by Max Hastings
Schulze-Boysen, Libertas, 191–2, 246
Schumacher, Kurt, 121, 242
Schütz, Sgt Gunther, 337
Schwartze (German NCO in North Africa), 453
Schwartze Kapelle, Die (the Black Orchestra), 193
Schwarze, Alois, 270
Scotland, Col. Alexander, 53
Sculpin (US sbmarine), 507
Seagrim, Major Hugh, 516
Seal (British submarine), 66
Sealion (British submarine), 198
‘Sealion’, Operation: postponement, 80, 151, 334
Second Front: Soviet view of, 363
Sedlacek, Capain Karel, 56
Seeburg bomber-plotting table, 418
Seekt, Gen. Hans von, 128
Sempill, Rear-Admiral William Francis Forbes-Sempill, 19th Baron, 144
Semyonov, Semyon (‘Twain’), 373–4, 527–9, 531, 556
Senter, Cmdr John, 440, 441
Sergienko, Vasily, 317
Seth, Josephine, 435–6, 441–3, 445
Seth, Ronald (‘Blunderhead’), xix, 431–46, 497, 536
Seubert, Obst. Lt., 469
Seydlitz-Kurzback, Herat von, 224
Sezione Prelevamento (Italy), 66
Sforza, Count Carlo, 307
Shamli (Turkish informer), 339
‘Shark’ submarine key, 88–90, 101, 221
Shelia, Rudolf, 23
Sherman, John, 35
Shigemitsu, Mamoru, 400
Shijnotsuka, Rorao, 37
Shirley, Lt. (of Royal Navy), 392
SHON (Soviet intelligence training school), 123
Shornyakov, Nikolai, 115
Short, Gen. Walter, 164
Shtemenko, Gen. Sergey, 456
Sicherheitsdienst (SD; German counter-intelligence), 6
Sicily: Allied invasion (1943), 206, 455, 470
Siemens & Halske T-52 (teleprinter; ‘Sturgeon’), 411, 413
‘Sierra, Vincente’ see Gourevitch, Anatoli Sukolov-
Sigaba cipher machine (US), 71
sigint (signals intelligence): defined, xxiiin; limitations, 214; and war at sea, 216; importance to Allies, 403, 548; in Pacific and Asia, 504, 510–12, 519; in Mediterranean, 549
Signal Corps (USA), 403–4
Sikorski, Gen. Władysław, 363
Silvermaster, Nathan, 379–80, 382–3
Simexco (company), 189–90, 239–40
Simon, Walter, 334–5
Sinclair, Admiral Sir Hugh (‘C’), 16, 73
Sissman, Kathleen, 207
Skillen, Hugh, 78
Skorzeny, Otto, 305, 481
Slack, Alfred, 373
Slim, Gen. William (‘Bill’), 510, 513
Smedley, Agnes, 32; China’s Red Army Marches, 142
SMERSh, 236, 238
Smith, Ernest, 71n
Smith, R. Harris, 272
Smith, Major Truman, 4
Smuts, Jan Christian, 346
Snow, C.P., 86
Snowden, Edward, xviii, 559
Sokol, Hersch and Myra, 240
Solborg, Col. (of OSS), 297
Soldatenko, Aleksandr, 321–2
Soldatenko, Elena, 322
Solomon islands, 504
Sorge, Richard (‘Ika’): xvi, xxiv; career and achievements, 31–9, 302, 351, 548; in Japan, 33–8; and German threat to USSR, 110; on Japanese intentions, 111–12; Nazi suspicion of, 112; and proposed closure of Burma Road, 112; on prospective German–Soviet war, 113, 130; meets Stennes, 122; and German invasion of USSR, 179; and prospective Japanese war against USSR, 179–81, 187; arrested and confesses, 181–2; tried and executed, 182–3; skeleton exhumed and reinterred, 542
Sorlie, Rolf, 280
Sosnowski, Col. Stanislas, 176
South Africa: Nazi sympathisers, 346–7
South America: OSS in, 184–5, 297
South Shanxi, Battle of (1941), 141
Soviet Union: sources in Germany, xxiv, 21, 32, 62; intelligence organisations, 18–19, 39; Japanese threat to border, 38; misuses pre-war intelligence, 39; exploits secret sources in occupied Europe, 54–5; Germany plans invasion, 56, 85, 103, 105, 118–19, 120, 122, 126; German invasion and advance in, 121, 133, 174, 187, 189, 203–4, 223, 483; fear of internal subversion, 123; neutrality pact with Japan, 126, 151; speculations on German strategy, 128–9; Japanese intelligence operations on, 142–3; releases political suspects for intelligence work, 174–5; prospective Japanese war on, 179, 181; limitations in technology and code-breaking, 184; transfers forces from Far East to Western Front, 184; war with Finland (1939–40), 186; German inadequate intelligence on, 224; Gehlen’s analysis of situation, 225–7; deception operations, 228–38, 455–7, 553; secrecy towards Allies, 300; prospective Western relations misjudged, 302; partisans and guerrillas, 305, 314–29, 556; fear Western Allies making secret peace with Germany, 314; German reprisals in, 322–4; information withheld from, 351; British and US informants, 352–3; suspicion of British sympathies, 360; supposed British agents in, 362; receives information from London informants, 363–4; denied access to Ultra, 364, 367; and Japanese Purple decrypts, 367; sponsors espionage in USA, 369; receives US scientific and technological data, 386; provides little information to Western Allies, 392; Japanese estimate of strength, 399; captures German interception unit, 455; Wehrmacht struggles in, 456–7; POWs recruited as informants by Abwehr, 481; plants agents for local spying, 494–5; Japanese preoccupation with, 518–19; explodes atomic bomb, 524, 535; gathers information on US atomic programme, 525–35; technological intelligence operations in USA, 533; agents shot and imprisoned after war, 538; questionable alliance with West, 543; claims to have broken Japanese and German codes, 550; benefits from loyal allies, 553; gift for conspiracy, 556; see also Stalin, Josef; Stalingrad
‘Spaak’ Resistance group, 249–50
Spain: Canaris visits, 63, 65; German espionage operations in, 339; German intelligence restricted, 469
Spanish Civil War: information on aircraft use, 11; Soviet prestige in, 353
Special Air Service (SAS), 488–9
Special Liaison Units (British and US), 394, 502, 508
Special Operations Executive (SOE): created, 55, 260, 264; coup in Yugoslavia, 106; training and field service, 261, 264–8, 272–3; criticised, 268–9; inter-service rivalries, 269, 395; captured agents interrogated, 270–2; assessed, 272, 279–82, 305; betrayals, 273; in Mediterranean, 278; agents detected by German interceptors, 279; lacks strategic directive, 279; supported by air sorties, 279; empire-building, 395; agents dropped to assist Normandy invasion, 488; in Asia, 509, 514–17; differences with MI6, 509; divides globe with OSS, 516; dissolved, 537; effectiveness, 557; see also Seth, Ronald
Speer, Albert, 401
spies: local, line-crossers and ‘stay-behind’, 491–7
Springhall, Douglas, 349
Staab, Philip, 493, 527
Stalin, Josef: on spies, xviii; diffuses power, 6; respect for British intelligence, 8; aims, 18; criticises intelligence services, 20; ruthlessness, 20–1; feared, 39–40, 237; use of intelligence, 39; controlling nature, 65; disbelieves warnings of German invasion, 103, 105–6, 110, 121, 126, 131–2, 547–8; and pact with Nazis, 103–4, 354; suspicion of Churchill, 103–4, 126–7, 206; and agreement with Yugoslavia, 106; on Sorge, 113; and Fitin, 123; believes impending Anglo-German peace, 127; early strategic preparations, 129; Merkulov and Fitin meet, 131; and assassination plan against Hitler, 176–7; and prospective Japanese threat, 179; personal control of military operations, 228; and supposed betrayal of ‘Mars’, 232; accepts loyalty of Orthodox Church, 238; political aims, 299, 349, 386; appeal to Soviet people (July 1941), 316; and Soviet guerrillas, 327; indifference to casualties, 329; demands deaths of enemies, 342; agents spy on Allies, 349; and assassination of Trotsky, 355; hostility to ‘London Poles’, 363; aware of US-British plans, 367; sees Western Allies as ultimate enemy, 368; develops interest in USA, 371; demands new deception plan, 456; creates territorial network for promoting sabotage and inte
lligence-gathering, 494; accepts assistance of Western Allies, 543; paranoia, 553
Stalingrad, 225–8, 232–3, 399, 455, 538, 547
Stauffenberg, Claus Schenck von, 313
Stein, Gunther, 37
Stein, Karl, 452, 458
Stennes, Captain Walter Maria, 122
Stephens, Lt. Twm, 489
Stephenson, Sir William (‘Little Bill’): liaison function, xxv, 96–7; builds up organisation in USA, 97; relations with Donovan, 97–9; on ageing MI6, 306, 537; Belfrage works for, 379
Steptoe, Harry, 10
Stern, Alfred, 375–6
Stettinius, Edward, 296
Steveni, Lt. Col. Leo, 509
Stevens, Major Richard, 44–5, 117
Steventon, Flt Lt. Donald, 420
Stewart, Second Officer Donald, 136–7
Stewart, Group-Captain Peter, 203
Stigler, Franz, 467
Stimson, Henry, 4, 403
Stöbe, Ilse, 23, 191, 248
Stockholm: as wartime intelligence centre, 338, 341–2, 344–5, 479
Stokes, Hamilton, 343
Straight, Michael, 375, 381
Strojil, Obst. Lt., 469
Strong, Maj. Gen. George V., 283
Strong, Kenneth: receives requests for information, 47; questions genuineness of captured intelligence, 49; on German ineptness in landing agents, 57; on new intelligence methods, 70; character, 499; heads Allied intelligence organisation, 499; and Ardennes offensive (1944), 500–1
Stuart, Charles, 60
Stuart, Iseult, 333–4
Stülpnagel, Gen. Carl-Heinrich, 313
Stumme, Gen. Georg, 409
Submarine Tracking Room (British), 69, 216–17
Sudoplatov, Pavel: assassinates Ukrainian in Rotterdam, 18; background and career, 20–1; on Beria, 20; endorses Korotkov order, 117; and proposed secret Russo–German peace, 127; informed of German invasion, 133; heads NKVD’s ‘Administration for Special Tasks’, 174, 177; organises Trotsky’s asassination, 174; caution, 175; on mission to Caucasus, 178–9; promoted, 178; and use of elite units, 178; on betrayal of ‘Mars’, 232; on Russian radio deception, 238; and Operation ‘Monastery’, 279–80, 455–6; recruits Demyanov, 279–80; on importance of confidential contacts, 314; organises stay-behind operators and guerrilla groups, 316, 326; on Allied summits, 376; on Hiss, 377; meets Stalin, 456; gathers information on US atomic programme, 526, 528–9, 531; on final victory, 538; imprisoned as ‘enemy of the people’, 539; and subversion, 559
Sudoplatova, Emma, 20–1, 133, 237–8
Sukolov-Gourevitch, Anatoli see Gourevitch, Anatoli Sukolov-
Suss, Louis (‘Salter’), 24, 109
Sweden: breaks off economic relations with Germany, 480; see also Stockholm
Sweet-Escott, Bickham, 264, 266–7, 279, 292, 299, 304
Sweezy, Paul, 299, 302
Swinemünde, 420
Swinton, Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of, 208
Switzerland: Soviet agents in, 24–6, 107–10, 251; Dulles in, 306–9; wartime profiteering, 309; as intelligence centre, 340, 347–8, 476–7; fear of German occupation, 347–8; Schellenberg in, 474–5, 481; German invasion threat, 476–7; ‘Viking’ intelligence line, 476–7; see also ‘Lucy’ Ring
Sykes, Caprain, 264
Szilárd, Leó, 526–7
Szrajer, F/O, 427
Szymańska, Halina, 17, 64
Tachibana network (California), 144
Taconis, Thys, 269
Tai Li, 297
Taiwan, 521
Tajina Maru (Japanese trawler), 508
Takayama, Col. Shinobu, 149
Tamura, Col. Hiroshi, 153–4
Tanabe, Kazuo, 145
Tangier (US seaplane tender), 170
Taunt, Derek, 90
Taylor, Lt. Col. Telford, 404
Tedrekin, Arnold, 433
‘Teffi’ (Ankara agent), 118
Telecommunications Research Establishment (British), 256
teleprinters: used by German high command, 411–16
Tennei, Helen, 377
Teplinsky, Maj. Gen. Boris, 236–7
Tester, Major Ralph, 413
Tew, AC1, 87
Thailand: Japanese intelligence-gathering in, 153–4; British and US agents arrested, 515
Thoma, Gen. Wilhelm, Ritter von, 421
Thomas, Edward, 86
Thomas, Gen. Georg, xx–xxi
Thompson, Harry, 143
Thomsen, Henning, 336
Thor (German merchant cruiser), 94–5
Thummel, Paul (agent A–54), 1, 40–1, 48, 56, 109
Tiltman, Col. John, 74, 80, 86, 408, 411–12, 545
Times, The, 365
Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon Konstantinovitch, 127
Tinchebray, Captain, 270
Tippelskirch, Gen. Kurt von, 455, 457
Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von, 29
Tirpitz (German battleship), 199, 214, 312
Tishiyuji, Rear-Admiral Yokoi, 521
Tito, Josip Broz, 272, 278, 295, 364, 536
Tizard, Sir Henry Thomas: mission to USA, 99
Todt Organisation, 190
Tojo, Gen. Hideki, 150–1, 181
Tokko (Japanese security police), 181–2
Tokyo: Sorge in, 33–5, 37–8
Tolstoy, Ilya, 293
Tolstoy, Captain Sergei, 183–4
Tonkin, Captain John, 389
Tooze, Adam, 13
‘Torch’ landings (North Africa, November 1942), 206, 411, 454–5, 479
torpedoes: US failures, 507
Toscanini, Countess Wally, 306
Toynbee, Philip, 352, 357
Tranow, Wilhelm, 218, 220
Travis, Edward, 88–9, 91, 412, 511–12, 552
Trepper, Leopold: background, 23; with Gourevitch in Brussels, 30–1, 239; moves to Paris (1940), 54; intelligence network, 55, 244, 541; ordered to contact Berlin agents, 189; receives profits from Simexco, 190; Berlin networks use transmitter, 193; knows identities of ‘Red Orchestra’, 239; returns to Paris with Gourevitch, 240; in Gestapo hands, 248–50; wireless operator seized, 248; imprisoned in Russia, 539
Trevelyan, G.M., 206
Trevor-Roper, Hugh: serves in intelligence, xxiv, 59; criticises MI6 officers, 9, 392–3; disparages Menzies, 17, 67, 208; shadows and studies Canaris, 57–8, 60, 63–4, 67, 208; reads Abwehr traffic, 58–9, 63; on Gambier-Parry, 59–60, 208; background and qualities, 60–1; heads MI6’s Radio Analysis Bureau’s intelligence section, 60; on German information bureaux, 61; stressed at Bletchley Park, 77; high-handed behaviour, 207–8; relations with MI6 colleagues, 207–8; on ‘Max’ (agent), 234–5; on German skill in countering Resistance, 271; disdain for American colleagues, 292; on value of studying public sources, 302–3; under-estimates communist threat, 353; on Philby, 361–2, 366; defines treason, 366; as chronicler of service, 394; on effect of ‘Cicero’ leaks, 463; on German intelligence disorder, 469–70, 472; interrogates Schellenberg, 544; later career and death, 544; on achievements of sigint, 548; on verifiable intelligence, 549; The Last Days of Hitler, 545
Trevor-Roper, Richard, 58
Tributh, Herbt, 335
Trigger (US submarine), 507
Trompke, Paul, 346
Trotsky, Leon: assassination, 18, 174, 355, 381; Blumkin gives money to, 371
Trott, Adam von, 395
Truman, Harry S., 538
Tsuchihashi, Major-Gen. Yuichi, 149
‘Tube Alloys’, 525
Tucker, Robert, 301
Tuckerman, Laura Wolcott, 289
Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail Nikolayevich, 2
Tunney, Gene, 96
Tunny decrypts, 487
Turing, Alan: role at Bletchley Park, xxi, xxiv, 73, 547; background and character, 73–4, 77; plans ‘bombe’ machine, 75, 80, 411, 413; Knox disparages, 77; brilliance, 79; interest in German naval traffic, 82; plea to Churchill for more staff, 86; visits USA, 101; replaced as head of Hut 8, 410; studies electronic circuitry
, 414; Flowers works with, 415; and development of ‘Colossus’, 416; awarded CBE, 545; death, 546; reputation, 546–7
Turkey: neutral status, 339–40; breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany, 464; Abwehr in, 471–2; anti-communism, 479; see also Ankara
Turner, Cobden, 43–4
Tutte, Bill, xxii, 412, 414, 545
Tutte, Dorothea, 546
Twenty Committee (British), 58, 359, 468, 484
Type-X cipher machine (British), 71, 81, 448, 452
U-67 (German submarine), 220
U-110 (German submarine), 83
U-111 (German submarine), 220
U-559 (German submarine), 89–90
U-boats: Ultra locates, xxii; successes, 82; signals read at Bletchley, 83, 90; campaign, 213; British lack technical knowledge of, 215; crews resist interrogation, 215; located, 217; informed of convoy movements, 218, 551; inadequate numbers, 221; sunk on passage to and from Japan, 397; types and equipment, 401; refuelling points attacked, 508
Ukraine: partisans, 317; welcomes German liberators, 317; rebellion in, 559
Ullmann, William, 382–3
Ultra: as term, xxii; importance, 69–70, 207, 209; and German invasion of USSR, 85; kept secret from USA, 99–100, 351; successes, 196; distribution of information, 209–10; secrecy protected, 213–14, 394, 405–6, 488, 553; information passed to Russians, 253; USSR denied access to, 364, 367; intercepts German traffic, 407; in North Africa, 408–9; strategic value, 418; and Allied invasion plans, 485–7; in Italian campaign, 488; final intervention in north-west Europe campaign, 490; and Ardennes offensive (1944), 499–501; in Pacific campaign, 504, 506, 508–9, 512; dominance, 548–9
Umansky, Konstantin, 384
United Nations: founding conference (San Francisco), 386
United States of America: lacks pre-war intelligence service, 4; Soviet-sponsored espionage in, 31, 369–83, 537; German agents sent to, 48; Rome embassy penetrated, 66; Churchill aims to draw into war, 96; intelligence liaison with Britain, 96–102, 404–5; Office of War Information, 99, 260; wartime relations with Britain, 99; attacked at Pearl Harbor, 156; intelligence achievements and weaknesses, 156–7, 551–2, 556; command weaknesses, 206; lacks supreme authority figure, 304; loose security, 368; communism in, 369, 385; value of information passed to Russia, 387; Signals Intelligence Service, 395, 403; emphasises sigint, 403–4; inter-service rivalries, 407, 551; careless signals procedures in North Africa, 409; Sigaba (encrypting machine), 448, 458; loses cipher machine in France, 458; messages broken on invasion of Normandy, 486–7; rivalry in Asia with Britain, 513, 516–18; Japanese agents in, 520; see also Arlington Hall