by Edward Lucas
9 http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/01/09/261079074/nsa-says-it-would-welcome-public-advocate-at-fisa-court
10 'Snowden—myths and misapprehensions' by Nigel Inkster, IISS, 15 November 2013, http://www.iiss.org/en/politics%20and%20strategy/blogsections/2013-98d0/november-47b6/snowden-9dd1
11 See http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/a-game-changing-ruling-in-the-no-fly-list-case.
It is worth noting that the plaintiff, a foreigner contesting the Department of Homeland Security's decision to put her on a no-fly list, launched her lawsuit well before the Snowden revelations, and seems to be heading for vindication.
12 The claim was first made in his video interview on June 10th, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-interview-video and elaborated here: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-program-online-data
13 'Top-Secret Document Reveals NSA Spied on Porn Habits as Part of Plan to Discredit "Radicalizers"', http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/26/nsa-porn-muslims_n_4346128.html
14 'In 2009, NSA Said it Had a "Present Example" of Abuse Similar to Project Minaret', http://www.emptywheel.net/2013/11/27/in-2009-nsa-said-it-had-a-present-example-of-abuse-similar-to-project-minaret
15 A collection of documents on these and other past intelligence abuses can be found at http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/docset/getList.do?docSetId=1014
16 Inkster, see n10 above
17 http://xark.typepad.com/my_weblog/2014/01/if-the-nsa-freaks-you-out-you-still-use-google-you-are-an-idiot.html
18 In his novel 1984, George Orwell wrote of a system of screens in every dwelling: 'there was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment … you had to live … in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinised' (pp 4-5 in the Penguin edition).
19 From July 2014, for example, Russian ISPs may be obliged to store records of all data and users' activities for a period of 12 hours, providing direct and immediate access by the FSB. This will be a costly burden on the ISPs, and will also raise security concerns. Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan, a brave husband-and-wife couple, have tried their best to write about the Russian security state. I strongly recommend their website, agentura.ru, and their book The New Nobility (Public Affairs, 2011).
20 http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2013/12/10/adoption-definitive-de-la-controverse-loi-de-programmation-militaire_3528927_3210.html ; http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/11/french-officials-internet-users-real-time-law
21 See http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html ; http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/angry-european-and-german-reactions-to-merkel-us-phone-spying-scandal-a-929725.html ; http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/trans-atlantic-relations-threatened-by-revelations-of-mass-us-spying-a-908746.html
See also Anton Troianovski, 'Germany to Boost Anti-Spy Efforts', Wall Street Journal, November 20, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304791704579209740311164308 ; Anton Troianovski, 'Germany Warns of Repercussions from U.S. Spying', Wall Street Journal, October 28, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304200804579163760331107226
22 Albeit a largely symbolic one: it had not actually been used since 1990: http://bigstory.ap.org/article/germany-nixes-surveillance-pact-us-britain
23 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB95326824311657269.html
24 French electronic intelligence is formidable and operates with what some might think rather scanty oversight. See http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/world/europe/france-broadens-its-surveillance-power.html ; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/05/world/europe/france-too-is-collecting-data-newspaper-reveals.html
25 In Germany's case, this sometimes happens in a way that might be seen as questionable. The Nazi past creates particular obligations to countries and people who suffered horribly at the hands of the forebears of modern Germans. As a result, Germany is a loyal friend of Israel. It lobbied strongly to bring Poland into the EU. It has pursued a long and (in recent years) largely futile attempt to seek a close relationship with Russia. But it also owes a special debt to the Baltic states—three small countries which Nazi Germany consigned to the meat-grinder in its secret deal with Stalin's Soviet Union in the spring of 1939. The Baltics regained their independence only in 1991. But Germany decided to put its relations with Russia ahead of any other bothersome business with small countries. It even recruited Estonia's top defence official—in tacit collaboration with Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service—in order to find out what Britain and America were up to in the Baltic region. I write about this at length in my book Deception.
26 http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/strategische-aufklaerung-bundeswehr-belauscht-die-welt-a-575417.html
27 Julian Lindley-French, 'What U.S. Intelligence Really Says About Europe', http://lindleyfrench.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/what-us-intelligence-really-says-about.html
28 Greenwald reveals his naïveté and ignorance in a television interview, available at http://www.svt.se/nyhetsklipp/nyheter/article1669193.svt. The other material he published can be found at http://www.svt.se/ug/read-all-articles-in-english
29 For a detailed look at Greenwald's rhetorical style, see http://m.dailykos.com/story/2013/03/08/1192256/-The-Final-Word-on-Glenn-Greenwald
30 Sources have named the air-defence headquarters, the military command centre and the FRA (signals intelligence) headquarters.
31http://www.thelocal.se/20131105/sweden-pulled-plug-on-france-spy-satellite-report
32 Keir Giles, 'Cyber Attack on Finland is a Warning for the EU', Chatham House, November 8, 2013, http://www.chathamhouse.org/media/comment/view/195392. The National Police Commissioner Mikko Paatero noted that 'we cannot follow signals in Finland or travelling through Finnish cables … but others can do it for Finland. In my opinion it's a little bit embarrassing that we can hear from somewhere else about what is happening here.' Finland now wants stronger powers to protect itself. See http://yle.fi/uutiset/finnish_police_want_web_snooping_powers/6923309 and http://yle.fi/uutiset/defence_minister_police_and_defence_forces_to_get_wider_web_powers/6914546?origin=rss
33 http://www.thelocal.se/20131108/swedes-not-worried-about-internet-surveillance-survey
34 http://theworldoutline.com/2013/10/everyone-spying-brazil
35 http://m.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australias-reputation-in-indonesia-hits-new-low-20131123-2y2k2.html ; John Schindler, 'Snowden's Thunder Down Under', The XX Committee, November 21, 2013, http://20committee.com/2013/11/21/snowdens-thunder-down-under ; http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-18/australia-spied-on-indonesian-president-leaked-documents-reveal/5098860 ; http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australias-reputation-in-indonesia-hits-new-low-20131123-2y2k2.html
36 See (in English) http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/12/17/nyheter/samfunn/politikk/utenriks/overvaking/30877258
37 This judgment by an American district court judge, Richard Leon, outlines the legal controversies around the Fourth Amendment and previous Supreme Court decisions on expectations of privacy, etc: https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2013cv0851-48
38 'NSA slides explain the PRISM data-collection program', Washington Post, June 6, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/prism-collection-documents. Already in 2005 the New York Times revealed how the Bush administration had secretly authorised the NSA to eavesdrop on communications within the country (of Americans and others), without specific court authorisation. This sparked a big discussion inside America, but little controversy abroad. See 'Bush lets U.S. spy on callers without court', http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0
39 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/feb/06/three-leakers-and-what-do-about-them/?pagination=false
40 The same questions could be posed of the programmes that collect
satellite imagery (a subject which is still awaiting a devastating leak). American satellites are powerful enough to track an individual walking down the street, anywhere in the world (assuming it is a sunny day). Those who argue against the NSA's capabilities presumably want the satellites blinded too.
41 John Naughton, 'Edward Snowden: public indifference is the real enemy in the NSA affair', The Observer, October 20, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/20/public-indifference-nsa-snowden-affair
42 See Greenwald's keynote, https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=xEJIR0-KJu0#t=2537
43 http://www.channel4.com/programmes/alternative-christmas-message/4od
44 http://bobcesca.thedailybanter.com/blog-archives/2013/12/the-government-is-definitely-not-watching-everything-we-do.html
45 Greenwald's hour-long keynote (delivered over video link) to the Chaos Communications Congress meeting in Hamburg gives an excellent account of his views. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=xEJIR0-KJu0
46 http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/01/the-extent-of-the-snowden-disclosures. The Washington Post piece is here: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html
47 http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/07/obama-cyber-directive-full-text
48 http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/16/gchq-intercepted-communications-g20-summits
49 http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1260306/edward-snowden-classified-us-data-shows-hong-kong-hacking-targets
50 http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2013/11/15/china-wants-greater-internet-control-public-opinion-guidance; http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324807704579082940411106988
51 In 1996, the US made up over 66% of the world's online population, whereas in 2012, it accounted for only 12%. 'State of the Internet in Q3 2012', comScore, December 5, 2012, http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations_and_Whitepapers/2012/State_of_the_Internet_in_Q3_2012
52 In November 2013, a Russian official delegation in America chastised their hosts on this issue: http://voiceofrussia.com/2013_11_15/US-ready-to-discuss-cyber-security-with-Russia-Ruslan-Gattarov-6191/?print=1
53 http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html?hpid=z1 ; http://techcrunch.com/2013/06/06/google-facebook-apple-deny-participation-in-nsa-prism-program. Dropbox was also reportedly involved, but denied any knowledge: Larry Page and David Drummond, 'Official Google Blog', June 7, 2013, http://googleblog.blogspot.de/2013/06/what.html
54 http://www.zdnet.com/the-real-story-in-the-nsa-scandal-is-the-collapse-of-journalism-7000016570; http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57588337-38/no-evidence-of-nsas-direct-access-to-tech-companies
55 https://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2013/12/04/protecting-customer-data-from-government-snooping.aspx
56 http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/brendanoneill2/100252627/whats-the-difference-between-a-whistleblower-and-a-mad-conspiracy-theorist
57 'When Thinking Styles Collide: Silicon Valley, Congress and C.P. Snow's Two Cultures', http://3dblogger.typepad.com/wired_state/2012/06/when-thinking-styles-collide-silicon-valley-congress-and-cp-snows-two-cultures.html. See also the follow-up post 'Who can be trusted', http://3dblogger.typepad.com/wired_state/2013/12/who-can-be-trusted-on-nsa-and-encryption.html
58 https://github.com/poppingtonic/greenwald-30c3-keynote/blob/master/transcript/transcript.md
59 Inkster, see n10, above
60 Hamburg speech: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=xEJIR0-KJu0
61 This training slide exemplifies the law-governed approach, showing exactly what NSA officials should do if and when they come across Americans' data: http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/whats-a-violation/391
62 http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/post/james-clappers-least-untruthful-statement-to-the-senate/2013/06/11/e50677a8-d2d8-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_blog.html
63 http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/sep/12/us-spy-congress-rein-in-nsa-domestic-snooping/?page=all
64 He is excoriated here by the former British MP Louise Mensch: http://unfashionista.com/2013/12/04/has-alan-rusbridger-exposed-names-of-thousands-of-gchq-personnel
65 In John le Carré's novel The Russia House the plot revolves around a brilliant and successful attempt to make British intelligence hand over its crown jewels: the list of what it most wants to know about Russia.
66 This caustic piece in the National Interest, by former CIA officer David Gioe, outlines well the damage to American intelligence's reputation—and effectiveness: http://nationalinterest.org/article/tinker-tailor-leaker-spy-the-future-costs-mass-leaks-9644?page=show
67 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/19/glenn-greenwald-uk-secrets-britain-detains-partner_n_3779667.html. Greenwald said later that his remarks, in Portuguese, were not meant to be construed this way. But he has given little reason to doubt the sentiment.
68 Paul Pilar has argued this well in the National Interest: http://nationalinterest.org/print/blog/paul-pillar/leaks-irresponsible-press-9633
69 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/451366.stm
70 The Communist Party of Great Britain played a leading role in CND in the 1970s, when the organisation was largely moribund. CPGB member Dr John Cox was chairman of the CND for seven years during this period. According to ex-MI5 desk officer Cathy Massiter, CND was regarded by the Security Service not as a Communist front organisation but as a Communist-penetrated organisation. Individual pro-Soviet Communists held key positions. Bruce Kent, general secretary of CND, said at the 38th Congress of CPGB in November 1983: 'We owe a debt of gratitude to the Morning Star newspaper, which has given steady, honest and generous coverage to the whole disarmament case. I do not believe we [i.e. the Communists and the CND] are so very far apart on many of the major issues. We are partners in the cause for peace in this world' (Morning Star, November 14, 1983, emphasis added). A good account of the one-sided nature of the CND campaign, together with fully sourced details of its links with the left, including the Soviet front network, is set out in Paul Mercer's book 'Peace' of the Dead (Policy Research Publications, 1986). For details, see the website of Julian Lewis MP, for example this letter: http://www.julianlewis.net/letters-in-the-press/3199:yes-the-cnd-was-pro-soviet-108; and http://www.julianlewis.net/letters-in-the-press/3158:cnd-cannot-rewrite-history-67; as well as http://www.julianlewis.net/selected-news-cuttings/3530:moscow-gold-and-the-cpgb-47 and http://www.julianlewis.net/selected-news-cuttings/3601:gorbachevs-view-of-the-ss20s-2
71 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2001-0264+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&language=EN
72 http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/verizon-providing-all-call-records-to-us-under-court-order/2013/06/05/98656606-ce47-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html
73 Secrets and Leaks: The Dilemma of State Secrecy (Princeton, 2013).
74 http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/06/exclusive-in-2009-ed-snowden-said-leakers-should-be-shot-then-he-became-one
75 Interview with the author.
76 http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?p=503777#p503777. He made two more contributions, one about a computer game in November 2011 and the other a rather cryptic one about a 'Dead Man's Switch' in May 2012: http://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?p=22878085#p22878085
77 http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-04/india/44756015_1_edward-snowden-information-security-koenig-solutions
78 http://news.yahoo.com/watchdog-faults-background-check-nsa-leaker-235639806.html
79 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/21/us-usa-security-snowden-idUSBRE95K01J20130621
80 http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/08/15/usa-security-snowden-dell-idINDEE97E0CE20130815
82 An excellent account of the muddled and extremist views of Assange, Greenwald and Snowden can be found at http://www.newrepublic.com/article/116253/edward-snowden-glenn-greenwald-julian-assange-what-they-believe
83 This is described in the 1989 classic The Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll. Fitzpatrick has a good blog post on the subject: see http://3dblogger.typepad.com/wired_state/2013/08/the-chaos-computer-club-and-links-to-wikileaks-assange-and-snowden.html
84 http://3dblogger.typepad.com/wired_state/2013/07/idiot-wind.html
85 A long and friendly account of the story, based on Greenwald and Poitras's account, can be found at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/laura-poitras-snowden.html?pagewanted=6&_r=0&pagewanted=all
86 http://streetwiseprofessor.com/?p=7524
87 https://web.archive.org/web/20130414223022/http://www.lsjourney.com