About Egypt’s nationalist pop songs of 2013, see “5 Pop Songs That Illustrate Egypt’s Cult of Personality” by Miriam Berger, on BuzzFeed, November 1, 2013, and “Egypt’s Musical Nationalism, and a Little George Orwell” by Maha ElNabawi, Mada Masr, August 20, 2013. The joke about the Sisi underwear was made by the journalist Tom Gara.
Heikal told me that he had advised Sisi to hold a referendum or plebiscite, in the style of Abdel Nasser. The “mandate march” was Sisi’s alternative.
Kerry visited Cairo in November 2013 and commended Sisi for following his “road map” to democracy. On June 22, 2014, Kerry thanked Egyptians for the work transitioning to democracy.
The two moderate Islamists were Abou Elela Mady, founder of the post-Islamist Center Party, and Saad el Katatni, former speaker of Parliament. The photo of the UAE foreign minister with the Tamarrod founders was published in the newspaper Youm el Saba.
25: Clearing the Square
Many journalists and rights groups confirmed that there was no safe exit from Rabaa. There was no way to move safely across the sit-in, much less in or out. Mayy and I entered and exited twice that day, and each time was terrifying. I remember passing through the medical center both times. Mayy remembers making our first entrance through a different dangerous passage and then a long search for a way to get out. Other than the path of our first entrance, our recollections differ only in a few details.
The journalist who told me he saw two guns among the demonstrators was Samer Al-Atrush of Agence France Presse. He had slept the previous night inside the sit-in and woke up there that morning.
The police general who said the demonstrators had shot first was Major General Medhat el-Menshawi, interviewed on television by Wael el-Ibrashy.
A good reference on the Rabaa massacre is the Human Rights Watch report, “All According to Plan: The Raba’a Massacre and Mass Killings of Protesters in Egypt,” published on August 12, 2014.
26: Jihadis in the White House
Three Pentagon officials confirmed hearing those jokes about the White House.
27: Retribution
Human Rights Watch documents the names and circumstances around the videos of the extrajudicial killings in the North Sinai in several reports, including: “Egypt: Videos Show Army Executions in the Sinai,” April 21, 2017.
The riot on the edge of Cairo was in El Matareya. Current and former Brotherhood leaders confirmed their numbers.
28: Deep State
For Mehleb’s role in the Mubarak corruption case, see “The Mubarak Mansions” by Hossam Bahgat, in Mada Masr, May 20, 2014.
For Anwar Sadat’s expulsion from Parliament, see “Egypt Parliament Removes Prominent Dissenter: Anwar Sadat” by Declan Walsh, New York Times, February 28, 2017. The account of corruption’s toll on Egyptian archaeological treasures is based on interviews with Monica Hanna, among others. For the gluing of King Tut’s beard, see “Egyptian Musuem Officials Face Tribunal for Damaging King Tutankhamen’s Mask” by Declan Walsh, New York Times, January 25, 2016.
For the fate of Hisham Geneina, see “Graft Fighter in Egypt Finds Himself a Defendant in Court” by Declan Walsh, New York Times, June 7, 2016.
The former intelligence officer who ran the pro-Sisi parliamentary coalition was General Sameh Seif el-Yazel.
The senior scholar in the ministry overseeing mosques who spoke with Sheikh Ali Gomaa was Salem Abdel Galil.
The 2016 Arab Spring anniversary sermon was first reported in “Egypt’s President Turns to Religion to Bolster His Authority” by Declan Walsh, New York Times, January 10, 2016.
On the Egyptian judiciary after the coup, see “Dissidence and Deference Among Egyptian Judges” by Mona el-Ghobashy, in Middle East Report (no. 279, Spring 2016).
The anchor Maha Bahnasy was on the Tahrir Channel. The anchor Moataz al-Demerdash also cut off a correspondent reporting harassment.
The account of Obama’s meeting with Sisi at the United Nations about Soltan comes from multiple Obama advisers who were present, as well as from others who were briefed after the fact. The account of the meeting about ending the suspension of military aid is based on the recollections of five people involved. Derek Chollet provides a useful account of the aid debate in The Long Game as well. In resuming the aid, the White House discontinued an unusually favorable program that allowed Egypt to draw on future aid to acquire military equipment. This program added to the difficulty of cutting off aid because American defense manufacturers expected future aid to Egypt to pay for equipment they had already sold. Israel is the only other country to receive American military aid on those terms.
Shaimaa el-Sabbagh’s poem was translated by Maged Zaher, editor and translator of The Tahrir of Poems (Seattle, WA: Alice Blue Books, 2014). It is used here with his permission.
The seventeen-year-old Islamist killed by the police on the same day as Sabbagh was Sondos Reda.
For the account of the autopsy of Giulio Regeni, see “Why Was an Italian Graduate Student Tortured and Murdered in Egypt?” by Declan Walsh, New York Times Magazine, August 15, 2017.
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Index
Abbas, Wael, 14
Abbasiya Square, 97–98
Abdallah, Ahmad, 37
Abdel Azeem, Mohamed, 273
Abdel Fattah, Ahmed, 205
Abdel Fattah, Esraa, 259
Abdel Hamid, Dalia, 260, 327–30
Abdel Hamid, Ragab, 198
Abdel Naby, Hussein, 219, 220
Abdel Nour, Mounir Fakhry, 298
Abdel-Rahman, Ahmed, 249
Abdel Rahman, Omar, 59, 159
Abdel Wahab, Mohamed, 315
Abduh, Muhammad, 103–5, 122–23, 312
Abdullah, King, 252, 291
Abdullah, Ahmed, 197–98
Abdullah, Khaled, 79
Abdullah bin Zayed (ABZ), 267, 268
Aboulnaga, Fayza, 322
Abu Bakr, Khaled, 166–67
Abu Deif, Al Husseini, 189
Abu Dhabi, 45, 226, 268
Abu Ismail, Hazem Salah, 131
Abu Simbel, 2
Adly, Malek, 259
Afifi, Adel Abdel Maqsoud, 197
Al Ahram, 88, 159–60, 180, 187, 251, 313, 318
Al Azhar, 70, 103–5, 161, 181, 191, 230, 240, 262, 310–12
Alexandria, 8, 22
Ali, Ahmed, 258, 290
Ali, Nawal, 74, 80, 81
Al Jazeera, 26, 48, 225, 246, 248, 249, 259, 270
Al Manar, 122
Al Nour Party, 110
Al Qaeda, 3, 102, 107, 125, 177, 283–85, 287, 333
Muslim Brotherhood and, 115–16, 209, 210
in September 11 attacks, 154–55
Aly, Mourad, 222
Amanpour, Christiane, 95
American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), 266
Amin, Khaled, 136, 185–86, 188, 189, 276, 277
Amnesty International, 38, 78, 289
Amr, Mohamed Kamel, 252–53
Anan, Sami, 60, 160, 161, 221
Andijan massacre, 276
Ansar Beit al-Maqdis, 160, 284, 287–88
Anwar, Yassin Thabet, 87
April 6 Youth Movement, 5, 33, 37, 40, 56, 96–97, 259, 323, 324
Arabic language, 10–11
Arab Spring, 127, 208, 258, 285, 286, 308, 312, 333
Arish, 286
Asem, Sondos, 155
Asfour, Gaber, 312
Ashton, Catherine, 253
Assabah, 25
al-Assad, Hafez, 6
el-Assar, Mohamed, 157, 237
Aswan Dam (High Dam), 1–2, 17, 307
al-Attiyah, Khalid, 238, 267
authoritarianism, 11, 305, 333, 335
autocracy, 2, 114–15, 299–300, 334
/> Ayad, Alaa, 86, 87
Aziz, Salah, 87
Aziz, Samuel, 313
el-Badawi, El Sayyid, 198–99, 223
Badie, Mohamed, 112, 114, 199–200, 247, 283, 315
Bagato, Hatem, 150
Bahgat, Hossam, 264, 335–36
Bahnasy, Maha, 319
Baker, Peter, 175
Bakry, Mustafa, 306
Bandar, Prince, 252
Ban Ki-moon, 336
el-Banna, Hassan, 111, 122–25, 193
Barak, Ehud, 62
el-Baramawy, Yasmine, 197
al-Barr, Abdel Rahman, 293
Battle of the Camel, 48, 50
el-Beblawi, Hazem, 304
Beecroft, Robert S., 322
Begin, Menachem, 19
Beheri, Islam, 312
Beltagy, Asmaa, 274
Beltagy, Mohamed, 31, 275
Ben Ali, Sofiane, 27
Ben Ali, Zine al Abidine, 25–29, 54
Benghazi attack, 162, 176–77
Bent al-Masarwa (Egyptian Girl), 75
el-Berry, Esraa, 247
Beshay, Farid, 187
Biden, Joe, 31, 35, 45
bin Laden, Osama, 265, 333
Bitter Harvest, The (al-Zawahiri), 125
Black Box, The, 324
Blinken, Antony, 73, 242
Bloomberg, Michael, 127
el-Borai, Negad, 167, 169
el-Borhami, Yasser, 102, 105–7, 110, 138, 180–82
Bouazizi, Mohamed (street vendor), 24, 26
Bourguiba, Habib, 25
Bradford, Laura, 3, 9, 10, 12, 21, 32, 41–42, 64–65, 133–34, 136, 177, 256, 264, 277, 281, 282, 294, 298, 320–23
Britain, 17–18, 104, 111, 117, 124, 333
Bumiller, Elisabeth, 60
Burns, William, 266–68
Burr, Richard, 207
Bush, George W., 19, 20, 73, 115
Caffery, Jefferson, 17
Cairo, 1, 2, 3–10, 42, 56, 194, 196, 202, 245–46, 251, 264, 277, 281–82, 284, 298, 320, 330
American embassy in, 16
Garbage City in, 133
zoo in, 12–14
Cairo Tower, 17
Caluya, Gilbert, 72–73
Cameron, David, 117, 213, 292
Camp David Accords, 16, 19, 63, 173
carjacking, 135, 321
Carter, Jimmy, 19, 229
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 17, 43, 49, 141, 166, 207, 242, 283
Chahine, Youssef, 15
Chollet, Derek, 161
Christians, Christianity, 83–94, 104, 108, 121, 158, 181, 187, 193, 203, 281, 313–14
Coptic, see Coptic Christians
Imbaba riots and, 83, 85–87, 89
Maspero massacre and, 88–94, 128, 139, 201, 253, 304, 313, 314
Mubarak and, 83–85
Muslims and, 84, 86, 90, 95, 200–202, 314
Sisi and, 313–15
women’s rights and, 69
Clinton, Bill, 321
Clinton, Chelsea, 292
Clinton, Hillary, 6, 20, 31, 35, 50, 66, 93–94, 116, 117, 141, 142, 148, 166, 174–75, 179, 336
Clinton Foundation, 292
Collins, Tim, 212
communism, 26, 115
Cook, Steven A., 32
Coptic Christians, 5, 37, 83–86, 88–94, 126, 128, 181, 187, 191, 201–2, 262, 287, 313–15
presidential election and, 138–39
zabaleen, 133
corruption, 299–300
crime and lawlessness, 133–36, 196, 315
Cultural Film, 72
Dahshur, 200
el-Damaty, Ibrahim, 314
Daoud, Hamdy, 54
Darrag, Amr, 268, 283
Darwin, Charles, 104
Darwish, Shaaban, 108–10
Daughter of the Nile Union, 67, 76
Dawoud, Khaled, 182, 189–90, 199, 216
Day of Rage, 36, 39, 41, 50, 133, 256
deep state, 304–5, 311, 312, 335, 336
democracy, 8, 10, 19, 50, 57, 60, 95, 110, 115, 123, 130, 131, 137, 148, 220, 222, 225–27, 235, 238, 239, 243, 244, 253, 260, 266, 285, 294, 308, 322, 333–35
nonprofit groups and, 96
U.S. aid to advance, 140, 141
Dempsey, Martin, 241, 243
de Soto, Hernando, 212
Discovery, 106
Donilon, Tom, 35, 117, 142, 182, 333
Dulles, John Foster, 2
Dunne, Michele, 324
el-Dursi, Abdulmajeed, 55–56
Effendi, Rena, 134
Egypt, 3, 7–12
Administrative Oversight Authority in, 300
agriculture in, 309
constitutions of, 22, 44, 57–58, 98–99, 113–14, 131, 140, 178, 180–82, 184, 209, 247, 316
corruption in, 299–300
court system of, 144, 145, 147, 165–69; see also Supreme Constitutional Court
crime and lawlessness in, 133–36, 196, 315
deep state in, 304–5
economy of, 202–3, 211–12, 222, 225, 303, 307, 333
fuel shortage in, 203, 212
intelligence agencies in, see mukhabarat
news media in, 317, 326
Parliament in, 5, 11, 23, 66–68, 70, 98–99, 111, 113–15, 118–19, 127, 129–31, 145–47, 150, 153, 156, 157, 160, 165–66, 178, 197, 198, 324
parliamentary elections in, 19–20, 22, 23, 58, 76, 95, 98, 100, 102, 105, 110, 111, 121, 126, 137, 140, 146, 215, 238, 247, 254
police in, 14–15, 24, 30, 32–33, 38, 40, 42, 58–59, 85, 133–34, 136, 173, 183, 185, 196, 197, 204, 276, 279, 284, 305, 315, 326, 327
presidential election of 2012 in, 121, 122, 133, 136–39, 140, 142, 147–50, 151, 153, 157
presidential election of 2014 in, 305–6
presidential guard complex violence in, 254–58
prisons in, 295–97
public employees in, 13, 212
revolution in, 24–52, 56–58, 60, 136, 185
surveillance in, 324
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of, 44, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 79, 81, 88, 113, 216, 223, 236
U.S. aid to, 3–4, 8, 16–18, 60, 96, 140–43, 148, 266, 280, 322
women in, see women
“Egypt Call, The,” 293
Egyptian Feminist Union, 67
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, 335
Egyptian Museum, 15–16, 35, 36, 46–47, 65, 77, 301
Eiffel, Gustave, 13
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 17–18, 115
el-Elaimy, Zyad, 31, 38, 39, 118
ElBaradei, Mohamed, 5, 23, 32–33, 38, 46, 74, 184, 187–89, 191, 199, 211, 215–17, 223, 225, 237, 238, 240, 253–54, 258, 262, 263, 323, 335
ElMasry, Mohamed, 34
El-Masry El-Youm, 14, 173
Emara, Adel, 78–79, 93
Erlanger, Steven, 162, 164
Evans, David, 17
Ezz, Ahmed, 11–12, 23, 34, 95–96, 301
Fahim, Kareem, 31, 51, 186, 201, 283
Fahmy, Hisham A., 58–59
Family, the, 25
al-Fanagry, Mohsen, 58
el-Farash, Naser, 203, 251
Farouk, King, 17, 70, 124
Facebook, 5, 15, 26–27, 29, 34, 38–40, 101, 105, 238–39, 286, 325, 328–29
Farrag, Hazem, 135
Fathi, Moatassem, 300, 301
El Feki, Shereen, 71
Filopateer, Father, 88–92, 94, 314–15
Finer, Jon, 49–50
Flynn, Michael, 209–11, 332
Fotouh, Abdel Moneim Aboul, 5, 119–22, 125–32, 138, 139, 153, 155, 323
Fouda, Yosri, 100
France, 17–18
Freedom Agenda, 19, 20
Freedom and Justice Party, 118
Freedom House, 141, 142
Free Officers, 6, 17, 18, 124, 144–45
Free Syrian Army, 177
Fuad I, King, 111
Gaber, Lamees, 79–80
Gad, Emad, 147
Gamal, Mohamed, 204
Gates, Robert, 35, 45
Gaza, 84, 116, 118, 173, 175, 176, 179, 182, 288, 316
Gaza War, 173
el-Gebali, Tahani, 99, 144–46, 165–69, 177, 179, 180, 217, 265
Geneina, Hisham, 301–2
Ghannouchi, Rachid, 126
Ghonim, Wael, 40–41
Ghozlan, Mahmoud, 293
el-Gibba, Mohamed, 130
Gomaa, Ali, 310–11
Gordon, Philip, 241, 280
Graham, Patrick, 179
Guardian, 130
Habib, Mohamed, 130, 156
el-Haddad, Essam, 154, 175, 182–83, 186, 236, 238–40, 248, 292
el-Haddad, Gehad, 189, 232, 248, 292
Haddara, Wael, 153–56, 163, 179, 186, 222, 237
el-Hadidi, Lamees, 257–58
Hagel, Chuck, 213–14, 226–28, 243, 265–66, 280, 304
el-Hamalawy, Hossam, 59, 60
Hamas, 19–20, 118, 125, 173–75, 316
Israel and, 125, 173, 176
Muslim Brotherhood and, 125, 174
Hamid, Tawfik, 73
Hammami, Hamma, 26, 28, 29
Hamzawy, Amr, 215–17, 223, 260, 323
Harara, Ahmed, 99
Harb, Osama el-Ghazali, 148
Harb, Shady el-Ghazaly, 39, 58, 230
Hassan, Mozn, 65, 74–76, 274, 320
Hassan and Marcus, 9
Hauslohner, Abigail, 295, 298
al-Hefnawi, Reda Saleh, 197
Hegazy, Mahmoud, 161, 210
Hegazy, Safwat, 187, 250
Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein, 18–19, 217, 220, 258, 306
Helmy, Ahmed, 185
hepatitis C, 2
al-Herawy, Mahmoud, 135
Hifter, Khalifa, 285
Hitler, Adolf, 82, 229
Hubbard, Ben, 249
el-Hudaiby, Hassan, 124, 125
Human Rights Watch, 4, 6, 276, 289, 319, 323
Hussein, Hayam, 274
Hussein, King, 119
Ibn Baz, Abdel Aziz, 106
Ibrahim, Ishak, 201
Ibrahim, Musa, 54
Ibrahim, Samira, 77–78, 81–82
Ibrahim (interpreter), 188–89, 191–93
iftar, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 323
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