lictor: A member of a special class of Roman civil servant who attended high-ranking Roman magistrates. These men acted as bodyguards and performed as extensions of their magistrate’s power. Dictators were attended by twenty-four lictors, while consuls were given twelve each, proconsuls eleven, and praetors six.
Magister Equitum (‘Master of the Horse’): Originally the head of the Roman army’s cavalry, this position evolved during the Republic to become a Roman dictator’s chief lieutenant. This person was normally chosen by the dictator, though at times he was picked by the Roman Senate to act as a counterweight to the dictator’s power.
patrician: The hereditary ruling class of the Roman Republic. Patricians claimed the ability to trace their lineage to the Regal period of Rome (c.750–509 BCE) and only members of this class were eligible to sit in the Senate and the religious colleges. As the Republic wore on, patricians began to share some of the most powerful offices in Rome with the lower plebeian class.
Plebeian: The traditional middle and lower classes of the Roman Republic, distinct from the ruling patrician class. During the Republic, plebeians began to pull some power away from patricians, setting up their own legislative bodies and demanding important positions in the military and the executive branch (consulship).
Pontifex Maximus: The head priest of the Roman state religion, elected annually, who oversaw a college of sixteen priests (pontifices). During the Republic, the Pontifex was elected by the Comitia Tributa and served for life. He interpreted omens, sometimes through augurs, controlling and keeping the official calendar, and the oversight of funerals.
praetor: Annually-elected magistrates of the Roman government, praetors ranked just below the consuls. By 197, six were elected annually to act as judges and rule Sicily, Sardinia and Spain. Praetors were also allowed to lead armies not led by consuls.
proconsul: Roman governor of a province given supreme authority by the Senate. He was in sole charge of the military, justice, and of the administration in his province and could not be prosecuted for misdeeds until his office expired. Consuls were often given the rank of proconsul after their one-year term had expired in order to continue to command in a theatre of operation.
quaestor: Roman officials responsible for the financial administration of Rome and in the provinces. They collected taxes and tribute and audited other officials. They also served as subordinate officers with limited command responsibilities.
Senate, Roman: The premier ruling body of the Roman republic, the Senate consisted of about 300 men from the patrician class, whose membership was regulated by the two censors and based on property holdings. Although they possessed little formal power, the Senate did exercise great influence over magistrates, especially consuls, proconsuls and praetors.
suffete: One of two senior executives of the Carthaginian state. Two men were elected into this office per year and whose function was very similar to the Roman consuls except that suffetes did not command armies.
tribune, military: A Roman officer, one of six appointed to a legion. Authority was given to two at a time, with command rotated among the six. Tribunes were often young men of the patrician class appointed by the Senate in order to gain military experience.
triumph The Roman triumph was a religious celebration and parade which originated with the Etruscans and continued over a thousand years throughout the Republican and Imperial periods. Traditionally, only the Senate could confer a triumph to a magistrate, and only Romans who held Imperium were eligible for this honour (consuls, proconsuls, praetors and dictators). The parade always followed a proscribed route and ended at the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
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Index
Abba, 106
Achaean League, 10, 145
aedile, curule, 151
Aesculapius, temple of, 156
Aegates Islands, Battle of (241 BCE), xii, 34, 36, 162
Aetolians and Aetolian League, 74–75
Africa (Roman province), xvi, 100, 105, 106, 112, 126, 131, 141, 151, 161
ager Falernus, 63
Agathocles, 143
Alba Fucens, 143
Alexander (‘the Great’, king of Macedon), 14, 21, 39, 41, 126, 130
Allia River, 17
Allobroges, 46
Alps, vii, xiii, 2, 8, 15, 43, 45, 46, 47, 53, 71, 87, 127, 162
Anatolia, xvi, 74, 134, 135, 137, 140, 146, 161
Andriscus, xvi, 145
Antiochus III (‘the Great’, Syrian king), 134, 135, 137, 141, 142, 145
Appian (historian), 4, 11, 106, 111, 112, 115, 125, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153–54, 155
Apennines, 17, 41, 58, 62, 63, 69, 127
Apulia, xiii, xiv, 62, 63, 64, 72, 74, 87, 127
Arcadia, 10
Ariminum, 47, 51, 57, 58
Aristotle, 5
Arno swamps, 58
Arretium, 58
Artemis, 140
articulation, tactical, 126, 150
Asculum, Battle of (279 BCE), 21
Aspis, 26, 29, 32
Athens, 5, 135
Attalus (king of Pergamum), 74, 135
Aufidius River, 64
auxiliaries, 26, 74, 83, 94, 95, 96
Baal Hammon, 5
Baecula, Battle of (208 BCE), xiv, 83, 84–87, 94, 127, 129
Baetis River (Guadalquivir River), 38
Balearic Islands, 3, 13, 86
Balearic slingers, 13, 116
Balearic warriors, 13
Barca family, vii, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 32, 36, 38, 39, 57, 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 94, 96, 100, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137, 162
Beneventum, Battle of, 21
Berber, 3, 13
Boii, 40, 47
Britain, 3, 12, 15
Bruttium, 32, 100, 111
Byblos, 3
Byrsa, 3, 134, 152, 155–56, 160
Camillus, Marcus Furius, 17
Campania, xiv, xvi, 7, 63, 69, 74, 127, 142, 185
Cannae, Battle of (216 BCE), vii, xiii, 2, 9, 57, 63–70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 87, 96, 116, 117, 119, 125, 126, 127–28, 147, 162
Canusium, 72, 87
Cape Bon (Cape Hermaia), 26, 104
Cape Farina, 104
capite censi, 16
Capitoline Hill, 71
Capua, xiii, xiv, 6, 73, 75, 83
Cartagena (see New Carthage)
Casilinum, xiv, 74
Castra Cornelia, xv, 104, 109, 113, 147
Castulo, Battle of (211 BCE), 76–77
cavalry, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 29, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 147, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155
Carthaginian, 29, 45, 65, 71, 94, 103, 104, 116, 118
heavy, 13, 48
light, 13, 16, 48, 52, 53, 76, 84, 86, 113
Numidian, 13, 48, 52, 53, 76, 86, 113
Roman, 17, 29, 45, 53, 59, 64, 65, 89, 94, 118, 126, 131, 149
Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), 103, 134, 141, 146, 162
Celt and Celtic, 7, 11, 12, 13, 17, 38, 43, 44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 57, 64, 65, 68, 116, 127, 142
Celtiberian, 38, 76, 87, 106, 107, 109, 142
Censorinus, Lucius Marcius, xvi, 147, 148, 149
centurion, 17, 18, 58, 143
century, 17, 18
Chaldean empire, 3
Cirta, 110
Claudius Appius, xii, 22, 72, 73
Claudius (Roman emperor), 14
Clupea, 93
comitia centuriata, 151
confederation, Roman, xiii, 7, 42, 57, 62, 63, 69, 70, 74, 87, 127, 128, 162
consilium, 88, 105, 109, 131
consul, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, 5, 6, 22, 23, 24, 26, 34, 42, 47, 48, 52, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 68, 71, 72, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 99, 100, 102, 105, 111, 112, 129, 130, 134, 135, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 155, 160
Corinth, 137, 145
Corsica, 26, 161
corvus, 23–24
Council of Elders (Carthaginian), 5, 6, 36, 109, 112, 131, 152
Crassus, Publius Licinius, 100, 111
Cremona, 47
Croton, 111
Cunctator (see Fabius Maximus)
Cynoscephalae, Battle of (197 BCE), xv, 135, 140
decimation, 18
decurion, 17
dictator, xiii, 6, 62, 63, 69, 72, 112, 163
Drepana, Battle of (249 BCE), xii, 32, 34, 37
Duilius, Gaius, xii, 24
Ebro River, 40, 41, 43, 75, 77, 78, 84
Ecnomus, Battle of (256 BCE), xii, 26, 162
Egypt and Egyptians, 3, 5, 134, 135, 163
elephants (pachyderms), 2, 14, 29, 43, 45, 46, 53, 57, 58, 86, 89, 94, 115, 116, 118, 125, 126, 127, 132, 141, 147, 154
Emporion, 40, 44
Ephesus, xv, 129, 137
Epirus, 14, 21, 145
equites, 15, 16
Etruna, 15, 58, 69, 111
Fabian strategy, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69, 128
Fabius, Quintus Maximus (Cunctator), xiii, xiv, 32, 62, 63, 72, 100
falcata, 11, 13, 118
fetial priest, 132
Flaminius, Gaius, xiii, 58, 59, 62, 72, 117
Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, xv, 135, 137, 140
Gades, 78, 86, 87, 94, 96
Gala, 101
Gaul and Gauls, xiii, 8, 12, 17, 21, 37, 40–41, 42, 4
3, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 71, 76, 86, 87, 89, 90, 111, 119, 127, 141, 142, 161, 163
Cisalpine Gaul, xiii, 40–41, 43, 111, 142
Transalpine Gaul, 161, 163
Gaugamela, Battle of (331 BCE), 14
Geminus, Gnaeus Servilius, 58, 62
Genua (Genoa), 111
Gerunium, 63, 64
Gibraltar, Straits of (also see Pillars of Hercules), 3, 38, 99
Gisgo, Hasdrubal (see Hasdrubal Gisgo)
gladius hispaniensis, 83, 163
Granicus River, Battle of (334 BCE), 14
Great Plains, Battle of the (203 BCE), xv, 86, 106–9, 113, 127
Greece, 5, 7, 14, 74, 135, 137, 141, 143, 145, 161
Guadalquivir River (see Baetis River)
Hadrumentum, 111, 113, 125, 130
Hamilcar Barca, vii, xii, xiii, 8, 11, 21, 32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 127, 128, 130, 134, 162
Hannibal Barca
assessment of qualities, vii, 125–29
childhood military training, vii, 39–40
swears hatred of Rome, 40
replaces Hasdrubal, 38
campaigns in Spain, 39–42
conquers Saguntum, 41
initial strategies, 42–43
marches through Spain and Gaul, 43–44
crosses Rhone, 45
crosses Alps, 46
in Po Valley, 47–51
Battle of Ticinus (218 BCE), 48–51
Battle of Trebia (218 BCE), 51–57
crosses Apennines, 58, 62, 63, 69, 127
marches into Etruria, 58
Battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BCE), 58–62
skirts Rome, 62
escapes from Campania, 63
fights Minucius, 63
victory at Cannae, 63–68
treaty with Philip V, 74
captures Tarentum, 75
learns of Hasdrubal’s death, 90
returns to North Africa, 112
meets Scipio the Younger, 114
Battle of Zama (202 BCE), 115–125
compared to Scipio Africanus, 125–30
returns to Carthage and rebuilds, 130
leaves Carthage, 134
at the court of Antiochus, 134
second meeting with Scipio Africanus, 137
hiding on Crete, 140
death in Bithynia, 140
Hannibal’s Last Battle Page 25