1 Dughlat: Tarikh, p. 283b.
2 Gulbadan: History; Lal: Domesticity; Mukhia: Mughals, pp. 113–55.
3 Moin: ‘Peering.’
4 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 1, pp. 314, 644–51.
5 Khwandamir: Qanun.
6 Ishwari Prasad: Life, pp. 52–3.
7 Babur: Baburnama, p. 362.
8 Desoulières: ‘Mughal.’
9 Dughlat: Tarikh, p. 284a.
10 Aftabachi: Tazkirat, p. 81.
11 Ibid.; Ishwari Prasad: Life, p. 177.
12 Dughlat: Tarikh, pp. 286b–287b.
13 Ibid., pp. 283b–284a; Mushtaqi: Waq‘iat, p. 73.
14 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, pp. 62–3.
15 Abbas Khan: Tarikh, pp. 331–2; Babur: Baburnama, pp. 427, 430.
16 Abbas Khan: Tarikh, p. 330; Ahmad: Tabaqat, vol. 2, pp. 150–52.
17 Husain: Nobility, pp. 11–44; Sukumar Roy: Bairam.
18 Gulbadan: History, pp. 149–51.
19 Bayat: Tarikh, pp. 50–51; Gulbadan: History, p. 168; Monshi: History, vol. 1, p. 162.
20 Monshi: History, vol. 1, p. 163.
21 Sukumar Roy: Humayun.
22 Abbas Khan: Tarikh; Kolff: Naukar.
23 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 1, pp. 642–4.
Chapter 4: Emperor Akbar Makes Himself the Center of the Mughal Empire
1 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, pp. 33–4.
2 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 2, pp. 70–72.
3 Iqtidar Alam Khan: ‘Nobility,’ Appendix I; Naqvi: Urbanisation, pp. 160–86.
4 Reis: Travels, pp. 55–7.
5 Faruqui: ‘Forgotten.’
6 Abu al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 3, p. 383.
7 Bayat: Tarikh, vol. 2, pp. 95–101.
8 Ahmad: Tabaqat, pp. 198, 204; Vincent Smith: ‘Death.’
9 Vincent Smith: ‘Death.’
10 Siddiqui: Mughal, pp. 90–105.
11 Nizami: Akbar, p. 185; O’Hanlon: ‘Kingdom’; Pandian: ‘Predatory.’
12 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 2, pp. 253–4.
13 Husain: Nobility, Chapter 2.
14 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 29–30.
15 Ibn Hasan: Central, pp. 350–51; Gauri Sharma: Prime, pp. 30–33.
16 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 2, p. 307.
17 Taft: ‘Honor’; Ziegler: ‘Marvari,’ ‘Some.’
18 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 2, p. 242.
19 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 352.
20 Ahsan Raza Khan: Chieftains, p. 207.
21 Busch: ‘Portrait,’ p. 294. See also Pauwels: ‘Saint’; Talbot: ‘Becoming,’ ‘Justifying’; Vanina: ‘Madhavanala.’
22 Busch: ‘Portrait,’ p. 310.
23 Asher: ‘Architecture’; Ziegler: ‘Some.’
24 Taft: ‘Honor,’ pp. 223, 235n6.
25 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, p. 181.
26 Bilgrami: ‘Mughal’; Zaidi: ‘Akbar’s.’
Chapter 5: Emperor Akbar and His Core Courtiers Build the Mughal Administration and Army
1 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 2, p. 198.
2 Fox: Kin; Grover: Collected; S. Nurul Hasan: ‘Position.’
3 Naqvi: Urbanisation, pp. 160–86.
4 Badaoni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 193–4. See also Ahmad: Tabaqat, p. 456; Qandhari: Tarikh, p. 231; Siddiqi: ‘Classification.’
5 Banarsidasa: Ardhakathanaka, pp. 48, 177n.
6 Shivram: Jagirdars, p. 15.
7 Moosvi: ‘Share,’ ‘Zamindars’’; Siddiqi: ‘Classification’; Wee: ‘Semi-Imperial.’
8 Bayly: Empire, Chapter 1.
9 Raychaudhuri: Bengal; Siddiqi: ‘Faujdar’.
10 Badaoni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 388.
11 Richards: Document.
12 Alam: Languages; Guha: ‘Serving.’
13 Richards: Mughal Empire, p. 284.
14 Blake: ‘Patrimonial.’ C.f., Subrahmanyam: ‘Mughal.’
15 Gordon: Robes and; Robes of; O’Hanlon: ‘Manliness.’
16 Shivram: Jagirdars, pp. 57–8.
17 Badaoni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 190–91.
18 Koch: Complete; Dale: Muslim.
19 Abu al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 3, p. 399.
20 Abu-l-Fazl, Akbar, vol. 2, p. 282.
21 Sinha: Raja.
22 Kumudrajan Das: Raja.
23 Chandra: ‘Some’; Subrahmanyam: ‘Mughal’; Subrahmanyam and Bayly: ‘Portfolio.’
24 Badaoni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 65.
25 Banarsidasa: Ardhakathanaka, pp. 7–10.
26 Satyal: Mughal, pp. 69–70.
Chapter 6: Emperor Akbar’s Courts, Ideologies, and Wars, by Main Capital
1 Monserrate: Commentary, p. 132.
2 Ansari: Social; Blake: Shahjahanabad; Rezavi: Fatehpur, pp. 29ff.
3 Hodges: Travels, facing p. 114.
4 Naqvi: Urbanisation, pp. 160–86, 286.
5 Delvoye: ‘Image’; Wade: Imaging.
6 Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 2, p. 445.
7 Beach: Early; Seyller: ‘Workshop’; Verma: Aspects, vol. 1, pp. 50ff.
8 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 165.
9 Brand and Lowry: Fatehpur; Nath: Fatehpur; Rezavi: Fatehpur; Rizvi: Fathpur; D.V. Sharma: Archaeology.
10 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 168–9.
11 Havell: Handbook, p. 156.
12 Farooqi: ‘Moguls,’ ‘Six.’
13 Edmund Smith: Moghul, p. 112.
14 Haidar: ‘Prices,’ pp. 1–3.
15 Abu al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 1, p. 165.
16 Ibid., p. 242.
17 Ahmad: Tabaqat, vol. 3, pp. 470–72; Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 200–204; Rezavi: ‘Religious.’
18 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 260–61. C.f., Ahmad: Tabaqat, vol. 3, pp. 511–12; Qandhari: Tarikh, p. 272.
19 Iqtidar Alam Khan: ‘Akbar’s’; O’Hanlon: ‘Kingdom.’
20 Ahmad: Tabaqat, vol. 3, pp. 520–21; Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar, vol. 3, pp. 395–6.
21 Wright: Catalogue, Plate IV, no. 318.
22 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 276–7.
23 Ahmad: Tabaqat, vol. 3, pp. 523–4; Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 279–80.
24 Blockmann, in Abul al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 1, pp. 168–87.
25 Ibn Hasan: Central; S. Nurul Hasan: Religion; Moin: Millennial.
26 Athar Ali: Apparatus; Naqvi: Urbanisation, Appendices A–B.
27 Mehta: ‘Akbar’; Pollock: ‘New’; Pushpa Prasad: ‘Akbar.’
28 Abu al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 3, pp. 394–6; Iqtidar Alam Khan: ‘Mughal.’
29 Richards: Mughal Empire, p. 47.
30 Alam and Subrahmanyam: ‘Frank,’ p. 463; Maclagan: Jesuits, p. 24; Monserrate: Commentary, p. 2.
31 Monserrate: Commentary, p. 28.
32 Koch: ‘Symbolic’; Monserrate: Commentary, p. 126.
33 Abu al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 3, p. 42.
34 Carvalho: Mir‘at.
35 Abu’l Fazl: Makatabat, pp. 8–11; Maclagan: Jesuits, p. 37; Monserrate: Commentary, pp. 159, 163–4.
36 Digby: ‘Bayazid’; Farooqi: ‘Moguls’; Monserrate: Commentary, pp. 166–90.
37 Abu al-Fazl: Ain, vol. 3, p. 394; Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 296.
38 Anooshahr: ‘Dialogism’; Moin: Millennial, pp. 493–526.
39 Abu’l-Fazl: Makatabat, pp. 33–6; Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 319.
40 Bilgrami: ‘Mughal’; Zaidi: ‘Akbar’s.’
41 Asher: Architecture; Bailey: ‘Lahore’; Latif: Lahore.
42 Bailey: ‘Indian’; Seyller: ‘Workshop.’
43 Truschke: ‘Mughal.’
44 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 413–14.
45 Kalhana: Rajatarangini.
46 Ernst: ‘Muslim,’ pp. 180–82.
47 Busch: ‘Hidden.’
48 Chandra et al: ‘Akbar.’
49 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, pp. 335–6.
50 Steingass: Comprehensive, s.v. Tauhid.
51 Iqtidar Alam Khan: ‘Akbar’s’; O’Hanlon: ‘Kingdom.’
52 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 336; Richards: Mughal Empire, p. 48;
Rizvi: Religious.
53 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 299.
54 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 375.
55 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 336.
56 Alvi: Perspectives, p. 13.
57 Moosvi: Economy, pp. 214–19; Athar Ali: Apparatus, p. xiii.
58 Moosvi: ‘Estimate.’
59 Alam and Subrahmanyam: ‘Deccan’; M. Siraj Anwar: Mughals; Firishta: History, vol. 1, p. 385.
60 Eaton: Social, pp. 231–81; Shyam: Life; Tamaskar: Life.
61 Banarsidasa: Ardhakathanaka, pp. 38–40.
Chapter 7: Emperor Jahangir and the Efflorescence of the Imperial Court, 1605–27
1 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, p. 68.
2 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 391.
3 Banarsidasa: Ardhakathanaka, pp. 18–21.
4 Badauni: Muntakhab, vol. 2, p. 390.
5 Beveridge: ‘Sultan’; Faruqui: Princes, pp. 30–31.
6 Beach: Mughal, pp. 70–78; Faruqui: Princes, pp. 158–62; Seyller: ‘Workshop’; Verma: Aspects, vol. 1, pp. 49–50.
7 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, pp. 24–5.
8 Ibid., pp. 65ff.
9 Urwick: Indian, p. 166.
10 Fenech: ‘Martyrdom.’
11 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, p. 22.
12 Moosvi: Economy, pp. 195–200.
13 Athar Ali: Apparatus, p. xiv.
14 Shivram: Jagirdars, p. 15.
15 Siddiqi: Land.
16 Lefevre: ‘Recovering.’
17 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, pp. 6–7.
18 Wright: Catalogue, Plate VI, 1618–23 CE.
19 Ibid., vol. 1, 306–10.
20 Mukhia: Mughals, pp. 72–111; Najm-i Saini: Advice.
21 Lefevre: ‘Recovering,’ p. 461.
22 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, pp. 306–10.
23 Beach: Mughal, pp. 78–110.
24 Seyller: ‘Workshop,’ p. 24.
25 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, pp. 20–21.
26 Roe: Embassy, vol. 1, pp. 224–6.
27 Seyller: ‘Mughal.’
28 Lefevre: ‘Majalis,’ p. 274.
29 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, pp. 98–9.
30 Lefevre: ‘Majalis.’
31 Asher: Architecture, p. 126.
32 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, pp. 91–2; S. Nurul Hasan: Religion.
33 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, pp. 267–8, 279.
34 Nathan: Baharistan, vol. 1, p. 25.
35 Moosvi: ‘Mughal.’
36 Gokhale: ‘Tobacco.’
37 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, p. 369.
38 Nathan: Baharistan. See also Bhadra: ‘Two.’
39 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, p. 236.
40 Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 137–8, 144–5.
41 Findly: Nur; Lal: Nur.
42 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, pp. 348ff.
43 Athar Ali: Apparatus.
44 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, p. 351.
45 S. Nurul Hasan: Religion.
46 Athar Ali: Apparatus, p. xx.
47 Courtesy Gopal Aggarwal, http://gopal1035.blogspot.com
48 Asher: Architecture, pp. 127–33; Begley: ‘Four.’
49 Wright: Catalogue, Plate VIII, 1625–8 CE.
50 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 1, pp. 435–6.
51 Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 333–4.
52 Jahangir: Tuzuk, vol. 2, p. 234.
53 Ibid., vol. 2, p. 236.
54 Monshi: History, vol. 1, pp. 1237, 1290–93.
55 Alam and Subrahmanyam: ‘Envisioning.’
56 Chandra: Medieval, vol. 2, pp. 244–5; Richards: Mughal, p. 115; Faruqui: Princes.
57 Asher: Architecture, pp. 127–33.
58 (Exterior) Vincent Smith: History, fig. 241, p. 438; (Interior) Courtesy American Institute of Indian Studies.
Chapter 8: Emperor Shah Jahan and Building Up the Mughal Empire, 1628–58/66
1 Elliot: History, vol. 7, p. 45.
2 Chann: ‘Lord’; Moin: Millennial.
3 Murray: Handbook, Plate I, facing p. 15.
4 Asher: Architecture, pp. 175–8.
5 Beach and Koch: King, p. 135.
6 Inayat Khan: Shah, p. 203.
7 Ibid.; Beach and Koch: King.
8 Beach and Koch: King.
9 Athar Ali: Apparatus, p. xvi.
10 Haider: ‘Prices’; Moosvi, ‘Expenditure.’
11 Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 84–7, 117.
12 Ibid., p. 570.
13 Asher: Architecture, pp. 209–15; Begley and Desai: Taj; Koch: Complete.
14 Murray: Handbook, facing p. 172.
15 Asher: Architecture, pp. 191–204; Blake: Shahjahanabad.
16 Ibid., p. 196.
17 Urwick: Indian, p. 176.
18 Firdos Anwar: Nobility, pp. 188–9; Beach and Koch: King, p. 11.
19 Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 278–89.
20 Athar Ali: Apparatus; Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 221–32.
21 Foltz: ‘Central,’ ‘Mughal.’
22 Inayat Khan: Shah, p. 335; Foltz: ‘Mughal.’
23 Moosavi: ‘Expenditure.’
24 Athar Ali: Apparatus, pp. xvi, xx; Firdos Anwar: Nobility; Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 339–40; Richards: Mughal, pp. 143–5.
25 Moosavi: ‘Estimate.’
26 Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 510ff.
27 Athar Ali: Apparatus, p. 322; Hasrat: Dara; Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 297, 505–6.
28 Begam: Princess.
29 Inayat Khan: Shah, pp. 309–14.
30 Ernst: ‘Muslim’; Hasrat: Dara; Kinra: ‘Infantilizing.’
Chapter 9: Expanding the Frontiers and Facing Challenges under Emperor ‘Alamgir, 1658–1707
1 Saqi Mustaid Khan: Maasir, p. 169.
2 Ibid., p. 11.
3 Ibid., p. 155.
4 Ibid., p. 17.
5 Ibid., e.g., p. 78.
6 Ibid., p. 144.
7 Jadunath Sarkar: Studies, pp. 118–52.
8 ‘Alamgir: Rukaat, pp. 14–19; Jadunath Sarkar: Studies, p. 107.
9 Bokhari: Imperial.
10 Saqi Mustaid Khan: Maasir, p. 66.
11 Jadunath Sarkar: History, vol. 1, Introduction.
12 ‘Alamgir: Rukaat, pp. 14–19.
13 Brown: ‘Did’; Schofield: ‘Courtesan,’ ‘Reviving’; Saqi Mustaid Khan: Maasir, p. 45.
14 Caine: Picturesque, p. 124.
15 Asher: Architecture, pp. 257–9.
16 Murray: Handbook, facing p. 234.
17 Parodi: ‘Bibi.’
18 Saqi Mustaid Khan: Maasir, p. 62.
19 Ibid., pp. 71–2.
20 Syan: Sikh.
21 Saqi Mustaid Khan: Maasir, pp. 36–7; Pearson: ‘Shivaji.’
22 ‘Alamgir: Rukaat, pp. 166–8.
23 Saqi Mustaid Khan: Maasir, p. 53.
24 Athar Ali: Apparatus, p. 96.
25 Athar Ali: Mughal, pp. 17–25.
26 ‘Alamgir: Rukaat, p. 23.
27 Hallissey: Rajput.
28 Jadunath Sarkar: History, vol. 3, pp. 156–7, Studies, pp. 91–110.
29 Caine: Picturesque, p. 460.
30 Richards: Mughal Administration, ‘Imperial.’
31 Richards and Rao: ‘Banditry.’
32 Richards: ‘Norms,’ p. 286; Bhimsen: Tarikh.
33 Bhimsen: Tarikh, p. 233.
34 Farooqi: ‘Moguls,’ p. 198.
35 E.g., Harihar Das: Norris.
36 ‘Alamgir: Rukaat, pp. 73–4; Faruqui: Princes, pp. 281–308.
37 Jadunath Sarkar: Short, pp. 366–8.
Chapter 10: The Thinning of the Empire, 1707–1857
1 Cited in Dalrymple: Last, p. 300.
2 Alavi: Eighteenth; Pearson: ‘Shivaji’; Richards: ‘Imperial’; Jagdish Narayan Sarkar: Study; Subrahmanyam: ‘Making.’
3 Calkins: ‘Formation.’
4 Alam: Crisis.
5 Bhargava: Decline; Cheema: Forgotten; Irvine: Later.
6 Sangwan: Jodhpur.
7 Lakhnawi: Shahnama, pp. 5–6.
8 Nayeem: ‘Working.’
9 Chatterji: ‘Mughal’; Malik: ‘Financial.’
> 10 Lakhnawi: Shahnama; Malik: Mughal.
11 Malik: Reign.
12 Alam and Subrahmanyam: ‘Envisioning’; ‘Witnesses.’
13 Bayly: Indian; Chandra: Eighteenth; Indrani Chatterjee: ‘Slave’s’; Datta: Dutch, Survey; Prakash: ‘Dutch.’
14 Neamet Ullah: History; Ganda Singh: Ahmad.
15 Nur Muhammad: Jang.
16 Datta: Shah; Polier: Shah.
17 Hodges: Travels, facing p. 30.
18 Shah Alam II: ‘Letter.’ C.f., Buckler: Legitimacy; Fisher: Counterflows, pp. 86–90.
19 I‘tesamuddin: Wonders; Gulfishan Khan: Indian, pp. 72–8.
20 National Archives of India: Calendar, vol. 3, pp. 84–5, 271.
21 Pernau and Jaffe: Information.
22 Illustrated London News (5 September 1857), p. 251.
23 Alam and Subrahmanyam: ‘Envisioning.’
24 Fisher: Counterflows, pp. 250–59.
25 Fisher: ‘Imperial.’
26 Fisher: Inordinately, p. 61.
27 Urwick: Indian, p. 174.
Chapter 11: Contested Meanings of the Mughal Empire into the 21st Century
1 Marx: ‘East.’
2 For bibliographies, see Kamal Kishore Das: Economic; Elliot: History; D.N. Marshall: Mughals; Robinson: Mughal.
3 Mukhia: ‘Time.’
4 E.g., Nathan: Baharistan.
5 Abu al-Fazl: Ain; Abu-l-Fazl: Akbar; Badauni: Muntakhab.
6 Carvalho: Mir‘at.
7 Banarsidasa: Ardhakathanaka.
8 E.g., Alam and Subrahmanyam: Indo-Persian; Kumkum Chatterjee: Cultures; Curley: Poetry; Gordon: Marathas; Guha: ‘Serving’; Wink: Land.
9 E.g., Alam and Subrahmanyam: ‘Deccan’; Jadu Nath Sarkar: Bengal.
10 See Narayana Rao et al.: Textures.
11 Busch: ‘Hidden’; Pauwels: ‘Saint’; Talbot: ‘Justifying’; Ziegler: ‘Marvari.’
12 Alam and Subrahmanyam: Indo-Persian; Reis: Travels.
13 Correia-Alfonso: Jesuit, Letters; Guerreiro: Jahangir; Jarric: Akbar; Maclagan: Jesuits.
14 Bernier: Travels.
15 Manucci: Memoirs.
16 Pelsaert: Jahangir’s; Roe: Embassy; Tavernier: Travels.
17 Hakluyt: Hakluyt’s; Purchas: Hakluytus.
18 Mukhlis: Mir‘at.
19 Rizvi: Shah; Syros: ‘Early.’
20 Naim: ‘Syed.’
21 E.g., Jadu Nath Sarkar: Bengal.
22 E.g., Sayid Ghulam Husain Khan: Seir.
23 E.g., Abu Talib Khan: History.
24 Fisher: ‘From.’
25 Abu Talib Khan: Masir; ‘Vindication.’
26 Francklin: History.
27 Mill: History.
28 Marx: ‘East.’
29 Erskine: History, vol. 1, p. vii.
30 Savarkar: Indian.
31 Cohn: Colonialism.
32 E.g., Beveridge: ‘Sultan’; Irvine: Army, Later; Moreland: Agrarian, From; Vincent Smith, Akbar, ‘Death,’ History; Williams: Empire.
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