13. FDR to S. R. Bertron, November 28, 1922, FDR Papers, 1920–1928.
14. Freidel, FDR, II, 187–189; FDR to SDR, March 5, 1923, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1905–1928 [hereafter Personal Letters, II], ed. Elliott Roosevelt, assisted by James N. Rosenau (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948), 535–536; Weona II log, FDR Papers (Family, Business, and Personal), FDRL; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 660–663.
15. Larooco logs in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 536–544, 552–560, 570–577, 592–609.
16. Freidel, FDR, II, 191.
17. Tobin, The Man He Became, chs. 10–12; “FDR’s Ties to Georgia Introduction,” Georgia Info, http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/FDRvisit.htm.
18. ER, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Row, 1949), 27.
19. Atlanta Journal, October 26, 1934; FDR to SDR, October 1924, in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 567–568.
20. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 3: The Advance of Recovery and Reform (New York: Random House, 1938), 487–488; Ward, A First-Class Temperament, 722–725; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928 [hereafter FDR, I] (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), 787.
21. Freidel, interview with ER, September 3, 1952.
22. ER to FDR, May 4, 1926, quoted in Roosevelt, Personal Letters, II, 611.
23. David Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 35–55; “Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, 1940” (report), Disability History Museum, http://www.disabilitymuseum.org/lib/docs/2168.htm. On the policy for indigent clients, see FDR to Frederic A. Delano, August 25, 1931, FDR Papers (Governor of New York).
24. FDR to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, June 29, 1927, Roosevelt Family Papers (Donated by the Children), Family Correspondence, FDRL; ER, This I Remember, 44, 367–368.
25. See, e.g., the story on Eugene Murphy, NYT, December 22, 1928, and the more typical account of Pauline Murrell, NYT, November 24 (news story), 26 (Le Roy Hubbard, letter to the editor), 1932. See also the balanced and intelligent feature story by Diana Rice, NYT, September 27, 1931.
26. On fund-raising in general, see, e.g., stories in NYT, June 7, 17, November 28, 1930. For the life insurance policy, see NYT, October 18, 19, 1930. For Edsel Ford gift, see Ford to FDR, March 15, 1928, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL. See also FDR to Henry Morgenthau Sr., January 29, 1929, and July 10, 1930, FDR Papers (Governor of New York), FDRL, for examples of correspondence with an important donor. On the Foundation payback, see ER, This I Remember, 367–368.
27. Frank B. Freidel, interview with ER, September 3, 1952.
28. WP, March 19, 1937; William E. Leuchtenburg, The White House Looks South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 36.
Chapter 9: The Young Prince Returns
1. For St. John the Divine, see NYT, January 22, 1925.
2. For examples of FDR’s activity with the construction council, see numerous stories in NYT, 1923–1928, and Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal [hereafter FDR, II] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1954), 151–158.
3. FDR to Cordell Hull, November 4, 1921, FDR Papers, 1920–1928, FDRL.
4. NYT, August 15, 16, 17, 1922; SDR to FDR, August 28, 1922, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, Correspondence, SDR, FDRL.
5. NYT, June 24, 26, July 13, 1924.
6. James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately, F.D.R.: A Son’s Story of a Courageous Man (London: George G. Harrap & Company, 1960), 184–186; NYT, June 27, 1924.
7. NYT, June 27, 1924.
8. Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928 [hereafter FDR, I] (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), 757.
9. ER, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), 31–32.
10. Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1: 1884–1933 [hereafter Eleanor Roosevelt, I] (New York: Viking Penguin, 1992), 291–299; Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 280; SDR to FDR, March 15, 18, 1924, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, FDRL.
11. NYT, May 25, 1925 (party magazine); June 8, 1925, November 7, 1926; January 5, 1927 (Junior Democratic League); September 28, 1926 (full status for women); December 2, 1927 (women nominees); “Women Must Learn to Play the Game as Men Do,” Red Book (April 1928), 78–79, 141–142 (reprinted in Allida M. Black, What I Hope to Leave Behind: The Essential Essays of Eleanor Roosevelt [Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing, 1995], 195–200).
12. For housing, see NYT, November 16, 1924, March 21, April 15, 1926; profile in NYT, April 8, 1928 (magazine section); “blacklist invitation” in NYT, May 1, 1928.
13. NYT, September 5, 1926, January 30, 1928.
14. NYT, January 25, April 18, 1928; ER, “Why Democrats Favor Smith,” North American Review 224 (November 1927), 472–475, in Black, What I Hope to Leave Behind, 349–351.
15. This and the following paragraphs about the ER-Cook-Dickerson relationship draw primarily on Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, I, 318–337, 383–384, 397–399, and Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 277–278, 298, 304–308, 475–478.
16. For this and the preceding paragraph, see articles in NYT, June 24, July 8, 22, August 10 (magazine section), 1930; also see Literary Digest, August 30, 1930 (“The Modern Wife’s Difficult Job”), and Pictorial Review, December 1931 (“Ten Rules for Success in Marriage”), both in Black, What I Hope to Leave Behind, 201–213.
17. See, e.g., FDR to George White, December 5, 1924, General Manuscript Collection, Marietta College Library. White would later become governor of Ohio. Thanks to Professor Irene Neu for providing this example.
18. NYT, March 9, 1925.
19. NYT, March 10, 22, April 5, 9, 1925; WP, March 19, April 5, 1925.
20. FDR to Thomas Pendell, October 2, 1922, FDR Papers, 1920–1928.
21. FDR to James Edgerton, January 27, 1925, FDR Papers, 1920–1928.
22. FDR to Thomas Pendell, September 4, 1922, FDR Papers, 1920–1928.
23. Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), esp. 330–355.
24. FDR, review of Jefferson and Hamilton, in the New York Evening World, December 3, 1925, as reprinted in Basil Rauch, ed., The Roosevelt Reader (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1957), 43–47.
25. FDR to Adolphus Reagan, December 28, 1925, and FDR to George Foster Peabody, December 11, 1925, both in FDR Papers, 1920–1928.
26. On the Mississippi valley flood, see FDR’s correspondence with George St. Jean in FDR Papers, 1920–1928, articles in NYT, May 13, 19, 1927, and FDR, letter to the editor, NYT, August 25, 1927; Freidel, FDR, II, 225–226.
27. Atlanta Constitution, March 26, 1927, quoted in NYT, March 27, 1927.
28. FDR to Lippmann, August 6, 1928, quoted in Freidel, FDR, II, 243n. For radio coverage, see NYT, June 24, 1928.
29. NYT, June 28, 1928. See also Davis, FDR, I, 820–823, and Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 784–785.
Chapter 10: Chief Executive
1. Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal [hereafter FDR, II] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1954), 246–247.
2. Ernest K. Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Career in Progressive Democracy (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931), 16–20.
3. See newspaper commentary in NYT, October 3, 1928; NYT, October 13, 1928.
4. Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 21; Francis Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking Press, 1946), 44–45; Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 21–22.
5. NYT, October 7, 17, 20, 26, 27, 31, November 4, 1928; Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 1: The Gene
sis of the New Deal, 1928–1932 [hereafter Public Papers, I] (New York: Random House, 1938), ch. 1.
6. NYT, November 7, 1928.
7. For the final results, see NYT, December 4 (Associated Press tally), December 12 (State Board of Canvassers), 1928. The two tallies are nearly identical.
8. ER, interview with Frank Freidel, July 13, 1954, FDRL.
9. NYT, April 4, 8, 9, 1929.
10. Edward S. McGuire to FDR, July 16, 1932; FDR to McGuire, July 26, 1932; FDR to Coughlin, July 29, 1932, all in Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, Political Files, FDRL.
11. This and the following paragraphs on ER and Miller rely heavily on Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1: 1884–1933 (New York: Viking Penguin, 1992), ch. 18, and Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 340–342.
12. ER, interview with Frank Freidel, September 3, 1952, FDRL; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New York Years, 1928–1933 [hereafter FDR, II] (New York: Random House, 1985), 32.
13. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 51; ER, interview with Frank Freidel, September 3, 1952, FDRL. See also Elisabeth Israels Perry, Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age of Alfred E. Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).
14. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 323; Alfred B. Rollins, Jr., Roosevelt and Howe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 246; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 53.
15. Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 252–254.
16. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, ch. 3.
17. Farley quoted in Norman Littell to Mrs. Norman Littell, March 30, 1939, Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, FDRL.
18. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 75–80; NYT, January 2, 1929.
19. Finla G. Crawford, “The Executive Budget Decision in New York,” American Political Science Review 24, no. 2 (May 1930): 403–408; Bernard Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York [hereafter FDR as Governor] (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), 37–57; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 399–348.
20. The following paragraphs on Roosevelt’s public power policies draw in general on Bellush, FDR as Governor, chs. 9–10; Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956), ch. 8; Davis, FDR, II, 88–101; and Rosenman, Public Papers, I, ch. 4.
21. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 77–78, 82; FDR to Mackenzie King, June 17, August 20, 1929, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 [hereafter PL, 1928–1945], ed. Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 66, 71. Forum article summarized in NYT, November 20, 1929; for public service commissioner resignation, see NYT, February 6, 1930. See also Samuel I. Rosenman, “Governor Roosevelt’s Power Program,” Nation (September 18, 1929), 302–303.
22. FDR to Frederic Delano, November 22, 1929, in Roosevelt, PL, 1928–1945, 90–91; Frederic Delano to FDR, November 25, 1929, FDR Papers (Governor of New York), FDRL.
23. Ernest K. Lindley, “Two Years of Franklin Roosevelt,” Nation (September 17, 1930), 289–291. Roosevelt’s own summary of his achievements can be found in his public letter to Senator Robert F. Wagner, NYT, September 11, 1930, and legislative stories in NYT, April 9, 1929, April 12 (editorial), 17, 22, 1930.
24. Lindley, “Two Years of Franklin Roosevelt,” 289–291.
25. Dr. Leroy Hubbard quoted in NYT, January 2, 1929.
26. ER, interview with Frank Freidel, July 13, 1954, FDRL.
27. Lindley, “Two Years of Franklin Roosevelt,” 289–291.
28. NYT, August 27, 1930.
29. FDR, public letter to Robert F. Wagner, September 9, 1930, in NYT, September 11, 1930.
30. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 41–47; text of radio speech in NYT, October 10, 1930.
31. Freidel, FDR, II, 85–88; Curtis Dall to FDR, February 16, 1930, December 30, 1934, Anna Roosevelt Halsted Papers, FDRL. Dall’s professional moves can be traced in NYT, February 22, 28, December 31, 1930, December 29, 1932, March 29, April 29, July 1, October 24, 1933, December 30, 1934.
32. For this and the following paragraphs about banking issues, see Freidel, FDR, II, 92–94, 186–192, and related stories and editorials in NYT, March 5, 8, 24, 25, 28, May 15, October 21, 1931, January 7, 10, February 4, 6, March 8, April 24, May 29, 1932.
33. See NYT, March 7, 1930, for an account of a Communist hunger march broken up by police. Richard Vedder and Lowell Gallaway, Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1993), 77.
34. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, ch. 8. See also stories on Perkins’s unemployment statistics in NYT, February 11, March 11, 22, April 10, June 12, July 26, October 9, 1930, June 11, 1931.
35. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 447–452; Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, 100–105.
36. NYT, August 28, 1930, October 27, November 7, 1931, March 3, 1932; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 453–457.
37. Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 457–470; NYT, August 29, 1931.
38. Freidel, FDR, II, 219–227; Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 31–33.
39. NYT, March 3, August 1, 12, September 6 (editorial), October 5, 18, 1932; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 470–473.
40. NYT, May 28, July 10, August 2, 1932.
41. See NYT, January 7, 1932, for the full text of the speech; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 111–125, quote at 124.
Chapter 11: Destiny Calls
1. FDR to F. W. McLean, January 22, 1932, in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 1: The Genesis of the New Deal, 1928–1932 [hereafter Public Papers, I], ed. Samuel I. Rosenman (New York: Random House, 1938), 623–624.
2. Christopher M. Finan, Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior (New York: Hill and Wang, 2002), 266–267; FDR to John Godfrey Saxe, November 3, 1931, in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 [hereafter PL, 1928–1945], ed. Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 1:227–228.
3. FDR to Smith, November 10, 1931, in Roosevelt, PL, 1928–1945, 1:229; NYT, November 16 (editorial), 19, 1931; Clark Howell to FDR, December 2, 1931, in Roosevelt, PL, 1928–1945, 1:229–232.
4. NYT, February 8, 1932.
5. James Farley, Behind the Ballots: The Personal History of a Politician (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1938), 96; NYT, February 9, 1932.
6. The Crater-Wagner relationship is documented in NYT, September 4, 5, 1930, and Richard J. Tofel, Vanishing Point: The Disappearance of Judge Crater and the New York He Left Behind (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004), 16–17, 88, 106–107. The senator, who was widely acknowledged to be incorruptible, found it necessary to behave as if he had never heard of Crater. The story “Judge Crater Disappearance Possibly Solved,” New York Post, August 19, 2005, recounts a letter left by the deceased widow of a New York policeman. It asserts that her husband and a fellow officer killed Crater and buried him at Coney Island. When the alleged burial site had been excavated for the construction of the New York Aquarium in the 1950s, it had yielded human remains; there is no way of knowing whether they were Crater’s.
7. NYT, October 10, 1930; Frank B. Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Triumph [hereafter FDR, III] (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1956), 148–150.
8. Walker quote in Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New York Years, 1928–1933 (New York: Random House, 1985), 104.
9. Edward M. House to FDR, April 22, 1931, FDR Papers (Governor of New York); NYT, April 21, 29, 1931.
10. Cross to the editor, Time, February 17, 1931; Luce to Cross, February 27, 1931; Cross to Luce, March 18, 1931; Luce to Cross, March 26, 1931, FDR Papers (Governor of New York); Freidel, FDR, III, 175.
11. FDR to Lee B. Wood, November 30, 1931, FDR Papers (Governor of New York).
12. New York World-Telegram, June 21–25, 1932, clippings in FDR Papers (Governor of
New York).
13. Lippmann in the New York Herald-Tribune, January 8, 1932.
14. NYT, February 25, March 1, 2 (editorial), 1932, for Farley and replacement; NYT, February 27, 1932; Bernard Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955), 269–274; Freidel, FDR, III, 256–258.
15. NYT, February 26, March 27, 31, April 2, 1932.
16. FDR to Colonel Edward M. House, June 4, 1932, in Roosevelt, PL, 1928–1945, 1:280–281.
17. Ernest K. Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Career in Progressive Democracy (New York: Blue Ribbon Books, 1931).
18. Farley, Behind the Ballots, 80–88, quote at 83.
19. NYT, April 4, 1932.
20. Farley, Behind the Ballots, 72.
21. On the emergence of the intellectual in politics, see Richard S. Kirkendall, “Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Service Intellectual,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review (December 1962): 456–471.
22. Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 35–97.
23. NYT, September 6, 9, 1932. See also Rexford G. Tugwell, The Brains Trust (New York: Viking Press, 1968), esp. intro.
24. New York Evening Journal, June 2, 1930, clipping in FDR Papers (Governor of New York); FDR to Charles Mitchell, April 14, 1931, FDR Papers (Governor of New York); FDR to the editor, Montana Standard (Butte), December 29, 1931, in Roosevelt, PL, 1928–1945, 1:246–247; statement by Drs. Samuel Lambert, Russell Hibbs, and Foster Kennedy, April 29, 1931, FDR Papers (Governor of New York); statement by Dr. LeRoy W. Hubbard, May 18, 1932, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, Governor Correspondence, FDRL.
25. NYT, February 3, 4 (editorial), 1932; Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 346–347.
26. Freidel, FDR, III, 250–252.
27. NYT, April 8, 1932; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 624–627.
28. See NYT, April 14, 17, 1932, for Smith speech and reaction.
29. NYT, April 17, 18, 1932; Rosenman, Public Papers, I, 627–639.
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