horsemen at Trujillo (Friar Antonio de la Calancha) and Ayacucho (G. Squier); lances and swords are similar to early Ming in the National History Museum, Beijing

  Names of 95 villages are Chinese and have no significance in Quechua or Aymara (Loayza) – listed earlier

  Villages of Eten and Monsefu (three miles apart) understand Chinese but not each other’s patois

  ‘Great wall of Chimu’, 40 miles long, in shape and size resembling Great Wall of China, and great wall of Vietnam (built by Zheng He)

  Pottery decorated with Chinese calligraphy – Las Trancas, Nazca and Ica (Pablo Patron), and Cajamarca (Zerallos Palmer)

  Mummy with Chinese inscriptions (Loayza, Cultural College Lima)

  Tomb with Chinese statues, Chan Chan (Gustavo de la Torre)

  Linguistic similarities, and folklore and divination practices identical to Chinese

  Roundworm found in local people, otherwise found in SE Asia

  Sweet potatoes exported from South America found by first Europeans in New Zealand and across Pacific

  74 separate plants exported from South America to Australia found by first Europeans

  Chinese jade

  Inca cotton technology – crib of Chinese methods

  Horses and Chinese ship’s dogs seen by first Europeans (Acosta)

  Chinese book Illustrated Record of Strange Countries (1430) shows animals unique to South America

  Inca cement/road building

  The Paez, Guambiano, Ingano, Guayabero and Inca peoples have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding) (Novick et al)

  The name Inca = Yinca (people from Yin) (Martin Tai)

  Legend of local people: ‘Giants came by sea to settle amongst them’ (Garcilaso de la Vega and Pedro Cieza de Leon)

  Elephants to Peru and Chile (Ranking); elephants seen, wild, by Captain Cochrane

  First Spaniards in Chile found wrecked Chinese junks (Grotius)

  Elephant bones at Tarija, 22°S

  Chile was named before Spanish arrived (Molina): Chi-le = ‘dependent colony’ in Chinese

  16. Brazil (1421–5)

  The author contends that a cultured and wealthy civilisation existed in 1421 at the confluence of the Amazon and Tap
ajos Rivers (near modern Santarem) and at the confluence of the Negro and Solimões Rivers in the region of Iranduba (near Manaus) where today there is nothing but jungle. This civilisation sent a delegation to China in 1502 with six boxes of emeralds as tribute. They reached China by means of a map left by the Chinese on the 1421–5 voyage (Professor Bi Quanzhong evidence).

  Maps Brazil is shown on maps published before Columbus set sail (1492) and before Brazil was ‘discovered’ by Cabral (1500), viz. 1428 master chart of world, 1448 Andrea Bianco, and 1489 Martellus showing the rivers Magdalena, Amazon–São Francisco, Paraguay, Panama, Colorado, Negro and Chubut.

  The Treaty of Tordesillas (1474) only makes sense if the Portuguese already knew of Brazil by then.

  Report by João de Barros to King of Portugal; Columbus – he should steer south ‘to enquire of the meaning of the King of Portugal who says land is there’.

  DNA Indian peoples living west of Arecibo have Chinese DNA (Arends and Gallengo)

  Indian peoples of Guyana, Surinam and Venezuela have a similar Chinese connection (Dr Annabel Arends)

  The Karitiana and Surui peoples of Amazonia have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding) (Novick et al)

  The Quechua and Toba peoples of the Mato Grosso have Chinese DNA (post Bering Straits flooding) (Novick et al)

  Absence of Duffy blood groups in Indians of Mato Grosso

  Hookworm among Lengua, and roundworm (Fonseca)

  Tokelau in Amazonian people (Fonseca)

  What the first Europeans found Cabral: ‘men with pale skins’

  Franciso de Orellana, as reported by Friar Antonio de Carvajal: rice fields (Chinese), bananas (originated in Pacific islands) and coconuts (originated in south Pacific)

  Maldonado: sugar cane (India)

  José de Acosta: chickens – Frizzle fowl (China), Black Melanotic (China/SE Asia), Asian jungle fowl (SE Asia), Langerian gourds (SE Asia) – and Chinese ship’s dogs (B. Chang)

  Marajoara – pre-Columbian culture where people, tall or pale-skinned, made fine ceramics (Martin Tai evidence); water buffalo found there

  Chinese pigs (canastrinho) in São Paulo and Minas Gerais

  Horses – remains found in Confins cave

 

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