Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 6 16.7457 33.49136 0.000008
Error 2022 994.6771
C Total 2028 1011.4228
RSquare (U) 0.0166
Observations 2029
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.2952650 0.1066175 147.59 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.3925580 0.0774209 25.71 0.0000
zSES +0.1910425 0.0783345 5.95 0.0147
zAge −0.0278086 0.0617722 0.20 0.6526
Adult14
[2 Bio−UnmarMom] −0.1472662 0.117616 1.57 0.2105
Adult14
[Bio/Step−UnmarMom] +0.0621918 0.1601525 0.15 0.6978
Adult14
[Other−UnmarMom] −0.0872024 0.2553089 0.12 0.7327
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: First birth out of wedlock.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Women with at least one child.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 39.86862 79.73723 0.000000
Error 1217 461.90618
C Total 1220 501.77480
RSquare (U) 0.0795
Observations 1221
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.9432320 0.0938185 429.01 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.6537960 0.1239489 27.82 0.0000
zSES −0.3052597 0.1189878 6.58 0.0103
zAge −0.2405246 0.0902516 7.10 0.0077
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 15.09449 30.18898 0.000001
Error 512 187.89956
C Total 515 202.99405
RSquare (U) 0.0744
Observations 516
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.1890354 0.1658602 174.19 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.7846895 0.2142378 13.42 0.0002
zSES −0.2428727 0.2165927 1.26 0.2621
zAge −0.4145066 0.1447961 8.20 0.0042
The College Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 1.1299340 2.259868 0.520253
Error 112 4.6193334
C Total 115 5.7492674
RSquare(U) 0.1965
Observations 116
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −6.37685240 3.9705049 2.58 0.1083
zAFQT89 −0.31644570 1.9844225 0.03 0.8733
zSES −0.72608390 1.5248314 0.23 0.6340
zAge +2.58214793 2.8423709 0.83 0.3636
Basic analysis, Adding Living Arrangements with Adults at Age 14 (Adult 14):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 6 46.62389 93.24777 0.000000
Error 1214 455.15091
C Total 1220 501.77480
RSquare (U) 0.0929
Observations 1221
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.8260275 0.1541482 140.33 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.6620720 0.1259903 27.61 0.0000
zSES −0.2460336 0.1221771 4.06 0.0440
zAge −0.2109268 0.0909302 5.38 0.0204
Adult14
[2 Bio−UnmarMom] −0.2816545 0.1634249 2.97 0.0848
Adult14
[Bio/Step−UnmarMom] +0.2928507 0.206926 2.00 0.1570
Adult14
[Other−UnmarMom] −0.4991684 0.3593261 1.93 0.1648
Basic analysis, Adding Presence of Biological Parents at Age 14 (14Bio):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 6 47.56391 95.12783 0.000000
Error 1214 454.21088
C Total 1220 501.77480
RSquare (U) 0.0948
Observations 1221
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.0199123 0.2037839 98.25 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.6567746 0.1250691 27.58 0.0000
zSES −0.2479794 0.1214895 4.17 0.0412
zAge −0.2037178 0.0910296 5.01 0.0252
14Bio
[MomOnly−PopOnly] +0.6528652 0.2233927 8.54 0.0035
14Bio
[Mom/Pop−PopOnly] −0.0862208 0.2102335 0.17 0.6817
14Bio[Neither−PopOnly] −0.2371231 0.4150982 0.33 0.5678
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Calendar Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 4 63.21118 126.4224 0.000000
Error 956 292.73717
C Total 960 355.94835
RSquare (U) 0.1776
Observations 961
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.6785743 0.1460018 132.18 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.6300049 0.1665952 14.30 0.0002
zSES −0.1828877 0.1513393 1.46 0.2269
zAge −0.4759393 0.127232 13.99 0.0002
PreBirthPov A
[No−Yes] −0.8178684 0.1266496 41.70 0.0000
Basic Analysis, Restricted to Women Below the Poverty Line in the Calendar Year Prior to Birth:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 3.005867 6.011735 0.111041
Error 95 65.003329
C Total 98 68.009196
RSquare (U) 0.0442
Observations 99
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −0.65306390 0.2901964 5.06 0.0244
zAFQT89 −0.76887410 0.3453889 4.96 0.0260
zSES +0.17993445 0.2589166 0.48 0.4871
zAge −0.13622880 0.2289764 0.35 0.5519
CHAPTER 9: WELFARE DEPENDENCY
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: On welfare by the first calendar year after the birth of the child.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Women with at least one child born prior to January 1, 1989.
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of the Birth (BStatus):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 5 100.37993 200.7599 0.000000
Error 833 221.75844
C Total 838 322.13837
RSquare (U) 0.3116
Observations 839
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.03594055 0.1713324 36.56 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.57972844 0.1892548 9.38 0.0022
zSES −0.06130137 0.1746782 0.12 0.7256
zAge −0.11269946 0.1457313 0.60 0.4393
PreBirthPov
[No−Yes] −0.89960808 0.1446041 38.70 0.0000
BStatus
[Illegit−Legit] +1.05258560 0.1352006 60.61 0.0000
The High School Sample, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of theBirth (BStatus):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 5 29.28354 58.56707 0.000000
Error 384 108.14153
C Total 389 137.42507
RSquare (U) 0.2131
Observations 390
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.44834110 0.2659616 29.41 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.60735910 0.3004261 4.09 0.0432
zSES +0.12094082 0.3096641 0.15 0.6961
zAge −0.24139690 0.2089849 1.33 0.24
81
PreBirthPov
[No−Yes] −0.67898980 0.223275 9.25 0.0024
BStatus
[Illegit−Legit] +0.80812194 0.2058033 15.42 0.0001
The College Sample: Omitted. Included no women who had received Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) within a year after the birth.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: On welfare for at least five years versus women with no welfare experience at all.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Women with at least one child born prior to January 1, 1986. For women scored as “no welfare,” child born after December 31, 1977 and complete data on welfare receipt from 1978 to 1986.
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of the Birth(BStatus):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 5 44.82635 89.65269 0.000000
Error 493 96.90156
C Total 498 141.72790
RSquare (U) 0.3163
Observations 499
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.5840878 0.2826002 31.42 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.5506878 0.2950687 3.48 0.0620
zSES −0.4921959 0.2779368 3.14 0.0766
zAge −0.1094338 0.2276355 0.23 0.6307
PreBirthPov
[No−Yes] −0.7636358 0.2336359 10.68 0.0011
BStatus
[Illegit−Legit] +1.1951879 0.205013 33.99 0.0000
The High School Sample, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov) and Marital Status at the Time of theBirth (BStatus):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 5 13.898589 27.79718 0.000040
Error 251 48.695997
C Total 256 62.594585
RSquare (U) 0.2220
Observations 257
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.7786656 0.3901684 20.78 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.2301309 0.4429317 0.27 0.6034
zSES −0.3131157 0.4832739 0.42 0.5170
zAge −0.0377430 0.3173131 0.01 0.9053
PreBirthPov
[No-Yes] −0.6891978 0.3355851 4.22 0.0400
BStatus
[Illegit-Legit] +1.1068557 0.307595 12.95 0.0003
The College Sample: Omitted. The cross-sectional College Sample included no women who were on chronic welfare within a year after the birth.
CHAPTER 10: PARENTING
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Did the mother smoke during pregnancy?
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: None.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 84.6762 169.3523 0.000000
Error 2338 1443.8251
C Total 2341 1528.5013
RSquare (U) 0.0554
Observations 2342
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −0.65729780 0.0465003 199.81 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.63479220 0.0645408 96.74 0.0000
zSES −0.13376440 0.0604787 4.89 0.0270
zAge +0.09727632 0.0484283 4.03 0.0446
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Low birth weight (weight less than 5.5 pounds at birth).
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Excludes premature babies whose weight was less than 5.5 lbs. but was appropriate for gestational age.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 6.55199 13.10397 0.004417
Error 2273 349.79375
C Total 2276 356.34574
RSquare (U) 0.0184
Observations 2277
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −3.40600010 0.1270004 719.25 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.44308170 0.1496847 8.76 0.0031
zSES +0.03312669 0.1492929 0.05 0.8244
zAge +0.26896236 0.1226929 4.81 0.0284
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirth-Pov):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 4 9.09299 18.18599 0.001135
Error 1859 298.98002
C Total 1863 308.07301
RSquare (U) 0.0295
Observations 1864
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −3.12509860 0.16455 360.69 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.45583800 0.1674174 7.41 0.0065
zSES +0.02995737 0.1628609 0.03 0.8541
zAge +0.34292817 0.1342861 6.52 0.0107
PreBirthPov
[No-Yes] −0.28644950 0.15725 3.32 0.0685
Basic Analysis, Adding Mother’s Age at Birth (AgeBirth):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 4 6.77955 13.55909 0.008844
Error 2272 349.56619
C Total 2276 356.34574
RSquare (U) 0.0190
Observations 2277
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −3.90965790 0.7617514 26.34 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.46251520 0.1522804 9.22 0.0024
zSES +0.01584480 0.1517047 0.01 0.9168
zAge +0.25360789 0.1252257 4.10 0.0428
AgeBirth +0.02095854 0.0311104 0.45 0.5005
The High School Sample:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 1.96999 3.93998 0.268019
Error 944 179.09080
C Total 947 181.06079
RSquare (U) 0.0109
Observations 948
Parameter Estimates:
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −3.1278597 0.1778908 309.16 0.0000
zAFQT89 −0.3560319 0.2387034 2.22 0.1358
zSES +0.0653651 0.2379847 0.08 0.7836
zAge +0.2490558 0.1681270 2.19 0.1385
The College Sample: Omitted. The cross-sectional College Sample included only four low-birth-weight babies.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: The child’s mother was under the poverty line throughout the child’s first three years of life.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: Includes children born from January 1, 1978 through December 31, 1987, with complete data on poverty for the first three years of the child’s life, beginning with the calendar year of birth. Comparison group consists of children of mothers who were not in poverty in any of those years.
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 3 79.84242 159.6848 0.000000
Error 1054 246.63029
C Total 1057 326.47271
RSquare (U) 0.2446
Observations 1058
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −2.9319316 0.1679177 304.87 0.0000
zAFQT89 −1.1608860 0.1893877 37.57 0.0000
zSES −1.0386253 0.1734586 35.85 0.0000
zAge −0.1837537 0.1320334 1.94 0.1640
Basic Analysis, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 4 13338437 266.7687 0.000000
Error 967 161.88379
C Total 971 295.26816
RSquare(U) 0.4517
Observations 972
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.9685017 0.2117444 86.43 0.0000
zAFQT89 −1.0772447 0.2375948 20.56 0.0000
zSES −0.8977385 0.2215879
16.41 0.0001
zAge +0.0117316 0.1681889 0.00 0.9444
PreBirthPov
[No-Yes] −1.7345986 0.1635206 112.53 0.0000
The High School Sample, Adding Poverty Status in the Year Prior to Birth (PreBirthPov):
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 4 68.47634 136.9527 0.000000
Error 472 75.99609
C Total 476 144.47243
RSquare (U) 0.4740
Observations (or Sum Wgts) 477
Parameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Intercept −1.9504069 0.3232654 36.40 0.0000
zAFQT89 −1.2253622 0.4168866 8.64 0.0033
zSES −0.5574476 0.3852681 2.09 0.1479
zAge 0.05808314 0.252284 0.05 0.8179
PreBirthPov
[No-Yes] −2.0368386 0.236268 74.32 0.0000
The College Sample: Omitted. The cross-sectional College Sample included only one child whose mother was beneath the poverty line throughout the first three years.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: The child’s HOME index score was in the bottom decile.
SAMPLE RESTRICTIONS: None.
ADDITIONAL CONTROL VARIABLES: Test year (TestYr, nominal: 1986, 1988, or 1990) and the child’s age category for scoring the HOME index (HomeAgeCat, nominal, in years: 0/2, 3/5, 6+).
Basic Analysis:
Whole-Model Test
Source DF -LogLikelihood ChiSquare Prob>ChiSq
Model 7 88.9225 177.8451 0.000000
Error 5114 1190.6267
C Total 5121 1279.5492
RSquare (U) 0.0695
Observations 5122
Patameter Estimates
Term Estimate Std Error ChiSquare Prob>
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life Page 72