Mandinga, Pedro 66
see also Pedro (Cimarron leader)
Maria, ‘negro wench’ 79, 82–83, 84, 86–87, 88, 89
Marini, Niccolo de 39, 40, 46, 48
Markham, Gervase 236, 254
Marrakesh, Morocco 136
Mary I, Queen of England 17
Mary of Guise 18
Mary Rose
salvage attempts 32, 33, 37–38, 41, 45, 53
see also Corsi, Peter Paulo; Francis, Jacques
sinking of 36, 37
medical treatment 237
Medici, Alessandro de’, Duke of Florence 35
Medici, Catherine de’ 66
Medici, Cosimo I de’ see Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Medici, Ferdinando I, de’ see Ferdinando I, de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Mendoza, Bernardino de 98, 99, 151
messengers see musicians, trumpeters
Middleton, David 189, 190–191
Milanes, Angelo de 39, 40, 47
Milanes, Domenico 47
Milward, John 182
Miracle of the Cross at the Bridge of San Lorenzo, Bellini 44
mixed-race children 221, 237–238
Mocha Isle, Chile 75–76
Mohammed ash-Sheikh, Sultan of Morocco 136
‘moor’, origin of term 220
Moors 11, 13, 14, 47
More, Sir Thomas 15, 20, 115
Moriana, Maria 49
‘morisco’, origins of term 19, 47, 135
Morocco 199
and England
diplomatic relations with 167
embassy visit to 165, 166–167
joint attacks on Spain 150–152, 153
trade with 142–144, 150–151, 167–168
English, resident in 149
political situation in 135–139
mortality 4
see also plague epidemics; venereal disease
Musby, Agnes 239
musicians
royal court 11–12, 13, 20, 30
taboryn 35
trumpeters 7, 9, 10–11, 12, 19, 24–25
see also Blanke, John
Muslims see Islam
Mussen, William 45, 53
mutiny 176–177
Myou, Helenor 256
names, given 161, 178, 190
nicknames 115
surnames 114
Nashe, Thomas 227, 229, 230
Native Americans 57, 187, 188, 194, 207
Pocahontas 158, 205
needlemakers 121–122
‘negro’ and ‘negra’, origin of terms 244
Netherlands 119–120, 143, 175, 192
Revolt of the Netherlands 143
slavery in 16, 120
Newfoundland Company 110, 111
Newse, Captain Roger 176
Nichols, Philip 60, 74
nicknames 115
Nicolao, Antonio de 46, 48, 49, 50
Nombre de Dios, Panama 58, 59, 61, 63, 66
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of 152
North America 51, 57, 84
Virginia, Colony of 205, 207, 208, 233
see also Hispaniola; Native Americans
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of 99, 101–102
Northumberland, John Dudley, 1st Duke of 38
Nottingham, Charles Howard, 1st Earl of 175, 176
Nunes, Hector 49, 99, 148
Othello (character) 35, 118, 220
Ottoman Empire 136, 153, 221
Ozolua, Oba of Benin 181
Pacheco Pereira, Duarte 171, 173
Palma, Captain Gonzalo de 58
Panama, Nombre de Dios 58, 59, 61, 63, 66
see also Cimarrons
‘Papists’ 93, 235
Pascual, Juan 78, 79–80, 81
Paza, Domenico 46
Peacham, Henry 220, 220
Pedro (Cimarron leader) 62, 64–65, 66–67, 66
Pelican 73, 75
Pembroke, Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of 103, 105
peppers, meleguetta 171–172
Peringoe, Peter 229
Perrin, Edward 152
Peter the Moor 17
Pett, Phineas 203, 204
Petworth House, Sussex 99–100
Peyton, Walter 192
Philip I the Handsome, King of Castile 12, 18
Philip II, King of Spain and Portugal
as King of Portugal 4, 138, 139
as Lord of the Netherlands 119
marriage to Queen Mary 17
Philip III, King of Spain 209
Philippines 79, 85
Phillip, John 157, 208
Pinteado, Antonio Anes 173–174
piracy 52, 66, 97, 198, 199–200, 204
see also privateering
Pitscottie, Robert Lindsay of 27
plague epidemics 113, 126–131
Pliny the Elder 95
Plymouth 68–70, 69
Pocahontas 158, 205
Porter, Endymion 163, 224
Porter, Millicent 153–155, 164–165
porters (servants) 101
see also Swarthye, Edward
Portugal 3, 4
Africans in 13, 34–35, 184
slavery in 4, 16
trade in Africa 173, 174
trade in Mediterranean 142–143
see also Philip II, King of Spain and Portugal
Pory, John 166, 221
‘pox’ see venereal disease
privateering 144–146, 195, 218 see also piracy
probate see wills
prostitution 219, 225–226, 227, 230, 240
arrest and punishment for 232–234
clients of 228–229
payment for 226–228, 234
pregnancy through 237
venereal disease 235–237
Protestantism 48, 80, 157, 159
racial discrimination 2, 4, 6
Ralegh, Sir Walter 98, 118, 152, 202
employment of Africans 73, 146, 187
religious status, of Africans 47–48, 156–157
Revolt of the Netherlands 143
River Cestos (kingdom) 170–172, 171, 194–195
trade with Europeans 173–174, 176, 189–191, 191, 193–193
Rodrigues, Antoine 120
Rogers, Woodes 84
Rolfe, John 205, 208
royal court
Africans employed in 1–2, 9, 14
musicians at 11–12, 13, 20, 30
Rutland, Dukedom of 103
Sa, João de, Panasco 30
Sa’adi dynasty 135, 136–137
Abd al Malik, Sultan of Morocco I Sa’adi, Sultan of Morocco 137, 143
Abu Abdallah Mohamed II Sa’adi, Sultan of Morocco 136, 137–138
Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan of Morocco 135, 138, 142, 167
allies with Elizabeth I 151, 153–153, 166–167
at Battle of Alcazar 137
sailors
Africans as 73–74, 197, 199
clothing and equipment for 214–215, 215
hazards for 205–206
‘Saldania’ 185 see also Coree the Saldanian
Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of 164, 166
salvage, ship 32, 37–38, 44, 53 see also Corsi, Peter Paulo; Francis, Jacques; Mary Rose
Sanchez, Diego 49–50
Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus 38–40
Santa Cruz, Melchor de 13
Saris, John 197, 198
Scotland 17–18, 26–27, 114, 239
James IV, King of 11, 17, 26
scurvy 205–206
Sebastian I, King of Portugal 137, 138–139, 150
serfs see villeins
servants, household 102, 146–148, 157, 180, 248
Africans as 101, 154 see also Fillis, Mary; Swarthye, Edward
forced into prostitution 225
hierarchy of 101
punishment of 91, 107–108
wages of 104, 217
Seville, Spain 13, 16
Seymour, Thomas
40–41
Shakespeare, William 220
Measure for Measure 240
The Merchant of Venice 35, 123–124, 153, 221
A Midsummer Night’s Dream 231
Othello 2, 35
Romeo and Juliet 127
sonnets 219–220, 231
The Taming of the Shrew 118
The Tempest 88, 189, 209
Sherley, Sir Thomas 109, 163–164
ships
Africans employment on 73–74, 197, 199 see also Diego
salvage of 32, 37–38, 44, 53 see also Corsi, Peter Paulo; Francis, Jacques; Mary Rose
shipwrecks 39, 38–40, 41, 42 see also Mary Rose
silk weavers 117–118, 119, 120 see also Blackman, Reasonable
Silva, Nuño de 74–75, 78, 82
Silver Falcon 196, 203, 208–209, 210, 211–213, 218
‘singlewoman’ term 250–251
‘Slav’, origins of term 3
slavery 2–3, 51, 57–58, 175, 194–195, 263
of Christians 157
Francis, Jacques, accused of being a slave 46, 48, 50, 51
manumission 15, 35, 44, 157
in Netherlands 16, 120
in North American colonies 51, 196, 208
in Portugal 4, 16
in Spain and Spanish colonies 13–14, 16, 56, 57, 70, 97, 199
in Venice 48–49
see also England, slavery in; Hawkins, Admiral Sir John
Smith, Thomas (diplomat) 157
Smith, Sir Thomas (merchant) 187, 189, 192 see also East India Company
Smythe, Joane Maria 159
social classes 5
African nobility 181, 182, 183–184, 193
villeins 16–17, 51, 157
see also servants, household; slavery
Somerset, Lady Anne 100
Somerset, James 6
Southampton 33, 34, 34, 39, 54
Southwark, London 115–117, 116, 127
Spain 3, 13
colonies in North America and Caribbean 57–58, 85
raids on, by Sir Francis Drake 58, 59, 60–62, 64–66, 96–98, 151–152
slavery in 56, 57, 70, 97, 199
see also Cimarrons
control of the Netherlands 119–120
diplomatic relations with England 71, 87, 150–151, 198
naval battles 200
Spanish Armada (1588) 91, 100, 144, 151, 152
slavery in 13–14, 16
trade 142–143, 204, 209
see also Philip II, King of Spain and Portugal
Spanish Armada (1588) 91, 100, 144, 151, 152
Spanish Company 110, 249
Stafford, Edward 98–99
status see also slavery; social status
St Botolph’s Aldgate 132, 146, 147, 155
St Clement Danes, Westminster 221, 222, 228
Stewart, Margaret 17
St Mildred, Poultry 177, 179
St Olave’s 116, 139, 141, 146
Stow, John 129
Stucley, Thomas 149–150
Suleiman I the Magnificent, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 136, 153, 166
surgery, in Tudor period 77
surnames 114
Swarthye, Edward 90, 100, 101
as porter to Wynter 96, 101, 110
testifies to Court of Star Chamber 108–109
whipping of John Guye 107–108
swimming, ability of Tudors 32, 36, 43 see also diving
syphilis 235–237
taboryn 35
Taylor, John 223, 237
Teodosio I, Duke of Bragança 11
Terrill, Edward 158, 161
Testu, Guillaume le 66, 67
Thomas (servant to Nicholas Bix) 158, 163
Threlkeld, Christopher 155, 158
tobacco trade 204–205, 206, 209–210, 211–212
Tooley Street, London 116, 116
tournaments 23–26, 28
Towerson, William 182, 183, 186, 191–192
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) 3–4
trumpeters 7, 9, 10–11, 12, 19, 24–25
Turkish dress, as fashion 9, 20
Turnbull Street, London 241–242
Tyrart, John 41, 51
Valencia, Simon 123, 129
Van Dyck, Anthony 224–225
Van Senden, Caspar 109, 163–164
Vaughan, Edward 38, 40
Vause, Anthony 30, 124
venereal disease 235–237
Venice, Italy 35, 224
villeins 16–17, 51, 157
Virginia, Colony of 205, 207, 208, 233
Virginia Company 205, 206, 208
wages
in royal courts 9, 12, 13, 16, 21–22, 23
of sailors 215
of salvage divers 50–51
of servants 217
see also prostitution, payment for
Walsingham, Sir Francis 71, 97, 115, 118, 148, 152
Warde, William 197, 205, 211–212, 213, 216
weaving see basket weaving; silk weavers
Weiditz, Christoph 14
West Africa see ‘Guinea’
Westminster 221–223, 222, 228
Westminster Tournament 23–26, 28
Westminster Tournament Roll 7, 8, 9, 26
Whipping Cheer (ballad) 229, 232–233
White Cross Manor, Gloucestershire 1, 91, 110
Willoughby de Eresby, Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron 102
wills 256–257, 258–259
Witchals, Nicholas 256, 257
women, African
in independent trades 256 see also Cattelena of Almondsbury; prostitution
illegitimate children of 238
Maria, ‘negro wench’ 79, 82–83, 84, 86–87, 88, 89
pregnancy 82, 83, 87, 237
treatment of, by sailors 83–84, 89
unmarried 250–251
wool trade 33
Wotton, Sir Edward 53
Wotton, Edward Wotton, 1st Baron 198
Wyndham, Thomas 142, 143, 173, 174
Wynter (family) 91–93
Wynter, Anne, Lady 106
Wynter, Sir Edward 1, 90, 110
disputes with James Bucke 103–104, 106–107, 108, 109
early life 93–94, 96, 100
encounters Edward Swarthye 100
relationship with John Guye 104, 106–107
voyage to Spanish Caribbean 96–98
Wynter, Sir John 1, 92, 110
Wynter, Sir William 1, 102, 104, 173
Zarate, Don Francisco de 78–79, 81
Zouche, Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche 203, 204, 218
investment in Silver Falcon voyage 205, 206, 207, 211, 212, 213
payment to John Anthony 214, 216
A Oneworld Book
First published by Oneworld Publications, 2017
This ebook published 2017
Copyright © Miranda Kaufmann 2017
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ISBN 978-1-78607-184-2
eISBN 978-1-78607-185-9
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Black Tudors Page 45