On 1 July Miss Krysia returned from her holiday and Pola left. Pola went to her sister and brother-in-law’s small farm near Troki every August, returning more tired than when she left, since she spent the whole time helping to bring in the crops. Pola had been with our family since before I was born and was very devoted to my mother and family. Her previous employers had thrown her out when they discovered she was pregnant, a detail mother was not aware of when she hired her. Pola gave birth to a boy, the day before I was born, who unfortunately died in childbirth. As a result, she transferred her love to me and we had a very close bond.
As August unfolded we noticed changes from the year before. Father, who normally spent as much time as possible in the country, hardly showed himself. Mother, who always closed her business in August to holiday at some spa, cancelled her trip. Uncle Karol did not visit us at all. We also saw much less of our friends’ fathers and other neighbours, most of whom were officers in the nearby regiments.
Around the third week of August we returned to our apartment in Wilno. This too was unusual as we normally stayed in the country until mid-September, commuting to school with our father. All the adults seemed very preoccupied; we overheard talk about war with Germany. Personally, I was looking forward to it since I was sure that our Polish Army would quickly win any war. Did we not have the best army in the world? Did we not win against the Bolsheviks in 1920? Did we not regain lost territories from Germany after the world war? Wasn’t our cavalry the best fighting force in the world? I had seen our soldiers marching smartly in national holiday parades right under our balcony. I had been to the barracks, ridden in tanks and armoured cars, watched the cavalry horse shows and military manoeuvres, visited army shooting ranges, stood in the chow line with soldiers to get food from the field kitchens. I knew officers like Uncle Karol and Major Kulczyński … I knew they were the best!
A few days later, we bid a tearful goodbye to Miss Krysia, who had to return to her family. Mother hired a woman to cook and clean temporarily, but my brother and I didn’t want another governess. Father started spending more and more time in his office, sometimes overnight, coming home only to grab a quick meal and change clothes. He seemed completely preoccupied and more unapproachable than ever.
Mother decided we should all have gas masks. She obtained patterns from the Government League for Air Defence (Liga Obrony Powietrznej i Przeciwgazowej, LOPP) and proceeded to make them from sheets of latex taped together with surgical tape. The eyepieces where cut out from stiff cellophane and the inhalers were purchased already loaded with activated charcoal. We had a bit of fun trying them on but they certainly were not comfortable. After a few minutes you would start sweating, the latex would stick to your skin and the eyepieces would fog over, but you could breathe without a problem. Mother’s next project, which we helped with, was to glue paper strips onto the windows in the form of an ‘X’ to stop glass fragments from flying if they were blown out by bombing.
During the last days of August the radio blared martial music, which was broadcast on the streets through loudspeakers. The military choir would sing, ‘Marshal Rydz-Smigły is a gallant commander; nobody will take anything from us as long as he is with us.’ The streets were plastered with posters showing pictures of the Marshal, resplendent in his uniform, superimposed on planes, guns, tanks and marching columns of infantry. An inscription in bold letters stated, ‘Violation by Force Must be Repelled by Force,’ and further down, ‘In case of war, every man regardless of age and every woman will be a soldier.’ I was sure that the latter applied to me: I was a ‘man,’ age did not matter. After all, I knew that young boys and even girls, called ‘Young Eagles of Lwów’, fought to defend their city from Ukrainians and Bolsheviks in 1918–19. One of them, only 13 years old, was the youngest recipient of the Order Virtuti Militari, the highest Polish decoration for bravery under fire. And the youngest Eagle was only 9 years old. ‘Well’, I thought, ‘in a few months I’ll be 9.’
On 30 August, around noon, the streets were plastered with large yellow posters. The President of the Republic, Ignacy Mościcki ordered the general mobilisation of the military. Large groups of men were gathering to read the orders; there was a new feeling of excitement in the air. We noticed long columns of troops marching out of their barracks towards the railway station, cheered along by the gathering crowds. That night uncle Karol came to say his goodbyes while his staff car waited downstairs. He looked splendid in his officer’s black riding boots and black leather coat of the tank troops over his elegantly tailored uniform. He had a brown leather Sam Browne belt; his large, heavy 9mm VIS pistol hung in a triangular tan leather holster on the right side of his belt with a pleated leather lanyard around his neck. A leather map case hung on his left side while field glasses and a gas mask in a metal canister completed his equipment. Brown leather gauntlets where wedged under his belt and a black beret of the tank troops, with the Polish eagle and two silver stars signifying his rank of first lieutenant, capped his head. His orderly stood behind him carrying his helmet and holding Rex on a leash. Rex used to be our dog, a big male cross between an Alsatian shepherd and a Great Dane. Our old white female Spitz didn’t want him in our city apartment and constantly attacked him so uncle Karol took him in. Now, I thought, with uncle Karol and Rex going to war we were certain to win. On the last day of August, more troops marched towards the railway station. Father briefly stopped by our apartment to discreetly speak with my mother; after he left we did not see him again for a while.
The next morning was 1 September 1939. I was awakened by the sound of the radio in the living room, where mother was sitting on the couch and listening. She looked at us and very quietly said, ‘the war has started, the Germans attacked us this morning,’ and then she hugged us.
The next couple of days were uneventful but the radio was on all the time, alternating between solemn and martial music periodically interrupted by a grave voice saying, ‘attention, attention, arriving …’ followed by co-ordinates that meant nothing to us. The Air Defence was giving coded positions of German planes on bombing raids over Poland. Then on 3 September, there was great jubilation: France and England had declared war on Germany! Now we were sure that the war would end soon with a quick German defeat. There was no way they could stand up to the combined might of the Polish, French and English armies. After all, weren’t the French supposed to attack Germany immediately? And wouldn’t the British bomb them and send us new planes through Romania?
One day, when the air sirens sounded we ran to the balcony and looked up. I spotted a few small planes in the distance and heard explosions from the direction of Porubanek Airport. Then I noticed one small plane rising up to meet them, two planes came from above to attack it. They were circling each other, sparks appearing on the wings of the attacking planes and on the fuselage of the small plane. They looked just like the sparks from my toy tank. I had a wind-up toy tank with a gun that had a lighter flint. In the evening I would turn off the lights in my room, making my tank march forward over obstacles, its guns blazing sparks, just like the planes were doing. The air battle did not last very long. We watched in stunned silence as heavy black smoke started to trail behind the small plane, which was now falling. There was an explosion. Andrzej and I looked at each other in disbelief, how could this happen? Weren’t our pilots and our planes the best?
The next few days were again uneventful. Being in the far north-eastern corner of Poland, Wilno was not attacked by the Germans or their planes in the early days of the war. In the drive to capture Warsaw, their army concentrated on overcoming the resistance of the Polish Army in the west of the country. Radio and newspapers gave accounts of heavy fighting, lost battles, withdrawals to new lines of defence and the heavy bombing of Warsaw. The streets of Wilno were deserted since all cars, trucks and buses were requisitioned by the army, the only vehicles still moving were horse-drawn. Lines started to form in front of shops and food became harder and harder to find. A few days after the war started
we hoarded one sack each of flour, groats, sugar and salt in the maid’s room. Later on, we added a few sides of smoked bacon and a few smoked hams. Our parents had been through the First World War and knew that food would be in short supply. At night the streets were dark and streetlights were turned off but the blackout was not strictly observed. During that period father hardly left his office, spending most nights there, coming home only occasionally to bathe, change clothes and grab a bite to eat.
On the morning of 16 September, air sirens blared again. We heard the drone of planes and then heavy explosions from the direction of the railway station. It didn’t last very long and soon the all-clear sounded, but as soon as people started to emerge from wherever they had taken shelter a second wave of planes descended. Realising that we had no anti-aircraft artillery, the German pilots started bombing from a very low altitude, strafing the people below. The air raids lasted for several hours, leaving many fires burning into the night. On the next day, the 17th, Andrzej and I snuck out to see the bombing damage near the railway station. We saw collapsed buildings and big craters in the street with broken pipes leaking water and sewage. We saw people trying to salvage their belongings from the ruins. We stared in fascination at a three-storey apartment building whose front was completely gone, as if it had been cleanly cut off. Pictures were still hanging on the exposed back walls and furniture still stood on what remained of the floors. When we returned home we expected to be punished or at least chastised by our mother since we had left without her permission and had been gone for quite a while. I was surprised that her only reaction to our unauthorised absence was admonishment that in the future we must always tell her in advance where we were going. She seemed so preoccupied and sad. Again she hugged us, making me uneasy: I sensed that something was not right but I didn’t know what. Later that day father again came home to speak to mother briefly and in private, returning again to his office.
On the 18th, mother told us that we had to stay at home. We lived on Mickiewicz Street, the main street in the centre of town. From our balcony we could see Cathedral Square, some of the streets feeding onto the square, and up and down our own street as well. We noticed a lot of unusual activity in the city, people moving in and out of government offices, large lines forming in front of shops and banks. There was tension in the air. Then, in the early afternoon, great news was announced on the radio through public loudspeakers and in a special edition of the newspaper: the Polish Army had broken through the German defences! Revolution was taking place in Germany! The Allies had started an offensive on the Western front! People were cheering in the streets. In the fading afternoon light long columns of troops marched under our balcony, towards the west. The loudspeakers continued churning out information on the breakthrough in the German front in Eastern Prussia, where the remaining troops of the Wilno Garrison would now take part in the offensive. Mother, Andrzej and I were standing on our balcony, watching people cheer the marching troops in the fading light. As the dark of night descended, father came and stood behind us in silence. When the last marching columns of soldiers disappeared in the distance I heard him say to mother, ‘this is all a lie, the Russian troops are already at the outskirts of Wilno; our troops are escaping to Lithuania.’ After a moment of silence he added in a soft, sad voice, ‘the Russians will be here tomorrow morning.’
2
Soviet Occupation, 19 September–
28 October 1939
While we watched the last Russian tank rumble through the streets from our window, early on the morning of 19 September 1939, an eerie silence descended on the town. We left our room and joined our parents in the kitchen. As mother hugged us they tried to reassure us that this was only temporary, that in the spring the French and British armies would attack, defeat Germany and liberate Poland. Once again I asked about uncle Karol, and once again I was told that no one had heard from him. Father said the fighting with the Germans was still going on and that many Polish troops were withdrawing to Hungary and Romania and would go to France to re-form the Polish Army, just as they had in the First World War. We all knew that the German Army had overrun large parts of Poland but Warsaw, the capital, was still defending itself. A few days before the arrival of the Russians, my uncle Richard and aunt Fela arrived from Warsaw (Fela was originally from Wilno and had family there). It took them more than a week to reach Wilno. They told us of indiscriminate bombing in Warsaw, strafing of civilian trains by German pilots and congestion on the roads as people fled the advancing Germans. Thousands of refugees had already flocked to Wilno. As the day progressed we saw more and more Russian troops pouring into town. There were cavalry units mounted on small shaggy horses; they looked so different from the Polish cavalry on their much better, larger horses. There were infantry units marching and singing. Each unit had a soloist who would start the first verse, in a very loud voice, and then the unit would boom out the refrain. They all had strong voices and the streets would echo with ‘Moskva moya, moguczaya, ty samaya lybimaja’ (my Moscow, powerful, only you are my love). Trucks and artillery roared by. Supply columns of wagons drawn by small, long-haired Siberian horses bivouacked in the centre of the city. Soldiers lit open fires to cook their meals and warm themselves. The troops looked tired, dirty, covered with dust, dressed in coarse grey overcoats – a stark contrast to our soldiers.
The streets were deserted and we all stayed at home. Slowly the Russian troops moved out of the centre of town and into the barracks vacated by the Polish Army. Starting the next day, bit by bit, the population of Wilno re-emerged onto the streets. There was no traffic except for Soviet troops and vehicles. The Polish population remained almost completely silent. This contrasted starkly with the segment of the Jewish population with communist leanings, mostly young men, even teenagers, who came out wearing red armbands, carrying rifles and pistols, welcoming the Russians. That day we watched from our windows and balcony; the next day, we were finally allowed out. Russian tanks with soldiers sitting on top of them were still parked in Cathedral Square. They didn’t object when people approached.
When I first saw the tanks in the grey light of the morning two days before, I immediately spotted their Christie suspension. After visiting my uncle’s squadron a few months before, he showed me different types of tanks and armoured vehicles in his military books. He pointed out the Christie tank, designed by an American engineer, as the best. He couldn’t understand why the American Army never embraced Christie’s design. Polish officers had recognised its superiority and the government entered into a contract with him to buy one tank and a licence to produce them in Poland. After Christie received payment, he broke the contract and sold the same thing to the Russians for more money, which is why only the Russians had these tanks with their superior suspension.
As I was standing right next to this tank, admiring its four large rubber-covered wheels with treads running on top and bottom, I saw somebody climb onto the tank and start to yell. I noticed he was wearing a Polish uniform and field cap. His army overcoat, lacking a belt, was hanging unbuttoned sloppily. As I watched him, the red band on his arm jumped out at me as he welcomed the Russian Army as ‘liberators’. He proceeded to take his army cap off, rip off the Polish eagle insignia, spit on it and throw it to the ground. He continued by ripping off his army buttons – stamped with the Polish eagle – and throwing them to the ground while still praising the Russians. The small crowd that had silently gathered around started to become restless and hostile towards him. Finally the Russian soldiers told him to get off and get lost. He sulked away, acquiescing to the hostility of the crowd and the lack of support from the Russian soldiers. I stood there shocked, unable to comprehend how a Polish soldier could behave that way.
Soon the Russian soldiers disappeared from the streets, confining themselves to their barracks. There were no bad incidents with soldiers as they were not allowed to enter private dwellings and generally did not bother civilians. The families of Russian officers started to arrive in large n
umbers and bought everything in sight. In a matter of days all the shops were stripped bare and there were shortages of all goods. Pola complained that food was impossible to find, even to get bread she had to wait in line for hours. Our parents’ foresight in stocking sacks of staples at the beginning of the war kept us from going hungry. The most valuable commodity turned out to be the sack of salt, which Pola used for bartering. Even matches were hard to come by, I remember father using a razor blade to cut each match into four slivers, with which he very carefully lit his cigarettes.
The Russian authorities ordered all Polish officers to report to their headquarters for registration. The very few who did were detained and sent to Russia, most of them never to be heard from again. Father did not register, nor did he return to work. A few days after the Russian troops arrived, the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyj Komissariat Wnutriennich Dieł, NKWD) came in and took over the old Polish court building a few blocks down our street. Their officers were very noticeable as their uniforms were different from the army: they wore army tunics with navy blue trousers and their army caps were blue with a red band. With the arrival of the NKWD, the arrest of prominent Poles began, usually carried out in the middle of the night. Father decided to move to our country house, a very remote property near the end of a long country lane that terminated at Mr Slusarski’s farm. Because of its secluded location, any car approaching the property would be noticed in time to allow him to escape into the woods.
My Boyhood War Page 2