57. Goering’s authorization to Heydrich in Noakes and Pridham, eds., Nazism: A History, 2:1104; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 315–16; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 460, and Hitler: Nemesis, 470–71; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’ ” 149.
58. Matthäus, “Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust,” 277–85; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 311–17; TBJG, 11 August 1941.
59. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 311–17; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 456–58, and Hitler: Nemesis, 472–74; TBJG, 18–19 August 1941.
60. Jersak, “Die Interaktion von Kriegsverlauf und Judenvernichtung,” “A Matter of Foreign Policy,” and “Decisions to Murder and to Lie,” 304–5; Meeting between Hitler and the Spanish ambassador, 12 August 1941, in Hillgruber, Staatsmänner, 1:624 (doc. 86); Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, 502.
61. TBJG, 15–20 August 1941; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 318–23; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 407–8, 460–61, and Hitler: Nemesis, 960–61 n. 75; Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference,” 777. For a more supportive view of Jersak’s thesis, although with some reservations, see Arnold, “Hitlers Wandel im August 1941.”
62. For a good English translation of the statistical report of Karl Jäger, see Klee, Dressen, and Riess, eds., “The Good Old Days,” 46–58. It is also available on the Internet at “The Jäger Report,” Einsatzgruppen Archives, http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/jager.html (accessed 2 October 2008).
63. Matthäus, “Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust,” 277–85; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 311–17, 353; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 456–58.
64. Halder, War Diary, 24–25, 27, 29–30 June, 2–3, 5 July 1941, 418–53; Bock, War Diary, 23–25, 27–28, 30 June, 1–2 July 1941, 225–35; TBJG, 15 July 1941.
65. Quote in Lucas, ed., War on the Eastern Front, 31–33.
66. Klink, “Military Conception,” 257–85; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 99–118, 193–95, 254–69; Halder, War Diary, 29 June 1941, 432; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 50–51.
67. Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 4–5, 8 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1020–21; Halder, War Diary, 8 July 1941, 458–59; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 197–98, 216; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 569–70; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 51–52.
68. Halder, War Diary, 8 July, 8 August 1941, 457, 503; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 200–201; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 570, 586–87.
69. Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 202; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 581–88; Citino, Death of the Wehrmacht, 41.
70. Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 855–57; Glantz, Barbarossa, 71–73; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 71–72; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 48–49.
71. Halder, War Diary, 6 July, 2 August 1941, 453–54, 493; Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste, 277–78; Förster, “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft,” 203; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 5 January 1942, 1, pt. 2:1120–21.
72. Förster, “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft,” 202; Halder, War Diary, 8 July 1941, 459–60; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 40.
73. Halder, War Diary, 8 July 1941, 459–60; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 40, 61–62; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 203; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1085, 1127, and “From Economic Alliance to a War of Colonial Exploitation,” 219; Förster, “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft,” 202–3; Steiger, Panzertaktik, 160.
74. Knappe, Soldat, 213; Haape, Moscow Tram Stop, 52–53, 55; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 90–93.
75. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1118; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 204–5; Förster, “The Dynamics of Volksgemeinschaft,” 202; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 92–94.
76. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1107–13; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 205–6; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 205–10.
77. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1114–26; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 205–6, 210–12; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 146–47, 157 n. 61; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 210–13. Schüler notes that, in the autumn of 1939, the Reichsbahn had fewer locomotives and less rolling stock than in 1914 (Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 206). See also Schüler, Logistik im Rußlandfeldzug.
78. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1117–26; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 212–13.
79. Halder, War Diary, 26 July 1941, 487; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 207; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 94–96. The gnawing doubts, worries about the mood in Germany, frustration at the absence of a decisive victory, and a growing sense of crisis can be seen well in Goebbels’s diary entries between 18 and 31 July 1941. Quotes from TBJG, 24, 31 July 1941.
80. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 532–34; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 98–101; Glantz, Barbarossa, 77–78; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 198; Halder, War Diary, 9, 12 July 1941, 461, 467.
81. Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 108–13. Van Creveld (Supplying War, 166–71, 175–76) argues that supply problems prevented a successful German advance. For an opposing view, see Stolfi, “Barbarossa Revisited,” and Hitler’s Panzers East, 166–77.
82. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 534–36; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 865–69; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 114–17; Glantz, Barbarossa, 77–78; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 66–69.
83. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 534–36; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 865–69; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 114–17; Glantz, Barbarossa, 78–82; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 66–69; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 144; Halder, War Diary, 20 July 1941, 480–82; Bock, War Diary, 20–21, 23 July 1941, 255, 258, 260.
84. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 536–37; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 124–30; Glantz, Barbarossa, 82–95; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 66–69; Bock, War Diary, 20–26, 31 July 1941, 255–69; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 869; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 212–13; Manteuffel, Die 7. Panzer-Division, 167–68.
85. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 536–37, 574; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 117–19, 130–35; Glantz, Barbarossa, 83–84, 219 n. 24; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 66–69; Bock, War Diary, 1, 3, 10, 12, 14 August 1941, 270–81; Halder, War Diary, 26 July, 5 August 1941, 485, 497; Bock, War Diary, 25 July 1941, 262.
86. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 572; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 118; Glantz, Barbarossa, 84–85; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 55.
87. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 572; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 118; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 55; “Führerweisungen am 23. Juli 1941,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 23 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1030–31; “Addendum to Directive No. 33,” in Glantz, Barbarossa, 236–37.
88. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 574; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 118; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 207–8; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 23 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1033; Bock, War Diary, 25, 27–28 July 1941, 262–65; Halder, War Diary, 26 July 1941, 485–87.
89. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 574–78; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 207–8; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 25 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1035–40; Halder, War Diary, 26 July 1941, 485–87.
90. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 579–80; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 209; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 28 July 1941, 1, pt. 2:1040; “Directive No. 34,” in Glantz, Barbarossa, 237; Halder, War Diary, 30 July 1941, 490.
91. Klink, “The C
onduct of Operations,” 579–83; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 209–12; Halder, War Diary, 1 August 1941, 491; Bock, War Diary, 5 August 1941, 273.
92. Bock, War Diary, 2 August 1941, 271; Letters of 10 and 11 August 1941, in Buchbender and Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges, 77–78.
93. Bock, War Diary, 7, 12 August 1941, 276, 281.
94. Halder, War Diary, 4, 11 August 1941, 496, 505–6.
95. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 588–90; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 411; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 12 August 1941, 1, pt. 2:1044.
96. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 590–91; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’ ” 153; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 411–12; TBJG, 19 August 1941.
97. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 591–93; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 412–14; “Sonderakte,” in Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 20 August 1941, 1, pt. 2:1061; “Operative Gedanken des Führers und Weisungen am 21. August 1941,” in ibid., 21 August 1941, 1061–62; “Studie,” in ibid., 22 August 1941, 1063–68.
98. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 188; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 414–15; Halder, War Diary, 22, 24 August 1941, 514–16; Bock, War Diary, 22–24 August 1941, 288–93; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 198–202.
99. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1124–41; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 211–13; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 214–15, 218–25, 238–41; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 80–81; Kipp, “The Crisis of Successive Operations,” 133–34; Glantz, Barbarossa, 83–96; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 71–74.
100. Halder, War Diary, 8 August 1941, 500; Ueberschär, “Das Scheitern des Unternehmens ‘Barbarossa,’ ” 154; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 81; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 593–94; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1141; Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 217, 234–37.
4. Whirlwind
1. TBJG, 30 June 1941, 1, 5, 24, 28 July 1941; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 422–23; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 117–32; Aly and Heim, Architects of Annihilation, 237.
2. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 422–23; TBJG, 28 June, 14, 17, 31 July, 13, 16, 19 August 1941; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 122. For the popular mood in general, see TBJG, 9–10, 14–17, 20, 23–24, 28–29, 31 July, 7–8, 10–11, 13–16, 25, 28–29 August 1941; and Aly, Hitler’s Beneficiaries, 131, 169–71.
3. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 424–26, and Popular Opinion and Political Dissent, 332–57; Steinert, Hitler’s War, 122–23.
4. Steinert, Hitler’s War, 122–24; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 426–28.
5. TBJG, 14 August 1941; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 184–85. The best book on the rise and impact of eugenics in Germany is Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, here 15–20. See also Kühl, The Nazi Connection, 77–84; Burleigh, Death and Deliverance; Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State; and Mazower, Dark Continent, chap. 3.
6. Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 252–61; Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 185–89; Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, 97, 111–12; Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, 46–47, 53, 95–98, 112–15, 192–93; Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, 39, 43, 62–63. On compulsory sterilization, see Bock, Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus. There are numerous local and regional studies of compulsory sterilization by German historians.
7. Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, 185–93; Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, 252, 260–61, 429–30; Burleigh and Wippermann, The Racial State, 143–48, 153; Klee, Dokumente zur “Euthanasie,” 85, and “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, 345–55; Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, 40–61, 64–110, 106–7, 111–16, 150–63, 270–83.
8. Megargee, War of Annihilation, 76, 82; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 559–67; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1117–23; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 74–77; Glantz, Barbarossa, 117–18.
9. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 567–68, 594–96; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 76–78; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 77–79.
10. Kershaw, War without Garlands, 152; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 594–98; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189.
11. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 599–600; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 25–31 August, 1–6 September 1941, 1, pt. 2:590–617; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189–90; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 212; Bock, War Diary, 31 August, 2, 4–5 September 1941, 299, 301, 303–5; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 155.
12. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 600–601; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 190; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 82–83.
13. Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 79–80; Glantz, Barbarossa, 126–28.
14. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 601–4; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 190; Stolfi, “The Greatest Encirclement Battle in History”; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 156–57; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 82–83; Bock, War Diary, 15 September 1941, 313.
15. Kershaw, War without Garlands, 158–63; Letter of Günter von Scheven, 2 September 1941, in Bähr and Bähr, eds., Kriegsbriefe, 112; Letter of 24 September 1941, in Buchbender and Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges, 82; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 79–80; Glantz, Barbarossa, 128–32.
16. Glantz, Barbarossa, 132; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 80–81; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 603–4, 604 n. 252. Soviet records corroborate the magnitude of the calamity. On 1 September, the Southwestern Front centered on Kiev numbered approximately 760,000 men (850,000 counting reserves). In the ensuing encirclement, the Soviets admitted to the loss of some 440,000 troops. Overall, the Southwestern Front suffered over 700,000 casualties, with 616,304 killed, wounded, captured, or missing during the Battle for Kiev.
17. Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 190; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 60; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 83–84; Bock, War Diary, 15–16, 19, 21–22 September 1941, 313, 315–16.
18. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 631–41; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 188; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 83–84; Glantz, Barbarossa, 101–6.
19. Halder, War Diary, 5 September 1941, 524; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 631–41, 644–46; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 85; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 84–85; Glantz, Barbarossa, 107–13; “Directive No. 35,” in ibid., 239–40.
20. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 643–47; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 85–86; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 84–85; Glantz, Barbarossa, 107–14.
21. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 643–47; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 85–86.
22. Leach, German Strategy against Russia, 218–26, 234–41.
23. Van Creveld, Supplying War, 145–53; Müller, “The Failure of Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1125–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 60–69; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 212; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 164–67.
24. Van Creveld, Supplying War, 153–61; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 167; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 146–47.
25. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 60–69; Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1125–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 213; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 88.
26. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’ ” 1127–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 60–69; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 214; Wilt, “Hitler’s Late Summer Pause,” 189.
27. Müller, “The Failure of the Economic ‘Blitzkrieg Strategy,’
” 1127–32; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 667–70; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 60–69; Schüler, “The Eastern Campaign,” 213; Halder, War Diary, 26, 28–29 August 1941, 517, 519, 521; Schramm, ed., Kriegstagebuch, 5 January 1942, 1, pt. 2:1120–21; Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste, 277–80; Hammer and Nieden, eds., Sehr selten habe ich geweint, 235–48; Golovchansky, ed., “Ich will raus aus diesem Wahnsinn,” 31–35; Dollinger, ed., Kain, wo ist dein Bruder? 107, 110–13; Bähr and Bähr, eds., Kriegsbriefe, 71, 209–11; Buchbender and Sterz, eds., Das andere Gesicht des Krieges, 81; Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, 25 August, 8, 18, 22 September, 23 October 1941; Kershaw, War without Garlands, 169–76, 251; Bartov, The Eastern Front, 19–20.
28. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 57–70; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 664–72.
29. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 57–70; Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 664–72; Megargee, War of Annihilation, 86–89.
30. Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 71–78; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 885–87; Glantz, Barbarossa, 141–44.
31. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 672–73; Glantz, Barbarossa, 144–47; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 79; Hoffmann, “The Conduct of the War through Soviet Eyes,” 887–92; Ziemke and Bauer, Moscow to Stalingrad, 164.
32. Klink, “The Conduct of Operations,” 673–74; Reinhardt, Moscow—the Turning Point, 80–87; Glantz, Barbarossa, 147–48; Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 80–81; Guderian, Panzer Leader, 233, 235.
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