13 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 169, 176r; 39829, f. 10v.
14 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 170r.
15 PRO SP 12/233, ff. 13, 22.
16 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 270v.
17 BL Add. MS 39829, ff. 11v, 35v; PRO SP 12/233, f. 21.
18 BL Add. MS 39829, f. 14r.
19 Kaushik, ‘Resistance, Loyalty and Recusant Politics’, p. 49.
20 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 169r, 187v. Also Add. MS 39829, f. 203r (for another instance of Vaux borrowing on Tresham’s credit). For Tresham’s finances, see Finch, Wealth, ch. 4, and App. VI.
21 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 192r, 217r; 39829, f. 12r.
22 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 131v (Lady Tresham’s expenditure), 39829, f. 31r (mysticism), 39830, passim for the library, f. 211 (books in closet); TP, pp. 43 (cards), 72 (Easter), 92 (servants reading).
23 Finch, Wealth, pp. 76, 77, 80, 82, 91; TP, pp. 59–60 (supporting his servant Vavasour); BL Add. MS 39831, f. 72v (pears).
24 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 8r. All eleven volumes of the Tresham Papers can be found in the Additional Manuscripts collection at the British Library: BL Add. MSS 39828–39838.
25 BL Add. MS 39829, f. 192r.
26 Ibid., f. 10v.
27 PRO SP 12/192, f. 92r; 12/194, f. 95r; Kaushik, ‘Resistance, Loyalty and Recusant Politics’.
28 PRO SP 14/14, ff. 93–4, 106, 108; TP, pp. 128–32; Kaushik, ‘Resistance, Loyalty and Recusant Politics’, pp. 61–2.
29 N. R. Ker, ‘Oxford College Libraries in the Sixteenth Century’, The Bodleian Library Record, 6/3 (1959), pp. 511–15; Kilroy, Edmund Campion, pp 136–45; TP, pp. xix–xxi; xxiii–lvi; Kaushik, ‘Resistance, Loyalty and Recusant Politics’, pp. 47–8; Gotch’s Complete Account provides wonderfully detailed drawings of the buildings.
30 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 115r; 191–2, 271r; 39829, f. 105r.
31 BL Add. MS 39829, ff. 10v, 14r.
32 College of Arms Vinc. MS 7, ff. 230–2; NRO Clayton 95: Copy of Final Concord between Antony Naylhart and Ambrose Vaux, Trinity 31 Eliz.; Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 207–8; BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 169, 170r, 187v, 209r.
33 PRO SP 12/233, ff. 21–2.
34 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 178v, 187v, 190r.
35 Ibid., ff. 207r, 270v; 39829, f. 13r.
36 APC, XXIII, pp. 192–3 (14 September, 1592); Trimble, Catholic Laity, p. 213. Lord Vaux appeared in all the Recusant Rolls from this year till his death: CRS 18, pp. 1, 148, 234–5; CRS 57, pp. 1, 9, 88, 113; CRS 61, pp. 1, 8, 44, 64–5, 129, 134, 178, 196–7.
37 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 262r; Donne, Satyre II, line 10; Vaux Petitions, Minutes, p. 39; NRO Parish Register, Irthlingborough, 21 August 1595.
38 Vaux Petitions, Minutes, pp. 39–41; BL Lans. MS 991, f. 164r; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 232.
39 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 144; BL Add. MS 39828, f. 262r.
40 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 270.
41 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 191r, 197v; 39829, f. 13r. Also NB: 39828, f. 180r: Tresham to George, 15 January 1593: ‘The time was when I had that interest in you, I boldly might counsel you, in a sort command you … I sithence have been estranged from you.’
42 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 269.
43 BL Add. MS 39829, ff. 11v–12r; PRO WARD 3/17 parts 1 & 2. For Lord Vaux’s codicil, see PRO PROB 11/88/344.
44 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 176r.
45 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 189v; 39829, ff. 9v, 13v–14r, 19r.
46 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 141r, 39829, f. 19r; TP, p. 104.
47 BL Add. MS 39829, f. 12v.
48 PRO STAC 5/T2/39, 1598; BL Add. MS 39828, f. 187v; 39829, ff. 9v–10v; Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 227–31.
49 BL Add. MS 39829, ff. 10v, 11r.
16 Assy Reprobateness
1 BL Add. MS 39829, f. 11r.
2 Ibid., f. 14v. Also 39828, f. 269.
3 TP, p. 74; BL Add. MS 39828, f. 271r.
4 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 230r.
5 Holmes, Elizabethan Casuistry, p. 107.
6 Knox, Douay Diaries, pp. 186–7, 207, 211–12; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 60.
7 APC, XX, p. 303; XXII, p. 546.
8 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 197.
9 PRO C 54/1459; Anstruther, Vaux, p. 215.
10 PRO C 54/1335; APC, XXVII, pp. 83, 334; PRO STAC 5/T2/39.
11 NRO YZ 8241; NRO FH 3013; BL Add. MS 39829, f. 31.
12 PRO SP 77/7, ff. 329v, 331v.
13 M. A. R. Graves, ‘Copley, Anthony’, ODNB; Hamilton, Chronicle, I, pp. 89–91, 261–2.
14 HMC Downshire, 2, p. 405.
15 PRO C 24/468, pt 2: Wyseman v Smyth, 1621.
16 PRO STAC 8/289/3; SP 14/175, f. 30. The antagonism between the rival entourages of the second Viscount Montague and the fourth Lord Vaux may also have influenced the dispute (Questier, Catholicism and Community, pp. 369–70).
17 PRO STAC 8/88/9; SP 77/7, f. 329r. See too Ostovich and Sauer, Reading Early Modern Women, pp. 35–9.
18 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 209v.
19 Bod MS Ashmole 38, f. 75.
20 BL Add. MS 39828, ff. 187v, 197v; 39829, f. 10.
21 PRO STAC 8/289/3.
17 Long John with the Little Beard
1 Caraman, Garnet, p. 204; Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 78–9.
2 The Privy Council authorised the use of ‘the manacles and such other torture as is used in that place’ on 13 April 1597 (APC, XXVII, p. 38). See Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, pp. 242–5.
3 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 107–9. Unless otherwise stated, hereafter the source for Gerard’s time in the Tower is his Autobiography, chs 15–17.
4 ABSI Collectanea P II, f. 550.
5 HMC Salisbury, 7, p. 260.
6 NRO FH 124, f. 32. Ardens are mentioned in the will of Nicholas, first Lord Vaux (PRO PROB 11/21/178).
7 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 72. Gerard, describing here the manacling of Fulwood and Owen, was writing from experience.
8 Weston, Autobiography, Foreword by Evelyn Waugh, p. viii; Gerard, Autobiography, Longman’s jacket blurb and pp. xvii, xxiv.
9 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 5–6, 33, 39, 76, 167.
10 Ibid., pp. 78, 90; CSP Dom 1595–7, p. 389.
11 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 15, 68, 70, 170.
12 Ibid., pp. 33, 122–3, 166.
13 Ibid., pp. 94, 100, 102–3.
14 Ibid., App. J.
15 HMC Salisbury, 11, p. 365; 15, p. 25; Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 17–18, 165.
16 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 84–6, 190; Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 17, 135, 201.
17 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 91, 122; PRO SP 14/19, f. 136.
18 Watson, Decacordon, p. 14.
18 St Peter’s Net
1 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 144. If not detailed below, the source for Gerard in this chapter is his Autobiography, chs. 18–22.
2 ABSI Collectanea P II, f. 551.
3 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 144–5, 148.
4 CP, Petitions 701; Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 231–2. Also PRO C 3/274/14.
5 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 25, 145–6, 148, 174.
6 BL Add. MS 39829, f. 12v. Tresham wrote this letter a year after Gerard had taken up residence with Eliza.
7 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 147–8.
8 APC, XXII, p. 546; PRO STAC 5/T2/39.
9 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 150.
10 Ibid., pp. 153–4; Caraman, Garnet, pp. 261–2.
11 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 148.
12 NRO FH MSS 3013, 3015; Also PRO C 3/274/14.
13 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 158–60.
14 Ibid, p. 195. See too PRO E 178/3628: schedule of Vaux goods and chattels, 1 March 1612.
15 Tesimond, Narrative, p. 157.
16 See, for example, CP, 111, f. 31.
17 CP, 76, f. 58.
18 PRO 16/9, f. 26v; BL Harl. MS 1580, f. 342r.
19 Carvajal, Epistolario, no. 135. I am grateful to George McPherson for his translation from the Spanish.
20 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 195–6.
21 Ibid., p. 174; Anstruther, Seminary Priests, p. 169; Anstruther, Vau
x, p. 244; CP, 115, ff. 22, 34; vol. 119, f. 154.
22 Anstruther, Vaux, pp. 244, 436–7.
23 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 151, 166, 194. Lisa McClain (Lest We be Damned, p. 39) is not alone in questioning ‘Gerard’s depiction of his success rate in converting Catholics’.
24 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 168–9.
25 ARSI, Anglia 36II, ff. 277, 325 (from discs held at ABSI); McCoog, ‘The Society of Jesus in England’, pp. 193–5. I am extremely grateful to Fr McCoog for permitting me to cite his thesis and also for his help at the Jesuit archives in London.
26 Walsham, ‘Translating Trent?’, p. 299.
27 Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 189–92.
28 Gee, New Shreds, sig. B1v and p. 17.
29 Ibid., pp. 1–9.
30 Gee, The Foot out of the Snare, p. 156.
31 See Harmsen’s comments: ibid., pp. 60–9, 197–8 and his entry on John Gee in the ODNB. Also Walsham, ‘Miracles’, pp. 807, 813–14.
32 PRO SP 89/3, f. 152v.
33 HMC Downshire, 4, p. 167.
34 Carvajal, Epistolario, no. 171. I am grateful to George McPherson for his translation from the Spanish. A published translation is also now available: Redworth, Letters of Luisa de Carvajal, II, pp. 325–6.
35 Gerard, Narrative, p. 137; CP, 111, f. 31; W. B. Devereux, Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex (1853), II, p. 223; P. Croft, ‘Howard, Thomas, first earl of Suffolk’, ODNB.
36 Gerard, Autobiography, p. 169. Hopes would be realised on 30 July 1628, when Sir Richard was created first Viscount Wenman.
37 PRO SP 14/216, nos. 141, 229.
38 PRO SP 1/105, f. 245v.
39 The Proverbs, Epigrams, and Miscellanies of John Heywood, ed. J. S. Farmer (1906), pp. 17, 450.
40 CP, 111, f. 31r; PRO SO 3/3 (July 1605).
41 PRO SP 14/216/226.
42 Ibid., nos 98, 150.
PART FOUR: POWDER TREASON
19 This Stinking King
1 Loomie, Spanish Elizabethans, p. 82.
2 Wake, ‘The Death of Francis Tresham’, p. 36; Fraser, The Gunpowder Plot, pp. 91–2; PRO SP 14/16, f. 55v.
3 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, p. 512 (CP, 110, f. 31v).
4 Caraman, Garnet, p. 242; CP, 112, f. 137; Sir Thomas Tresham also seems to have been involved in the Erith lease (cf. BL Add. MS 39828, f. 287; 39829, f. 155).
5 Tesimond, Narrative, p. 61; Fraser, The Gunpowder Plot, pp. 91–2, 98, 155, 205.
6 Gerard, Narrative, p. 55; Tesimond, Narrative, pp. 61, 80.
7 PRO SP 14/14, f. 106v.
8 BL Add. MS 39828, f. 169r.
9 Ibid., 150r; TP, pp. 60–1; APC, XXI, pp. 360, 368–9, 384, 386, 422, 467, 470.
10 Wake, ‘The Death of Francis Tresham’, p. 39.
11 M. Nicholls, ‘Catesby, Robert’, ODNB; The Parish Register of Rushton, ed. P. A. F. Stephenson (Leeds, 1930), I, pp. 18, 40. Baby Thomas Tresham, who only lived for eight months, was buried on 31 March 1599. His twin sister, Lucy, survived and, in accordance with her father’s dying wish, became a nun (Wake, ‘The Death of Francis Tresham’, p. 39).
12 Quinn, Voyages, pp. 71–5, and associated documents; Merriman, ‘Some Notes’, pp. 492–500.
13 Quinn, Voyages, doc. 87.
14 Hughes, History of the Society of Jesus in North America, p. 5.
15 Quinn, Voyages, doc. 90.
16 Hughes, History of the Society of Jesus in North America, p. 4.
17 Sorlien, Diary of John Manningham, p. 208; McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, p. 188.
18 Harington, Nugae Antiquae, II, pp. 134, 264; Alford, Burghley, pp. 188–9; Razzell, Two Travellers, p. 70.
19 Caraman, Garnet, p. 305.
20 Doleman [pseud.], A conference about the next succession to the crown of Ingland [1594]; Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot, p. 69.
21 McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, p. 190; M. Nicholls, ‘Catesby, Robert’, ODNB.
22 Stubbs, Donne, p. 179.
23 Croft, ‘The Gunpowder Plot Fails’, in Buchanan et al., Gunpowder Plots, pp. 9–14 (quotation at p. 13).
24 BL Add. MS 39829 ff. 95–101 (quotations at 99v, 100r); Kaushik, ‘Resistance, Loyalty and Recusant Politics’, pp. 60–1, p. 71n.
25 Vallance, ‘The Ropers and Their Monuments’, p. 150; Gerard, Narrative, pp. ccxlvi, 27.
26 Wormald, ‘Gunpowder, Treason, and Scots’, p. 148.
27 Gerard, Narrative, p. 21; TP, p. xxv; Caraman, Garnet, p. 305.
28 Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot, p. 69.
29 Wormald, ‘Gunpowder, Treason, and Scots’, p. 149.
30 Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot, p. 132.
31 Jones, ‘Journal of Levinus Munck’, p. 247; Markham Memorials, I, pp. 96–101; HMC Salisbury, 12, p. 229; M. Nicholls, ‘Watson, William’, ODNB; Fraser, The Gunpowder Plot, pp. 63–5; Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, pp. 309–314.
32 BL Add. MS 39829, f. 105r; Harington, Nugae Antiquae, II, p. 227.
33 Caraman, Garnet, pp. 310, 313, 315.
34 Croft, ‘The Gunpowder Plot Fails’, in Buchanan et al., Gunpowder Plots, p. 16; Fraser, The Gunpowder Plot, pp. 84–5, 88–90; Hodgetts, ‘Certificate’, I, p. 19; Gerard, Narrative, p. 181; Camm, Forgotten Shrines, pp. 320–2.
35 Wormald, ‘Gunpowder, Treason, and Scots’, pp. 150–1.
36 Gerard, Narrative, p. 25.
20 Desperate Attempts
1 J. Wormald, ‘James VI and I’, ODNB; ibid., ‘Gunpowder, Treason, and Scots’, p. 149.
2 HMC Salisbury, 17, p. 513; Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot, pp. 37–9, 57, 69. For a detailed examination of the various strands of the ‘Spanish treason’, and the identification of Anthony Dutton as one of the petitioners, see Loomie, ‘Guy Fawkes in Spain’.
3 ‘His Majesty’s Speech …’, p. 248.
4 Tesimond, Narrative, p. 88.
5 Nicholls, ‘Strategy and Motivation’, p. 790; PRO SP 77/7, ff. 329v, 331v; PRO SP 12/271, f. 56r.
6 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, p. 514; ‘His Majesty’s Speech …’, p. 248. For what follows, I have also drawn on the scholarship of Fraser and Nicholls.
7 Barlow, The Gunpowder-Treason, p. 250; Nicholls, ‘Strategy and Motivation’, pp. 794–6, 803.
8 Fraser, The Gunpowder Plot, pp. 102, 110, 132–3.
9 Wake, ‘The Death of Francis Tresham’, p. 37.
10 Travers, Gunpowder, p. 41.
11 Gerard, Narrative, pp. 50, 56; Loomie, English Polemics, p. 80.
12 Travers, Gunpowder, p. 115.
13 Tesimond, Narrative, p. 105.
14 PRO SP 14/19, f. 19r; SP 14/18, f. 182v; SP 14/216, nos 70, 188, 214, 240.
21 Quips and Quiddities
1 McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, p. 205.
2 King Lear, Act 1, Scene 2.
3 Caraman, Garnet, p. 327.
4 PRO E 101/433/3, f. 26r; SP 14/17, f. 83r; SP 14/216, nos 182, 240, f. 196r.
5 PRO SP 14/216, nos 103, 105, 141, 147, 156, 229, 230; CP, 113, ff. 70, 148.
6 Travers, Gunpowder, p. 42.
7 Tesimond, Narrative, pp. 80, 100.
8 Gee, The Foot out of the Snare, pp. 121–2; Gerard, Autobiography, pp. 46–8; Gerard, Narrative, pp. 275, 284–5; Garnet, A Summe of Christian Doctrine, pp. 625–6. Garnet added three supplements to his translation of Peter Canisius’s catechism, which was printed at his secret press in London c.1592–6: on the veneration of images, on indulgences and on pilgrimages. For more on the well, see Walsham, ‘Holywell’.
9 ARSI Anglia 37, f. 265v (from discs held at ABSI); Caraman, Garnet, pp. 298–9.
10 Larkin and Hughes, Stuart Royal Proclamations, p. 133; Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, p. 335.
11 Redworth, Letters of Luisa de Carvajal, I, pp. 115, 196, 282; II, pp. 39, 195. Also, Redworth, The She-Apostle, pp. 106–9, 114, 128–9.
12 Owen Rees (‘Music in an English Catholic House’, pp. 272–3) has recently argued that Garnet’s order to Luisa’s escort to take h
er directly to ‘su casa’ could refer to the escort’s house just as well as Garnet’s. The latter, however, still seems more likely in light of the similarity of Luisa and Garnet’s accounts of the house’s discovery and their subsequent flight ‘in several parties’. If Luisa did stay at one of Garnet’s houses, it would have to have been no more than two days away from London, since Garnet departed on 7 June (the day after the octave of Corpus Christi) and met Catesby in London on the 9th. Perhaps Erith is the most likely site (Luisa’s reference to ‘a pleasant paradise amid dense woods full of wild beasts’ is surely a simile), though Garnet and the sisters had probably only had the house since about November 1603 (CP, 112, f. 137), which is a shorter duration than the ‘more than three years’ specified by Luisa. Garnet’s later reference to ‘Corpus Christi lodging’ (PRO SP 14/19, f. 19v) might have been to Erith, or somewhere else, but was not to White Webbs.
13 HMC Salisbury, 17, p. 611. Also Harley, William Byrd, pp. 142–4.
14 Rees, ‘Music in an English Catholic House’, p. 273.
15 Foley, Records, IV, p. 141.
16 PRO SP 14/19, f. 87r; SP 14/216/212; Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, p. 515; HMC Salisbury, 18, pp. 109–110, 138.
17 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, pp. 510–11, 517; HMC Salisbury, 18, pp. 96, 107.
18 Hogge, God’s Secret Agents, pp. 333–4.
19 Tesimond, Narrative, pp. 81–2, 87, 90.
20 HMC Salisbury, 18, p. 108.
21 Tesimond, Narrative, p. 82.
22 PRO SP 14/216/200.
23 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, pp. 511–12. It seems unlikely that Garnet would have fabricated this conversation as it reveals him discussing matters of state. That Tresham advocated waiting to see what laws would be made in Parliament is corroborated by his servant Vavasour’s later account (Wake, ‘The Death of Francis Tresham’, p. 37). However, one cannot rule out an element of revenge in the treacherous words that Garnet attributes to Lord Monteagle, the man who would betray the plot to the authorities. See Nicholls, Investigating Gunpowder Plot, p. 77.
24 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, p. 512; Caraman, Garnet, pp. 321–2.
25 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, pp. 512–13, 515.
26 Ibid., pp. 513–15, 517; Tesimond, Narrative, p. 91; Loomie, English Polemics, p. 80.
27 PRO SP 14/216, nos. 121, 153, 240; Walsham, ‘Holywell’, pp. 229–30.
28 Gardiner, ‘Two Declarations’, p. 515.
God’s Traitors: Terror & Faith in Elizabethan England Page 47