by Naomi Klein
39. Victor Dania, a Shell spokesman said “We’re working on healing the wounds,” quoted in “Shell Cleaning Up Act for Ogoniland Return,” Times (London), 11 July 1997.
40. Matthew Tostevin, “Attacks Cut Nigerian Oil Output by One Fifth,” Reuters, 7 October 1998.
41. “Nigerian Protesters Seize Shell Helicopters,” BBC, 8 October 1999, and “Nigerians Seize Shell Oil Stations,” Associated Press, 7 October 1998.
42. Franny Armstrong, “Why Won’t British TV Show a Film about McLibel?” Guardian, 19 June 1998.
43. Ibid.
44. “McLibel in London,” Fortune, 20 March 1995.
45. “Anti-McDonald’s Activists Take Message Online,” Associated Press, 27 March 1996.
46. “Activists Win Partial Victory in Appeal Over McDonald’s Libel Case,” Associated Press, 31 March 1999.
47. “Few Nuggets and Very Small Fries,” Guardian, 20 June 1997, 22.
48. “Guess Who’s Still in Trouble?” Campaign for Labor Rights, Newsletter #9, October 1997, 4.
49. John Vidal, McLibel (London: Macmillan, 1997), 314–15; quotation taken from the afterword written by Steel and Morris.
50. “Asian Workers Sue Retailers in U.S., Apparel Firms,” Wall Street Journal, 14 January 1999.
51. David A. Love, “A New Leaf for Nigeria?” Washington Post, 22 August 1998, A17. Jenny Green quote: “Shell Faces Saro-Wiwa Legal Action,” Independent, 21 May 1999.
52. “Sites for Sore Consumers,” Washington Post, 29 March 1998.
53. Eveline Lubbers, “Counterstrategies Against Online Activism,” Telepolis, 22 September 1998.
54. That figure, provided by McSpotlight, is a tally of every “hit” and therefore includes repeat visitors.
55. Personal interview.
56. Lubbers, “Counterstrategies Against Online Activism.”
57. John Vidal, “Modem Warfare,” Guardian, 13 January 1999.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: LOCAL FOREIGN POLICY
1. Personal interview.
2. G. Kramer, “Suu Kyi Urges U.S. Boycott,” Associated Press, 27 January 1997.
3. Farhan Haq, “Burma-Finance: Oil company digs in heels despite Rangoon’s record,” Inter Press Service, 4 February 1997.
4. “Pepsi, Burma, Take 2: Pepsi Responds to Aims of Target Audience,” Dow Jones News Service, 27 January 1997.
5. Free Burma Coalition Web site.
6. “NUS Withdraws from McDonald’s ‘Privilege Card’ Scheme,” McLibel Support Campaign press release, 14 April 1998.
7. “Nike Campaign Strategy, Part 1,” Labor Alerts, 14 January 1998.
8. “Reports on Nike Demos,” Labor Alerts, 21 April 1998.
9. Verena Dobnik, “Anti-Sweatshop Protesters March up Fifth Avenue,” Associated Press, 6 March 1999.
10. Feit, “Stepping on Nike’s Toes.”
11. “Was Your School’s Cap Made in This Sweatshop? A UNITE Report on Campus Caps Made by BJ&B in the Dominican Republic,” released 13 April 1998.
12. “Dominican Republic Workers Urge University of Illinois to Demand Humane Factory Conditions,” Daily Illini, 24 April 1998.
13. Steven Greenhouse, “Duke to Adopt a Code to Prevent Apparel from Being Made in Sweatshops,” New York Times, 8 March 1998.
14. Steven Greenhouse, “Activism Surges at Campuses Nationwide, and Labor Is at Issue,” New York Times, 29 March 1999.
15. Ibid.
16. “An Open Letter to the Students,” by Charles Kernaghan, undated.
17. William Cahn, Lawrence 1912: The Bread & Roses Strike (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1977), 174.
18. Reagan administration trade representative Clayton Yeutter said, “Resort to unilateral sanctions has become almost a fad.” Quoted by Harry Dunphy, “States Dictate Own Foreign Policy,” Associated Press, 13 April 1998.
19. “Struggle over States,” Journal of Commerce, 4 August 1998.
20. Lucille Renwick, “Teens’ Efforts Give Soccer Balls the Boot,” Los Angeles Times, 23 December 1996.
21. Simon Billenness, “Investing for a Better World,” 15 April 1998, published by Franklin Research & Development Corporation.
22. Elaine Herscher, “Berkeley Running Out of Gas,” San Francisco Chronicle, A1.
23. Robert Greenberger, “State and Local Sanctions Trouble U.S. Trade Partners,” Wall Street Journal, 1 April 1998.
24. Craig Forcese, Putting Conscience into Commerce: Strategies for Making Human Rights Business as Usual (Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1997), 75.
25. Ken Silverstein, “So You Want to Trade with a Dictator,” Mother Jones, May 1998.
26. “E.U. Raps U.S. on Trade Barriers,” European Report, 11, 28 December 1998.
27. “Test Case Filed Contesting Validity of State and Local Sanctions Laws,” 30 April 1998. ICFTU press release.
28. “Judge Says Law Is Unconstitutional,” Associated Press, 5 November 1998.
29. “Test Case Filed Contesting Validity of State and Local Sanctions Laws,” 30 April 1998. ICFTU press release.
30. Charles Oliver, “What Do You Do When a City Enacts Its Own Foreign Policy?” Investor’s Business Daily, 19 August 1997.
31. Silverstein, “So You Want to Trade with a Dictator.”
32. Statement made by Simon Billenness in 10 July 1998 “Massachusetts Burma Law Case Update.”
33. Shell Canada Products v. Vancouver (City) [1994] 1 S.C.R. 231, 110 D.L.R. (4th) 1, 163 N.R. 81.
34. Comments made by councilor Barbara Perrault. “NV City takes a swing at Shell,” North Shore News, 21 March 1997, 3.
35. “ERA’s Environmental Testimonies #5,” published by Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria, 10 July 1998.
36. Danielle Knight, “Oil Giant Had Role in Killing,” International Press Service, 2 October 1998, and personal interview with Mike Libbey, 4 June 1999.
37. “Chevron, oil communities fail to agree on compensation,” Punch (Lagos), 16 July 1998, 9.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: BEYOND THE BRAND
1. Greider, One World, Ready or Not, 497.
2. “Nike and Free Trade Failures: An Analysis by Campaign for Labor Rights,” Labor Alerts, 14 July 1998.
3. “Starbucks Criticized on Coffee-Workers Promise,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 6 March 1997.
4. Ortega, In Sam We Trust, 317.
5. William J. Holstein, “Casting Nike as the Bad Guy,” U.S. News and World Report, 22 September 1997, 49.
6. Gerard Greenfield, “The Impact of TNC Subcontracting on Workers in Asia: Strategy Report —Part 2.” Unpublished.
7. Ortega, In Sam We Trust, xv.
8. Personal interview.
9. “Heineken Bows to Pressure and Withdraws from Burma,” Reuters, 10 July 1996.
10. “U.S. Oil Company Vows to Remain in Thai-Burmese Pipeline Project,” Deutsche Press-Agentur, 17 June 1997.
11. Gordon Laird, “Speak No Evil,” This Magazine, March/April 1998, 18–25.
12. Letter from Tokiro Kawamura, president, Daishowa-Marubeni International, to Bernard Ominayak, Chief of the Lubicon Lake Indian Nation, 20 May 1998.
13. Personal interview.
14. “M&S Bows to Shoppers’ Fears and Orders Ban on Frankenfoods,” Daily Mail, 16 March 1999.
15. Greenfield, unpublished strategy report.
16. Alan L. Rolnick, “Muzzling the Offshore Watchdogs,” Bobbin, February 1997, 71.
17. Shell advertisement, Business Week, 5 April 1999.
18. “Profit, Profit, Profit: An Act of Commitment,” statement released by UK Oil Overthrow Association, 21 April 1999.
19. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, 152.
20. “A China Business Code,” Labor Alerts, 5 June 1999.
21. “Business-Humanitarian Forum Holds First Meeting,” Business Humanitarian Forum press release, 27 January 1999.
22. Debora L. Spar, “The Spotlight on the Bottom Line,” Foreign Affairs, 13 March 1998.
23. “Nike
, Reebok Compete to Set Labor Rights Pace,” Labor Alerts, 25 March 1999.
24. Journal of Commerce, 17 April 1997.
CONCLUSION: CONSUMERISM VERSUS CITIZENSHIP
1. Guy de Jobquieres, “Network guerrillas,” Financial Times, 30 April 1998.
APPENDIX
Table 1.3. Absolut Vodka Ad Spending, 1989–97
Table 1.4. Ad Spending Patterns of the Superbrands, 1981–97
Table 2.1a. Corporate Tax as a Percentage of Total Federal Revenue in Canada, 1955, 1983 and 1998
Table 6.1. Growth of Wal-Mart Stores, 1968–98
Table 6.2. Growth of Wal-Mart Supercenters, 1988–98
Table 6.3. Starbucks Percent Change in Sales per Store, 1993–98
Table 6.4. Starbucks Total Net Revenues, 1993–98
Table 9.1. Adidas Profits, 1993–97
Table 9.3. Sweatshop Profiles
Table 9.2. Percentage Changes in Employment in the Textile, Clothing, Leather and Footwear Industries, 1980–93
Table 10.1. 1997 Average Hourly Earnings, Retail Trade vs. Overall Average in the U.S., Canada and the U.K.
Table 10.3. Aging Fast-Food Workers in Canada, 1987–97
Table 10.4. Percentage of Employees Working “Full-time” versus “Part-time” in Selected Service-Sector Chains
Table 10.5. Part-time Employment as a Percentage of Total Employment in Canada and the U.K.
Table 10.6. Part-time Employment in the U.S., Canada and the U.K. by Sex, 1984/87 and 1997
Table 10.7. Percentage of People Employed in Standard and Nonstandard Work Arrangements Who Receive Benefits in the U.S.
Table 11.5. Unemployment Rates for Selected Countries, 1970 and 1998
Table 11.7. Youth Unemployment as a Percentage of Total Unemployment in Selected Countries, 1997
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Cahn, William. Lawrence, 1912: The Bread & Roses Strike. New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1977.
Chapkis, Wendy, and Cynthia Enloe, eds. Of Common Cloth: Women in the Global Textile Industry. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 1983.
Clarke, Tony. Silent Coup: Confronting the Big Business Takeover of Canada. Ottawa: The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and James Lorimer & Company, 1997.
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PHOTO CREDITS
Felix Wedgwood
CP Picture Archive
(top) Quaker Oats (detail, red tint added)
Jayce Salloum, At the End of the “Nation State” (detail), Beirut, 1992
(top) CP Picture Archive/Elise Amendola; (bottom) CP Picture Archive/Bernd Kammerer
Absolut Vodka/Keith Haring, Absolut Haring (detail), 1992
(top) CP Picture Archive/Richard Drew; (bottom) Barr Gilmore
(top) Apple Computers Inc.; (bottom) Bedford Park Public School, Sesquicentennial Museum and Archives, Toronto District School Board (Channel One logo added)
(top) CP Picture Archive/Jose Goita; (bottom) Diesel ad, spring 1995
Robin Collyer, Drugstore, Toronto (detail, red tint added), 1996, retouched color photograph, courtesy Susan Hobbs Gallery, Toronto
(top) CP Picture Archive/Todd Korol; (bottom) Lawrence Emerson/The Fauquier Citizen
CP Picture Archive/Frank Gunn
(top) Robin Romano; (bottom) CP Picture Archive/Malcolm Dunlop
(top) Steve Payne/(bottom) Adbusters
Chris Woods, McDonald’s Nation (detail), 1997, courtesy the artist and Diane Farris Gallery, Vancouver
(bottom) Whispered Media, The Pie’s the Limit
Barr Gilmore
Robin Collyer, Yonge Street, Willowdale (detail, red tint added), 1995, retouched color photograph, courtesy Susan Hobbs Gallery, Toronto
(top) The Ballyhoo, June 1932; (bottom) Ron English
(top and bottom) Nick Cobbing/David Hoffman Photo Library
Reclaim the Streets poster, London, 1995
(top) CP Picture Archive/Michael Schmelling; (bottom) courtesy Justice: Do It Nike!
(top) San Francisco Examiner/Darryl Bush; (bottom) Jubal Brown, Ad Death, 1996, performance/ vandalism, courtesy the artist (red tint added)
Greenpeace/Melanie Kemper (detail, red tint added)
(top) CP Picture Archive/Susan Walsh
(top) CP Picture Archive/Lionel Cirronneau; (bottom) CP Picture Archive/Tom Hanson
courtesy McSpotlight Web site
VINTAGE CANADA EDITION, 2009
Copyright © 2000 Naomi Klein
New introduction copyright © 2009 Naomi Klein
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