by Sudhir Kakar
18 See Sundari Ravindran, WS34-44.
19 Ibid., WS-38.
20 In the feeling of well-being produced by the movie’s happy end, we often fail to notice that the love marriage of the hero and heroine usually becomes an arranged one ‘after the fact’ when one or other sets of parents withdraw their opposition to the love match and both sets of parents come together at the end of the movie to bless the couple.
21 See S. Kakar and J.M. Ross, Tales of Love, Sex and Danger (New York: Blackwell, 1987), chap. 1.
22 Sundari Ravindran, WS-38.
23 See S. Kakar, Intimate Relations: Exploring Indian Sexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), chap. 5.
24 G.N. Ramu, Women, Work and Marriage in Urban India (Delhi: Sage, 1990).
25 O. Kernberg, ‘Love, the Couple, and the Group: A Psychoanalytic Frame’, Psychoanalytic Quarterly 49, 1980, 78-108.
SEXUALITY
1 M. Castleman, ‘Review of Wendy Doniger and Sudhir Kakar’s Kamasutra: A New Translation (London & New York: Oxford University Press, 2002)’ in Salon.com, 29 May 2002. Much of the following is from the Introduction in the Doniger and Kakar book in which Doniger was very much the senior author. The quotes from the Kamasutra, in Doniger’s translation, are from the same book.
2 R. Schmidt, Beitreage zur Indischen Erotik. Das Liebesleben der Sanskritvoelker (Berlin: Verlag Barsdorf, 1911), 1.
3 Kalidasa, Kumara Sambhava, in V.P. Joshi, ed., The Complete Works of Kalidasa (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976), 8.1.
4 Manu, 5.154.
5 Kamasutra, 6.3.41-3.
6 Manu, 9.15.
7 Kamasutra, 5.1.8.
8 Ibid., 2.10.6-13.
9 Kakar and Ross, Tales of Love, Sex and Danger, 202.
10 Kamasutra, 2.2.31.
11 Varahamira, Brihatsamhita, vol. 2, tr. M.R. Bhat (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas), 74.20.
12 Jayadeva, Gita Govinda, tr., Barbara Stoler Miller (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 89.
13 A. Bouhdiba, La Sexualite en Islam (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1975).
14 W. O’Flaherty, Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), 51.
15 See S. Bott and S. Jejeebhoy, ‘Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Behavior: A Review of Evidence from India’, in R. Ramasubban and S. Jejeebhoy, eds.,Women’s Reproductive Health in India (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2000), 40-101.
16 K. Poggendorf-Kakar, Hindu Frauen zwischen Tradition und Moderne (Stuttgart: Metzler Verlag, 2002), 81, 54.
17 Ibid., 82.
18 Kakar, Intimate Relations, op.cit., 20.
19 V. Geetha, ‘On Bodily Love and Hurt’, in M. John and J. Nair, eds., A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India (Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998), 304-31.
20 Kakar, Intimate Relations, 19.
21 Sundari Ravindran, WS-42.
22 M. Pande, Stepping Out: Life and Sexuality in Rural India (Delhi: Penguin, 2003).
23 Kakar, Intimate Relations, chap. 5.
24 M.E. Khan et al., ‘Sexual Violence within Marriage’, Seminar 447, 1996, 32-5, cited in S. Jejeebhoy and S. Bott, Nonconsensual Sexual Experiences of Young People: A Review of Evidence from Developing Countries (Delhi: Population Council, 2003), 9. See also, A. George, ‘Newly Married Adolescent Women: Experiences from Case Studies in Urban India’, in S. Bott et al., eds., Toward Adulthood: Exploring the Sexual Reproductive Health of Adolescents in South Asia (Geneva: WHO, 2003), 67-70.
25 Kamasutra, 3.2.5-6.
26 This section is elaborated in greater detail in The Inner World, 87-103.
27 A.K. Ramanujan, ‘The Indian Oedipus’, in E. Lowell and A. Dundes, eds., Oedipus: A Folklore Casebook (New York: Garland, 1984), 254.
28 M.S. Gore, ‘The Husband-Wife and Mother-Son Relationship’, Sociological Bulletin 11, 1961, 91-102.
29 S.C. Dube, Indian Village (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 190-7.
30 S. Asthana and R. Oostvogels, ‘The Social Construction of Male Homosexuality in India: Implications for HIV Transmission and Prevention’, Social Science & Medicine 52, 2001. See also J. Seabrook, Love in a Different Climate: Men Who Have Sex with Men in India (London: Verso, 1999).
31 Interview with Ashok Row Kavi, http://gaytoday,badpuppy.com/ garchive/interview/050399in.htm
32 R. Vanita and S. Kidwai, eds., Same-Sex Love in India (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000), 28-30.
33 See Saleem Kidwai’s Introduction to Part 3 of Same-Sex Love in India, 107-22.
34 This is especially true of precolonial Urdu poets. See T. Rahman, ‘Boy Love in Urdu Ghazal’, Annual of Urdu Studies 7, 1990, 1–20; C.M. Naim, ‘The Theme of Homosexual (Pederastic) Love in Pre-Modern Urdu Poetry’, in M.U. Memon, ed., Studies in the Urdu Ghazal and Prose Fiction (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1979), 120-42.
35 D. Shastri, cited in Doniger and Kakar, Kamasutra, 35.
HEALTH AND HEALING; DYING AND DEATH
1 A substantial part of this chapter is based on S. Kakar, Shamans, Mystics and Doctors (New York: Knopf, 1982), chap. 8, and S. Kakar, ‘Health and Medicine in the Living Traditions of Hinduism’, in L. Sullivan, ed., Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World’s Religious Traditions (New York: Macmillan, 1989), 111-26.
2 G. Obeyesekere, ‘The Theory and Practice of Psychological Medicine in the Ayurvedic Tradition’, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 1, 1977, 155.
3 M. Bode, ‘Taking Traditional Knowledge to the Market: The Commoditization of Indian Medicine’, in Anthropolgy and Medicine 13:3, 2006, 225-36.
4 See also, T. Nisula, ‘In the Presence of Biomedicine: Ayurveda, Medical Integration and Health Seeking in Mysore, South India’, in Anthropology and Medicine, 13:3, 2006, 207-24.
5 Bode, op.cit.
6 The passage is adapted from Tarashankar Bandopadhyay’s novel Arogya Niketan on an old Ayurvedic doctor’s confrontation with the advent of Western medicine; see S. Kakar, ‘Doctor at Large’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 6 July 1986, 19-21.
7 Cited in Bode, op.cit.
8 A. Gopnik, ‘Two Cooks’, The New Yorker, 5 September 2005, 91-98.
9 Ibid., 97.
10 Cited in B. Das, ‘A History of Ayurveda’, http://ayurveda-herbs.com
11 There are a large number of studies in support of these conclusions. For older studies, see, for example, H. Ramachandran, Environment, Health and Health Care System (Bangalore, 1984); M.E. Khan and C.V.S. Prasad, Health Seeking Behavior and Adoption of Family Planning in Himachal Pradesh (Baroda: ORG, 1984). For newer studies documenting that nothing has changed in the last two decades, see M. Raina and S. Bonu, ‘Rural Indian Women’s Care Seeking Behavior and Choice of Provider for Gynecological Symptoms’, in Studies in Family Planning 34:3, 2003, 175-85. For a comprehensive review of studies on the health care of poor children, see, S. Awasthi and S. Agarwal, ‘Determinants of Childhood Mortality and Morbidity in Urban Slums in India’, in Indian Pediatrics 40, 2003, 1145-61.
12 For an excellent review of the state of primary health care in India, see N. Bajpai and S. Goyal, Primary Health Care in India: Coverage and Quality Issues (Earth Institute, Columbia University, 2004).
13 Saumya Das, ‘Epidemic Proportions’, in The American Prospect Online, 29 July 2001.
14 Bhagavad Gita 2:27.
15 V. Das, ‘Reflections on the Social Construction of Adulthood’, in S. Kakar, ed., Identity and Adulthood (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979), 98.
RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL LIFE
1 A. Michaels, Der Hinduismus: Geshichte und Gegenwart (Hinduism: History and Present) (Munich: Beck Verlag, 1998), 17-8.
2 This section is largely based on S. Kakar, ‘In Krishna’s Mouth: Globalization and Hindu Nationalism’, unpublished talk given at Centre for Study of Religions, Harvard University, October 2000.
3 See C. Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics (New Delhi: Penguin, 1996).
4 V. Savarkar, Hindutva (1923) (Mumbai: Sw
atantrya Veer Savarkar Rashtriya Samarak, 1999).
5 Prerna, ‘VHP Bares Fangs Against Conversion’, Tehelka.com, 4 March 2001.
6 Vishwa Hindu Parishad, The Hindu Awakening: Retrospect and Promise (New Delhi: Vishwa Hindu Parishad, n.d.).
7 M.M. Joshi, ‘Need for Selective Globalization’, Organizer, 21 May 2000.
8 R. Grew, ‘On Global History’, unpublished ms. for the Conference on Global History, Bellagio, 16-21 July 1991.
9 K. Klostermeier, ‘The Response of Modern Vaishnavism’, in H.G. Coward, ed., Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism (Albany: SUNY Press, 1987).
10 K.S. Sudarshan, Vijayadashmi Speech, in Organizer.
11 D. Idate, Global Hindutva in the Twenty-first Century and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Mumbai: Hindu Vivek Kendra, 1997), 1.
12 A. Pandya, Hindu Thought and World Harmony (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1989), 51-2.
13 See K. Poggendorf-Kakar, Hindu Frauen Zwischen Tradition und Moderne (Stuttgart: Melzer Verlag, 2002).
14 K. Poggendorf-Kakar, Der Gottesmensch aus Puttaparthi (Hamburg: Dr Kovacs Verlag, 1999). See also her Adaption-Reinterpretation-Interdependenz: Postmoderne Religiositaet an Beispiel der Sathya-Sai Baba-Bewegung, in M. Bergunder, ed., Reinterpretation Hinduistischer Tradition in Kulturellen Kontext (forthcoming).
15 Swami Vivekananda, The Complete Works, Mayavati Memorial Edition (Calcutta: Advaita Ashram, 1955), vol. 1, 331-2.
16 S. Gurumurthy, ‘Unravel Truth through Debates’, Organizer, 10 September 2000.
CONFLICT: HINDUS AND MUSLIMS
1 M.K. Gandhi, ‘Hindu-Muslim Tension: Its Cause and Cure’, in CWMG, vol. 28, 65.
2 This chapter is substantially based on S. Kakar, The Colors of Violence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
3 See, for example, R.C. Majumdar, Historiography in Modern India (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1970).
4 Romila Thapar et al., Communalism and the Writing of Indian History (Delhi: People’s Publishing, 1969).
5 G. Pandey, The Colonial Construction of Communalism in North India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990).
6 N. Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987); G. Rude, The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1848 (New York: Wiley, 1964); A.A. Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India (Hyderabad: Sangam Books, 1985).
7 M. Walzer, ‘Nations and Minorities’, in C. Fried, ed., Minorities: Community and Identity (Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1982).
8 M. Marty and S. Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
9 A. Varshney and S. Wilkinson, Hindu-Muslim Riots, 1960-93 (New Delhi: Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Contemporary Studies, 1996).
10 G. Krishna, ‘Communal Violence in India’, in Economic and Political Weekly 20, 1985, 117-31.
11 Gandhi, ‘What May Hindus Do?’ in CWMG, vol. 28, 183.
12 The quotes are from S. Kakar, The Colors of Violence, chaps. 4 and 5.
13 Dube, Indian Village, 187.
14 Kakar, The Colors of Violence, 137.
15 A.J. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, H.K. Beauchamp, ed. and trans. (Calcutta: Rupa, 1992), 218.
16 Kakar, Shamans, Mystics and Doctors, chap. 3.
17 Kakar, The Colors of Violence, 161.
18 Ibid.
19 M. Hasan, ‘Minority Identity and its Discontents: Responses and Representations’, paper read at International Congress of Asian Studies, Hong Kong, August 1993.
20 A. S. Ahmed, Discovering Islam (New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 1990), 158-60. See also I. Ahmed, ed., Modernization and Social Change among Muslims (Delhi: Manohar, 1983).
21 Kakar, The Colors of Violence, 114-8.
22 Ibid., 161-2.
23 Ibid., 180.
24 Ibid., 165.
25 Ibid., 182.
26 Ibid., 184.
27 This section is adapted from S. Kakar, ‘Rumors and Riots’, in G. Fine et al., eds., Rumor Mills (Hawthorne, NY: Transaction, 2005), 53-60.
28 There is a judicial commission currently probing into what exactly happened.
29 Kakar, The Colors of Violence, 43.
30 E.H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1952).
31 See Y. Gampel, ‘The Role of Social Violence in Psychic Reality’, in J. Ahumada et al., eds., The Perverse Transference and Other Matters (Northvale, New Jersey: Aronson, 1997).
32 M. Likierman, ‘The Function of Anger in Human Conflict’, International Review of Psychoanalysis 14:2, 1987, 143-62.
33 D. Horowitz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 545-55.
THE INDIAN MIND
1 For an elaboration of the Hindu world view see S. Kakar, The Inner World, chap. 2.
2 A.K. Ramanujan, ‘Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?’, in M. Marriott, ed., India through Hindu Categories (Newbury, California: Sage, 1990), 41-58.
3 F. Max Mueller, India: What Can it Teach Us? (New Delhi: Penguin, 2000).
4 Manu, 8:267.
5 Gautama, cited in Ramanujan, ‘Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?’, 46.
6 Manu, 8:352-62.
7 Kamasutra, Book 5.
8 R. Shweder and E.J. Bourne, ‘Does the Concept of the Person vary Cross-Culturally?’ in R. Shweder and R. LeVine, eds., Culture Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 158-99.
9 S. Kakar, The Colors of Violence, chap. 5.
10 S. Kakar, The Inner World, 44-5.
11 Ibid., 49
12 S. Kakar, ‘Psychoanalysis and Non-Western Cultures’, International Review of Psychoanalysis 12, 1985, 441-8.
13 The expression is by McKim Marriott; see his ‘Hindu Transactions: Diversity without Duality’, in B. Kapferer, ed., Transactions and Meaning (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1976), 109-42.
14 Cited in R. Lannoy, The Speaking Tree (London: Oxford University Press, 1976), 78.
15 M. Franz, Puer Aeternus: A Psychological Study of the Adult Struggle with the Paradise of Childhood (Toronto: Inner City Books, 2000). We owe this reference and observation to David Johnston, ‘A Comprehensive Approach to Psychotherapy’, unpublished ms., November 2005.
16 See also B. Schaffner, ‘Androgyny in Indian Art and Culture: Psychoanalytic Implications’, Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis 29(1), 2000, 113-25.
17 See Kakar and Ross, Tales of Love, Sex and Danger, 99.
THE BEGINNING
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