NOT YOUR
FATHER’S
FOUNDERS
AN “AMENDED” LOOK AT
AMERICA’S FIRST PATRIOTS
FEDERAL FACTS, REVOLUTIONARY REVELATIONS,
AND QUOTATIONS TO LIVE (and Die) BY!
________________________________________________
ARTHUR G. SHARP, MA
Author’s Note
Some dates, names, and places given in this book may not agree with those in other historical accounts. That is because record keeping was not an exact science in the eighteenth century. And the British Empire, including its North American colonies, switched calendars in 1752 (“Old Style” versus “New Style”) to make sure the new year started on January 1. Consequently, there is often confusion regarding dates of individuals’ births and events. For example, depending on the source, Ethan Allen’s birth date was January 10, 1738; January 21, 1738; January 21, 1737; or even some other date, depending on the conversion between the Julian and Gregorian calendars. And, he was born in either Litchfield or Roxbury, Connecticut (which is a geography issue, not calendar related). In any case, he was born and lived during the Founding Fathers’ era—and performed remarkable feats. Those are the criteria on which this book is based.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Abigail Adams
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Samuel Adams
Ethan Allen
Penelope Barker
Josiah Bartlett
William Campbell
Samuel Chase
Henry Clay
Lydia Darragh
Silas Deane
John Dickinson
Benjamin Franklin
Elbridge Gerry
Nathanael Greene
Alexander Hamilton
John Hancock
Benjamin Harrison
Patrick Henry
Joseph Hewes
Stephen Hopkins
John Jay
Thomas Jefferson
John Paul Jones
Rufus King
Henry Knox
Arthur Lee
Richard Henry Lee
Philip Livingston
Robert R. Livingston
James Madison
John Marshall
James Monroe
Gouverneur Morris
Robert Morris
Jeremiah O’Brien
James Otis Jr.
Thomas Paine
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Caesar Rodney
Benjamin Rush
Haym Salomon
Deborah Sampson
Roger Sherman
Thomas Sumter
Benjamin Tallmadge
James Thacher
George Walton
Joseph Warren
Mercy Otis Warren
George Washington
Martha Washington
John Witherspoon
Appendix A:
The Acts of King George III and Parliament
Appendix B:
Contributions of Women
To the brave American men and women who stood up for their rights in the
late eighteenth century and contributed to the construction of a new nation—
the United States of America.
Acknowledgments
For the efforts of teachers who drum history into students’ heads in countless classrooms—even when the students do not think they are listening.
INTRODUCTION
What’s All the Fuss About?
The men and women profiled in this book compose a hall of fame of patriots and heroes of the American Revolution. While you may think you’ve heard all there is to hear about them before, you haven’t. The stories in this book are not the typical tales readers are used to hearing about the Founding Fathers and the other people who worked behind the scenes to carry out their revolution.
These offbeat profiles are what make this book unique. More importantly, they’ll give you a new perspective on the men and women who founded the country. The founders portrayed here were not always as moral and upright as some histories present them. They had foibles and idiosyncrasies. That’s what made them human—and explains why they sometimes acted bizarrely, lived lives of luxury while the country struggled to feed and clothe its army, engaged in scandalous extramarital affairs, etc.
While he was president of the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, John Hancock rode around town in an exquisitely decorated chariot, accompanied by fifty armed horsemen and several servants. Benjamin Franklin often defied social mores. In Paris, he played chess late into the night with a close friend of his, a much-younger woman named Madame Brillon de Jouy (1744–1824), while she lay in her bath. Silas Deane may have been murdered, although no one will ever know for sure because his body was buried in an unmarked grave in England and never repatriated. Deborah Sampson was a male impersonator. These are the stories that make this book required reading if you’re trying to gain insights into the real personalities of the men and women who created the United States.
Each profile includes a summary of the patriot’s life, his or her contributions and achievements, and sidebars that highlight unusual or little-known information. The profiles are listed in alphabetical order because no one was more important than anyone else. All of the people included were instrumental in creating the republic we live in without regard to whose contributions were more significant on a scale of one to ten. Appendix A includes a brief description of the three Acts of King George III and Parliament that inflamed American patriots and spurred them to seek their independence from Britain.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“GEORGE THE THIRD
OUGHT NEVER TO HAVE OCCURRED.
ONE CAN ONLY WONDER
AT SO GROTESQUE A BLUNDER.”
—EDMUND CLERIHEW BENTLEY, BRITISH POET
In these pages, you’ll find thinkers and doers, the people who wrote the Constitution, the people who fought to protect it, and the people who upheld it. They include statesmen, spies, scalawags, and soldiers. They came from all walks of life. In the face of hostile laws enacted by the British sovereign, and at great risk to their lives and liberty, they were united in a single purpose: to form an independent United States of America.
ABIGAIL ADAMS
Weymouth, Massachusetts
November 11, 1744−October 28, 1818
A Woman Ahead of Her Time
Abigail Adams was unique for her time. She was an independent, forward-thinking woman who established a reputation in her own right as a strong, early advocate for women’s rights before it was fashionable. She served as a valued adviser to her husband, John Adams, the second president of the United States, on matters of government and politics. Adams also wrote a number of letters that provide contemporary readers with a firsthand account of the Revolutionary War. As First Lady, she was the first to serve as an attack dog for a president, never hesitating to come to her husband’s defense regardless of who was criticizing him. She set a precedent for women seeking a contributory role in American society, which separated her from the majority of her female contemporaries and established her own role in history as a women’s rights pioneer.
Adams’s Youth
Abigail Adams, like most girls of her era, was educated at home. She had a significant advantage over many of the other girls, though. Her father, William Smith, a Congregationalist minister, had a large private library, as did many ministers of the era, who were often the best-educated individuals in eighteenth-century America.
So did her mother’s father, John Quincy, who was a member of the colonial governor’s council and a militia colonel. The
two men instilled in her a love for esoteric subjects such as philosophy, theology, ancient history, government, and law.
Adams was a straight-laced young lady in her youth. By her own admission she did not sing, dance, or play cards. For amusement she read and wrote letters to friends and relatives. Those activities helped prepare her for her life with John, whom she met at her sister Mary’s wedding in 1759.
Their courtship was slow. They were married by her father on October 25, 1764, when she was nineteen years old and he was just five days shy of his twenty-ninth birthday. John and Abigail had their first child, named Abigail (or “Nabby”), slightly less than nine months later. Their second child, John Quincy, was born two years later. Altogether, they had three sons and two daughters.
FEDERAL FACTS
John and Abigail’s son, John Quincy Adams, became the sixth president of the United States (1825–29). Like his father, he served one term.
Their first few years of marriage were typical of the time. Abigail and John lived in a series of rented houses and eventually bought their own farm, Peacefield, in 1787. But the times were turbulent, and John, who was at the forefront of the colonists’ fight for independence, traveled a lot. Abigail was often on her own, which allowed her to build a strong sense of independence. The two developed a reliance on letters to keep them up to date. Neither of them threw away all their letters, which have become a great source of the history of the time.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“THE FLAME IS KINDLED, AND LIKE LIGHTNING IT CATCHES FROM SOUL TO SOUL.”
—ABIGAIL ADAMS TO JOHN ADAMS, NOVEMBER 1773
Once, when Adams was asked for permission to publish some of her political letters, she refused. She considered it improper to release a woman’s private correspondence for public consumption. Luckily, a grandson arranged for the 1848 publication of some of her letters. The collection became the first published memoir of a First Lady. The public has been reading Adams’s letters ever since.
Political Surveyor
As hostilities between the British and American armies began in 1775, the Massachusetts General Court (the colonial legislature) asked Adams, Adams’s close friend Mercy Otis Warren, and Hannah Winthrop to survey women in the colony regarding their Tory (loyal to the king) tendencies. The experience whetted Adams’s appetite for political arguments.
Adams began a flood of letters to her husband John to report on her activities as the war progressed. The flood never ended. She never let an opportunity pass to remind John that women were people with the same rights as men. She saw the revolution as a chance for Americans to create a society in which men and women were equal. He listened, but she never convinced him that her opinion on the matter was valid.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“IF PARTICULAR CARE AND ATTENTION IS NOT PAID TO THE LADIES, WE ARE DETERMINED TO FOMENT A REBELLION, AND WILL NOT HOLD OURSELVES BOUND BY ANY LAWS IN WHICH WE HAVE NO VOICE OR REPRESENTATION.”
—ABIGAIL ADAMS
Adams’s Travels
When John went overseas to England and France, Abigail went along for part of the time to alleviate his loneliness. Even though his political assignments made their separation necessary at times, they took every opportunity to be together. She spent several years in Europe with him from 1784−89, which facilitated his political and social life, especially in France, since he did not speak French well. She was by his side most of the time when he served as vice president (1789−97) and president (1797−1801). Abigail moved with him when the nation’s capital was relocated from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800, and she became the first First Lady to inhabit what eventually became known as the White House.
REVOLUTIONARY REVELATIONS
Adams was a reporter for her husband. At a dinner party in Philadelphia when it was still the nation’s capital, she sat next to Thomas Jefferson. She pumped him with questions, wrote down the entire conversation later, and handed her notes to John.
During her husband’s presidency, she incurred a lot of criticism for her involvement with John’s Federalist Party politics. Her husband’s political rivals accused her of advocating a war with France, writing pro-administration editorials to friends and relatives and asking them to get the articles published, supporting laws that were unpopular in their views, and promoting public education for women. Their criticisms were as much gender-based as they were political. Abigail Adams was an anomaly at the time because she did not hesitate to speak her mind, which was difficult for some critics to accept.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“I REGRET THE TRIFLING NARROW CONTRACTED EDUCATION OF THE FEMALES OF MY OWN COUNTRY.”
—ABIGAIL ADAMS
Later Life
Abigail did not lose her interest in politics after John lost his 1800 presidential reelection bid to Thomas Jefferson. She acted as a peacekeeper between the two, who developed a serious rift after the campaign. But Abigail did not hold anything back when she told Jefferson what she thought of the dirty politics involved in the election, telling him, “I have never felt any enmity towards you, Sir, for being elected President of the United States. But the instruments made use of and the means which were practised [sic] to effect a change have my utter abhorrence and detestation, for they were the blackest calumny and the foulest falsehoods.”
For the most part, Adams occupied her time raising her granddaughter Susanna Adams, the daughter of her alcoholic son, Charles, and writing letters to friends, relatives, and political acquaintances. Abigail Adams died of typhoid fever in the seventy-fourth year of her life.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“THE WHOLE OF HER LIFE HAS BEEN FILLED UP DOING GOOD.”
—JOHN ADAMS, AS ABIGAIL LAY DYING
JOHN ADAMS
Quincy, Massachusetts
October 30, 1735−July 4, 1826
One-Third of a Lifetime
In the thirty-five or so years he was active in politics—over one-third of his lifetime—Adams rose from membership in the Massachusetts General Court (the colonial legislature) to delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses to vice president and then president of the United States. In between he signed the Declaration of Independence, served as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands and Britain, and induced France to enter the Revolutionary War on the Americans’ side. He made a lot of enemies along the way, but that was a price he was willing to pay.
Becoming a Household Name
John Adams, a Harvard graduate (class of 1755), burst onto the political scene in 1765 when he published A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law in opposition to the Stamp Act. The eloquent, yet feisty, words he used in the essay made John Adams a household name around Boston in the 1760s, which was good for his career. His law practice was not paying the bills, but the essay attracted the attention of prominent Bostonians who opposed British policies. They welcomed him into their ranks. The public exposure helped launch his political career.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“LET IT BE KNOWN THAT THE BRITISH LIBERTIES ARE NOT THE GRANTS OF PRINCES OF PARLIAMENTS, BUT ORIGINAL RIGHTS, CONDITIONS OF ORIGINAL CONTRACTS, COEQUAL WITH PREROGATIVE, AND COEVAL WITH GOVERNMENT. THAT MANY OF OUR RIGHTS ARE INHERENT AND ESSENTIAL, AGREED ON AS MAXIMS AND ESTABLISHED AS PRELIMINARIES EVEN BEFORE A PARLIAMENT EXISTED.”
—JOHN ADAMS
REVOLUTIONARY REVELATIONS
After passing the bar exam in 1758, Adams had one client in his first year as a lawyer. He did not win his first case at trial until he had been in practice for three years.
His constant agitation against Britain earned him a seat in the provincial legislature in 1770 and a subsequent election to the First Continental Congress in 1774 and the Second Continental Congress in 1775, which carried over into 1776.
The seemingly inexhaustible Adams was one of the driving forces behind the Declaration of Independence. He proposed in 1775 that such a declaration be created and that Th
omas Jefferson should write it. Adams served as one of the editors after Jefferson completed his draft. He impressed his political cohorts with his energy, intellect, and ambition, but some people had to wonder about his sanity at times. His manic behavior, outspoken demeanor, and lack of tact sometimes exasperated his fellow delegates.
FEDERAL FACTS
John Adams served on approximately ninety different committees and chaired twenty-five of them during the Second Continental Congress.
Quotations to Live (and Die) By!
“HE MEANS WELL FOR HIS COUNTRY, IS ALWAYS AN HONEST MAN, OFTEN A WISE ONE, BUT SOMETIMES AND IN SOME THINGS, ABSOLUTELY OUT OF HIS SENSES.”
—BENJAMIN FRANKLIN IN A JULY 22, 1783, LETTER TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
What other people thought did not interest Adams. He had a country to help build, and he was willing to do whatever it took, even if it went against his principles occasionally. For instance, he did not protest when the Congress eliminated any condemnation of slavery from the final version of the Declaration of Independence, even though he fiercely opposed the practice. As he told fellow patriot and congressional delegate Benjamin Rush, “I will see it out, or go to heaven in its ruins.” He did not slow down once the document was signed and the Revolutionary War expanded.
Ten Years Overseas
Congress needed a diplomat to keep the French on the Americans’ side. Silas Deane, Benjamin Franklin, and Arthur Lee represented the United States in Paris, but they were not well suited to working together effectively. Lee was seldom ready to work before 11 A.M., in contrast to Franklin; Lee accused Deane and Franklin of siphoning off some of the money they were supposed to use to buy arms from the French. Franklin allegedly was more interested in socializing than negotiating a treaty of alliance.
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