Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality
Page 93
10 Major, The Autobiography, p. 187.
11 Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 852.
12 Ibid., p. 851.
13 Ibid., p. 855.
14 Margaret Thatcher for Thatcher: The Downing Street Years, Part 1, BBC, 1993.
15 Alan Clark, Diaries, 21 November 1990, p. 366.
16 Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 853.
17 Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-War Britain: A Political History, 1945–1992, (4th edn) Penguin, 1993, p. 550.
18 Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 855.
19 Carol Thatcher, Below the Parapet, p. 266.
20 Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 856.
21 Ibid.
22 Baker, The Turbulent Years, pp. 409–410.
23 MTF: Speaking to her cabinet, 22 November 1990.
24 Parkinson, Right at the Centre, p. 4.
25 Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 858.
26 Hansard, HC Deb 22 November 1990.
27 Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 859.
28 John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, 3 vols, Macmillan, 1903, p. 357.
29 Hansard, HC Deb 22 November 1990.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Daily Mail, 23 November 1990.
37 Wyatt, Journals, Vol. 2, 23 November 1990, pp. 401–402.
38 Baker, The Turbulent Years, p. 395.
39 The Times, 28 November 1990.
40 Carol Thatcher, Below the Parapet, p. 272.
41 Ibid., p. 271.
42 MTF: Speech to Conservative Central Office, 26 November 1990.
43 Millar, A View from the Wings, p. 362.
44 Hansard, HC Deb 27 November 1990.
45 Major, The Autobiography, p. 199.
46 Penny Junor, John Major: From Brixton to Downing Street, Penguin, 1996, p. 205.
47 Major, The Autobiography, p. 199.
48 MTF: Remarks departing Downing Street, 28 November 1990.
49 Enoch Powell, Third Way, October 2006.
38 THE AGONY AFTER THE FALL
1 Interview with Denis Oliver, BBC Radio 4, 11 April 2013.
2 Brenda Maddox, Maggie: The First Lady, Hodder & Stoughton, 2003, p. 219.
3 AC: Interview with Lord Butler.
4 AC: Peter Morrison to the author, January 1991.
5 Ibid.: Conversation with Margaret Thatcher, January 1991.
6 Margaret Orth, ‘Maggie’s Big Problem’, Vanity Fair, June 1991.
7 BBC Radio 4, 10 April 1913.
8 Aitken, Heroes and Contemporaries, p. 147.
9 AC: Private information.
10 AC: Interview with Julian Seymour.
11 AC: Interview with Lord Butler.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Moore, Margaret Thatcher, Vol. 1., p. xii.
15 AC: Author’s party for Sir Teddy Taylor, 26 November 1991.
16 Hansard, HC Deb 26 June 1991.
17 AC: Interview with Sir Richard Shepherd.
18 Margaret Thatcher interview, ITN, 22 November 1991.
19 AC: Interview with Sir John Major.
20 AC: Conversation with Margaret Thatcher, December 1991.
21 The Times, 26 November 1992.
22 AC: Interview with Sir John Major.
23 AC: Interview with Alan Duncan MP.
39 SNAPSHOTS OF HER RETIREMENT YEARS
1 Hansard, House of Lords, 14 July 1993, vol. 548, cols. 281–6.
2 Gospel of St. Matthew, chapter 13, verse 32.
3 Speech in Fulton, Missouri, 9 March 1996.
4 AC: Conversation with Margaret Thatcher, June 1992.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 AC: Lunch at Sandwich Bay, June 1996.
8 Ibid: Interview with Sir Richard Shepherd.
9 Ibid: Interview with Bill Cash.
10 Aitken, Heroes and Contemporaries, pp. 149–151.
11 AC: Denis Thatcher, Rannoch, 16 August 1996.
12 Ibid: Malcolm Pearson, Rannoch, 17 August 1996.
13 Ibid: Denis Thatcher, Rannoch, 16 August 1996.
14 Ibid. Margaret Thatcher, Rannoch, 18 August 1996. See also Sunday Telegraph, 14 April 2013.
15 AC: Denis Thatcher, Rannoch, 16 August 1996.
16 Ibid: Jonathan Aitken (unpublished) diary, 20 August 1996.
17 MTF: Lady Thatcher, remarks on the doorstep of 10 Downing Street, 26 September 1995.
18 AC: Conversation with Michael Alison.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid: Interview with The Rev Dick Whittington.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
EPIOLGUE
1 Carol Thatcher, A Swim-on Part in the Goldfish Bowl, Headline Review, 2008, p. 25.
2 Ibid., p. 260.
3 AC: Conversation with Carol Thatcher, June 2000.
4 The Times, 11 April 2013.
Index
Acland, Sir Antony 326, 348, 356, 359
aerospace industry 426–7, 432–3
Aitken, Jonathan 4–7, 176–7, 180, 241–2, 394, 527–8, 557–8, 654–5, 669–70
Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Meriden (1966) 110–11, 114
Defence Minister 30, 669
first meeting with MT (1966) 3–4, 111–12, 114–15
Member of Parliament for Thanet East 145, 177, 186, 195, 237, 527
miners’ strike (1984–85) 443–4
relationship with Carol Thatcher 4–6, 186–8, 669, 684
and resignation speech of Howe (1990) 7, 619–20
Al Yamamah (export deal with Saudi Arabia, 1985) 426–7, 430, 432–8
Alison, Michael 5–6, 397, 411, 517–28, 558–9, 679–80, 684
Amery, Julian (later Baron Amery of Lustleigh) 159, 162, 223
Falklands War 323–4, 330, 333
Andropov, Yuri 478–9, 487
Anglo-American alliance 119, 201, 296, 555
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 415–20, 595
Argentina 361, 466
invasion of Falkland Islands (2 April 1982) 326, 328, 330, 333, 373
negotiations with United Kingdom 322, 325
see also Falklands War (1982)
Armstrong, Sir Robert (later Baron Armstrong of Ilminster) 274–5, 298–9, 511
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985) 415–16, 418, 425
Cabinet Secretary (1979–87) 43, 260, 262–3, 359
Falklands War 359, 363–4, 369
‘A-Team’ (strategy group) 521–3
Atkins, Humphrey (later Baron Colnbrook) 45, 95, 160, 162, 176–7, 189, 227, 326, 392, 416
Atlas Preservative Company 72, 107, 186
Baker, Kenneth (later Baron Baker of Dorking) 173, 400, 530–2, 583, 590, 627, 633, 641
Bancroft, Sir Ian (later Baron Bancroft) 256–8
Bandar bin Sultan, Prince 428–31, 434, 437–8
Belgrano, sinking of 348–50, 353, 373, 387
Bell, Timothy (later Baron Bell) 208, 215–17, 220–1, 242, 314, 385, 387, 454, 537, 640
argument with MT (BBC debates, 1978) 217–18
and election campaign of 1987 524, 528
as ‘laughing boy’ 211, 213–14, 216, 222
Biffen, John (later Baron Biffen) 138, 160, 250, 277–8, 314, 329, 502, 541
Blair, Tony (Anthony Charles) 261, 370, 425, 690
Blair House, 283–5
Blunt, Anthony 272–4
Bosnian conflict, MT’s attitude to 664–5, 670
Bossom, Sir Alfred (later Baron Bossom) 55–7, 66, 71, 78, 97
Bossom, Sir Clive 55–6, 67, 95, 686
Boyd-Carpenter, John (later Baron Boyd-Carpenter) 52, 83, 110, 114
and MT’s early parliamentary career 98–101, 108
Bray, Tony 46–7, 52
Brighton Conference and bombing (1984) 53, 410–15, 453
British Aerospace 426–7, 432–3
British Steel Corporation (BSC), indu
strial action at 305, 377–8
British Telecom (BT), privatisation 381, 399, 403, 653
Brittan, Leon (later Baron Brittan of Spennithorne) 103, 185, 396, 412, 446, 507, 539, 540
Westland crisis (1986) 509–11, 514–15
Broughton, Sir Alfred ‘Doc’ 225–7
Bruges speech and fall-out (1988) 560, 565–73, 592
Budgen, Nicholas 181, 537, 557, 624, 635
Budgets 96–7, 113, 157, 251, 399, 402–3, 523
of 1981 5, 308–12, 376, 518, 686
of 1988, as ‘boom or bust’ 546–50
Buenos Aires military junta 324–5, 335, 339, 354–5, 357, 370–1
Burns, Terence (later Baron Burns) 264–5, 541, 553
Bush, George H.W. 598, 628, 631, 641, 647
Butler, Robin (Baron Butler of Brockwell) 277–8, 405, 423, 503, 543, 653–4, 658
and Brighton bomb 410–11, 413
by-elections 79, 185, 193, 200–1, 219, 319, 476, 519, 602, 614
cabinet 103, 447, 504, 508, 517–18, 593
defection of 7, 636–41, 651
committees 300, 303, 318, 322–3, 380–1
first appointments to 249–50
relationships of MT with members of 252–5, 500–5
reshuffles 315–19, 502, 583, 613
Westland crisis as illustrating Heseltine’s grievances against MT’s management of discussions on 511–12, 517
Wets on 301–2, 306
Whitelaw’s skills in relation to 252, 274, 314, 532–6
see also under Thatcher, Margaret Hilda (Baroness); war cabinet (ODSA), Falklands War
Callaghan, James (later Baron Callaghan of Cardiff) 5, 115, 198–201, 211–12, 215, 217, 222, 224, 235, 243, 245, 325, 552
effectiveness as Prime Minister 193, 209–10
and ‘winter of discontent’ (1978–79) 220–1, 441
see also trade unions; ‘winter of discontent’ (1978–79)
Camp David, US 466, 486, 489, 492
Canberra, HMS 360–1, 373
Carlisle, Mark (Baron Carlisle of Bucklow) 249–50, 317
Carrington, Peter, 6th Baron 116, 162–3, 179, 285, 305, 333, 461
Falklands War 321–3, 332–3, 341
Foreign Secretary 248–9, 283–8, 291, 293, 295, 297, 305, 321–3, 332–3, 415
relationship with MT 254–5, 283–9, 297–301, 439, 503
Carter, Jimmy 197, 203, 220, 283, 296–7, 299
Cartiss, Michael 620, 643–4
Cartledge, Sir Bryan 263, 287, 495, 523
Cash, William (‘Bill’) 562, 660, 671–2
Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), paper of 1982 378–80
Centre for Policy Studies (CPS) 145–6, 152, 207, 448, 593
Chamberlain, Neville 28, 223, 337
Churchill, Sir Winston 30, 49, 55, 58, 66–7, 107, 149, 181, 194, 245, 345, 376, 460, 691
civil service 90, 100, 262, 265
challenging as Prime Minister 255–9
Indian, desire of MT to join 35–6
Clark, Alan 45, 159, 160, 185, 267–8, 513, 619, 626, 638–9
Falklands War 332, 354, 369
Clarke, Kenneth 335, 530, 536, 583, 613, 637, 651
closed shop 89, 233, 304, 441
Cold War, winning 474–99
bridge building between Moscow and Washington 485–8
Geneva (Reagan–Gorbachev summit, 1985) 487–8
Gorbachev, Chequers’ overture to (1984) 8, 480–5, 493
Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) 498
Reykjavik (Reagan–Gorbachev summit, 1986) 466, 491–3
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (GHOGM), Lusaka 288–91
communism
collapse in Eastern Europe 591–2
MT’s views on 120, 197, 202, 207, 389
see also Soviet Union (USSR)
Community Charge (Poll Tax) 155, 400, 537, 591, 602–4, 622
as ‘flagship’ policy in 1988–1990 154, 531
comprehensive schools 121, 126–7
Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) (1990) 623, 626, 628–31, 634
Conquest, Robert 183, 202, 270, 286, 475
Conservative Association, 80, 83–4, 103, 145, 191
at Oxford University see Oxford University Conservative Association (OUCA)
Conservative Central Office 64, 69–70, 82, 85, 217, 384, 386, 388
election campaign of 1979 234–5, 244
election campaign of 1987 525–7
list of approved candidates, MT included on 54–5, 57
Conservative European Reform Group (CERG) 6–7, 558, 567, 605, 635, 660
Conservative Party Conferences 118, 129, 219, 300, 398, 374, 405, 410, 567
see also Young Conservatives conference (1948)
Conservative Party leadership contests
in 1975 4, 160, 163–9, 392
deciding to stand 156–8
election as leader (February 1975) 176–8
first and second ballots (February 1975) 173–6
supporters 158–61
in 1990 621–3, 645–9
Conservative Philosophy Group (CPG) 4, 205, 207–8, 445
Cook, Beryl 64–5, 70, 73
Cooper, Sir Frank 257, 283, 326, 344
council houses, ‘Right to Buy’ policy 144, 250–1, 382
Cradock, Sir Percy 421–4, 477, 657
Crawford, Cynthia (‘Crawfie’) 190, 412, 494, 628, 631, 647, 649, 653, 685
Critchley (Sir) Julian 95, 158, 192
Cullen, Muriel (née Roberts) 9, 12–14, 28–9, 61–2, 68–9, 96
correspondence and discussions with MT 46, 60–1, 67, 119, 127
Daily Mail 63–4, 115, 195, 520, 584, 587, 645
Daily Telegraph 95, 123, 187, 528, 587
Dartford (Kent), MT as Parliamentary Candidate for 3–4, 57–61, 65, 111, 555
Dassault, supply of Mirage aircraft to Saudi Arabia 427–9
Deedes, William ‘Bill’ (later Baron Deedes) 93–5, 438, 679
Delors, Jacques 550, 557, 559–60, 565–7, 591, 606, 609
‘No! No! No! denunciations of MT towards 555, 616, 618
Deng Xiaoping 421–5
Deutschmark, shadowing 542–6
devolution 199, 203, 223
Donoughue, Bernard (later Baron Donoughue) 185, 216, 243
Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (later Baron Home of the Hirsel) 50, 107–9, 111, 137, 158, 332–3
Downing Street (No. 10) 261–6
leaving 646, 653
du Cann, (Sir) Edward 105, 149–50, 156, 162, 199, 330, 397, 557, 686
and leadership contest of 1975 4, 163–6, 168, 175
Duncan Smith, Iain 137, 671, 687
Economic Dining Club 4, 161, 322
economic issues 219, 300–20, 402, 404
Falklands War 376–7
free-market economics 118–19, 161, 208, 251, 322
inflation 116, 138, 146–7, 209, 300, 376, 584
interest rates 318, 547–8, 584, 605
interventionist policies 117, 137, 203, 313
Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS) 301–2, 401
monetarism see monetarism
MT’s views on 64, 116–17, 204
prices and incomes policies see prices and incomes policies
James Prior on 203, 303–8
privatisation, MT’s policies regarding 117–18, 380–2, 403–4
public expenditure, controlling/reducing 265–6, 301, 378–9, 388, 402
Public Sector Borrowing Requirement 309–11
taxation see taxation
unemployment see unemployment
vulnerability of MT in relation to 312–15
see also Budgets; Thatcher, Margaret Hilda (Baroness); trade unions
Economist, The 378, 443, 469, 471
Eden, Anthony (1st Earl of Avon) 49–50, 56
Elizabeth, The Queen Mother 30, 470, 690
Elizabeth II, The Queen 5, 72, 245–6, 268, 273, 289, 291, 357,
367, 386, 407, 425, 466, 468, 546, 636, 640–1, 679
Employment Bill 1980 303–6
Endurance, HMS 324–5, 333
Environment, MT as Shadow Minister for 144, 154–5
European Economic Community (EEC) 7, 138–9, 291–6, 409, 461, 507, 555–68
Britain’s entry into 117, 202
Bruges speech (1988) 560, 565–73, 592
budget rebate for Britain, achieving 292, 295–6, 298
Dublin meetings (1979 and 1980) 293–4, 409
European Council summit, Strasbourg (1979) 292–3
Euroscepticism, swinging towards 7, 555–68
Madrid meeting (1989) 551, 573–6
‘No! No! No! denunciations towards integration (1990) 555, 616, 618
referendum (1975) on British entry 202, 555
Single European Act (SEA) 557–60
European Monetary Union (EMU) 553, 557, 594, 597, 605–6, 612
see also European Economic Community (EEC); Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Evans, Sir Richard (Dick) Harry 430–3, 438, 545
Evening Standard 64, 81, 144, 153, 528
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
clashes with Howe and Lawson over 540–2, 550–3, 588
decision to join 541–2, 550, 553, 604–8
Fahd bin Abdulaziz, King of Saudi Arabia 431
deal with MT (1985) 426–7, 430, 433–8
and Kuwait invasion (1990) 599, 601
tensions with brother (Prince Sultan) 429–30
Falkland Islands
Hong Kong solution for 321–2
as Las Malvinas 324–5, 335
leaseback proposal 321–5, 333, 341
‘thermonuclear lunch’ in relation to (1979) 321–2, 341
see also Argentina; Falklands War (1982)
Falklands War (1982)
aftermath/implications 370–89, 431
Argentine invasion of Falklands (2 April 1982) 326, 328, 330, 333, 373
battles 359–67, 375, 387
BBC World Service news bulletins 346, 363
Belgrano, sinking of 348–9, 350, 353, 373, 387
Buenos Aires military junta 324–5, 335, 339, 354–5, 357, 370–1
casualties 348–50, 360–3, 371
changing of political landscape following 372–89
and courage of MT 5, 341, 370–1
Exclusion Zones 347–8
general election of 1983 as landslide victory following 386–8
land war 362–3
military and political preparations 341, 344–6
origins of conflict 323–43
Peruvian back channel/peace plan 348, 351–5, 373
Port Stanley occupation/recapture 362, 365–8
Ronald Reagan, tensions with 336, 351, 354–6, 363–4, 367, 465–6
Royal Navy 325, 327, 331, 334, 340, 344, 346, 358, 370