by Dan Parry
1 David Harland, The First Men on the Moon.
2 Ibid.
3 For descriptions of Mission Control, see Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option (Berkley, 2000); and interview with Gene Kranz in Glen Swanson (ed.), Before This Decade Is Out.
4 Chris Kraft, Flight, My Life in Mission Control (Plume, 2002).
5 Kranz, op. cit.
6 Kraft, op. cit.
7 Kranz, op. cit.
8 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth.
9 Ibid.
10 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
11 Ibid.; and Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon.
12 Hansen, op, cit.; and Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
13 Hansen, op. cit.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.; and Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
17 Hansen, op. cit.
18 Ibid.
19 http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/first_saturn_rocket.html
20 For North American and Grumman contracts, see http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch2-5.html#source29 and http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch4-5.html
21 http://www.thespacereview.com/article/735/1
22 Interview with Robert Gilruth in Glen Swanson (ed.), op. cit.
23 Stan Redding and Walter Mansell, Houston Chronicle, 22 November 1963: http://www.chron.com/content/chronicle/special/jfk/houston/stories/dinner.html
24 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057747/Outer-Space-Treaty#145193.hook
25 Hansen, op. cit.
26 http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/670127.asp
27 David Shayler, Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight; and Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton,Moonshot (Turner, 1994).
28 Shayler, op. cit.; and Shepard and Slayton, op. cit.
29 Hansen, op. cit.
30 Shayler, op. cit.; and Shepard and Slayton, op. cit.
31 Hansen, op. cit.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
Chapter 6: Grounded in Safety
1 Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option.
2 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
3 Deke Slayton, Deke!; and Collins, op. cit.
4 Slayton, op. cit.
5 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
6 Kranz, op. cit.
7 Slayton, op. cit.
8 Collins, op. cit.
9 Hansen, op. cit.
10 Ibid.; and Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon (Penguin,1994).
11 Chaikin, op. cit.
12 Hansen, op. cit.
13 Kranz, op. cit.
14 Hansen, op. cit.
15 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth; and Slayton, op. cit.
16 Kranz, op. cit.
17 Chris Kraft, Flight.
18 Collins, op. cit.
19 Kraft, op. cit.
20 Collins, op. cit.
21 Ibid.
22 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.; also see Hansen, op. cit.
23 Hansen, op. cit.
24 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon.
25 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.1201-fm.html; and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer
26 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.; and Collins, op. cit.
27 http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/a11.jo.fc.1.html
28 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
29 Collins, op. cit.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
Chapter 7: Risks and Risky Remedies
1 Deke Slayton, Deke!.
2 David Shayler, Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight.
3 Slayton, op. cit.
4 Ibid.
5 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
6 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 Frank Borman, roll 386, 06:30:10.
10 Collins, op. cit.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Frank Borman, roll 386, 06:30:10.
14 Susan Borman, roll 388, 08:02:47:21.
15 Collins, op. cit.
16 Bill Anders, roll 1376, 16:14:22:28.
17 Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon.
18 Ibid.; and Bill Anders, roll 1376 16:39:02:27.
19 Hansen, op. cit.
20 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth; and Hansen, op. cit.
21 Hansen, op. cit.; and personal conversation between the author and Neil Armstrong, Barcelona, 12/4/08.
22 Hansen, op. cit.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon.
28 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
29 Slayton, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
30 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
31 Slayton, op. cit.
32 Ibid.
33 Chris Kraft, Flight.
34 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
35 Ibid.
36 Hansen, op. cit.
37 Collins, op. cit.
38 Ibid.
39 Hansen, op. cit.
40 Collins, op. cit.
41 Hansen, op. cit.
42 Ibid.
43 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
44 Buzz Aldrin interview, roll 382, 22:29:40:29.
45 Hansen, op. cit.
46 Slayton, op. cit.; Kraft, op. cit.; Hansen, op. cit.; and Andrew Smith, Moondust
47 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
48 Kraft, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
49 Buzz Aldrin, roll 383, 23:01:05:14.
50 Buzz Aldrin, roll 382, 22:13:01:17.
51 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
52 Ibid.
53 Slayton, op. cit.
54 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
55 Ibid.
56 Hansen, op. cit.; and Collins, op. cit.
Chapter 8: A Tissue-paper Spacecraft
1 The space shuttle does not make a powered landing, but instead relies on its aircraft-style design to glide through the lower parts of the atmosphere.
2 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
3 Ibid.
4 For references to the unidentified object, see Hansen, op. cit.; and Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
5 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth.
6 Deke Slayton, Deke!.
7 Chris Kraft, Flight.
8 Ibid.
9 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 1.
10 http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch6-2.html
11 Kraft, op. cit.
12 Hansen, op. cit.
13 Ibid.
14 For references to technical details regarding the LM, see Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 1.
15 David West Reynolds, Apollo, The Epic Journey to the Moon (Tehabi, 2002).
16 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
17 Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option.
18 http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch12-5.html
19 Kraft, op. cit.
20 Re. Apollo 10, see Slayton, op. cit.; and Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon.
21 Reynolds, op. cit.
22 Buzz Aldrin, roll 382, 22:31:12:09.
23 Hansen, op. cit.
24 Kraft, op. cit.
25 Deke being outvoted: conversation between the author and Chris Kraft, Houston, October 2007.
26 Hansen, op. cit.
27 Slayton, op. cit.
28 Hansen, op. cit.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.; and http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/ch4-5.html
31 Hansen, op. cit.
32 Ibid.
33 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/frame.html
34 Hansen, op. cit.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Bill Anders, roll 1376, 16:12:38:11.
45 David Harland, The First Men on the Moon.
Chapter 9: Into the Darkness
1 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon.
8 Hansen, op. cit.
9 Chaikin, op. cit.
10 Gene Cernan, roll 322, 00:06:42:20.
11 Chris Kraft, Flight.
12 Deke Slayton, Deke!; Chaikin, op. cit.; Kraft, op. cit.; and David West Reynolds, Apollo, The Epic Journey to the Moon.
13 Hansen, op. cit.
14 Gene Cernan, roll 322, 00:06:42:20
15 Reynolds, op. cit.
16 David Harland, The First Men on the Moon.
17 Hansen, op. cit.
18 Ibid.; and email to the author from Alan Bean, 11/7/08.
19 http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/LLTV-952.html
20 Collins, op. cit.
21 Harland, op. cit.
22 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon.
23 Ibid.
24 W. Safire, NY Times, 12 July 1999, via NYTimes.com.
25 Hansen, op. cit.
26 Collins, op. cit.
27 Gene Kranz, roll 367, 07:36:00:09.
28 Collins, op. cit.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.; and Harland, op. cit.
34 Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option.
35 Ibid.
36 Hansen, op. cit.
37 Ibid.
38 Kranz, op. cit.
39 Gene Kranz, roll 367, 07:30:34:16.
40 Ibid.
41 Kraft, op. cit.
42 Ibid.
43 Kranz, op. cit.
Chapter 10: Pushed to the Limit
1 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
2 Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option.
3 Interview with Gene Kranz in Glen Swanson (ed.), Before This Decade Is Out.
4 Hansen, op. cit.
5 Kranz, op. cit.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Hansen, op. cit.
9 Ibid.
10 Interview with Gene Kranz in Swanson (ed.), op. cit.
11 Kranz, op. cit.
12 Ibid.
13 Frank Borman, roll 386, 06:34:57.
14 Hansen, op. cit.
15 Kranz, op. cit.
16 Ibid.; and Hansen, op. cit.
17 Chris Kraft, Flight.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Hansen, op. cit.
21 Ibid.; Kraft, op. cit.; and David Harland, The First Men on the Moon.
22 Hansen, op. cit.
23 Kraft, op. cit.
24 Hansen, op. cit.
25 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
26 Ibid.
27 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth.
28 Hansen, op. cit.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Collins, op. cit.
32 Hansen, op. cit.
33 Collins, op. cit.
34 Hansen, op. cit.
35 Kranz, op. cit.
36 Ibid.
37 Hansen, op. cit.
38 Kraft, op. cit.
39 Ibid.
40 Harland, op. cit.
41 Collins, op. cit.
42 Hansen, op. cit.
43 Collins, op. cit.
44 Harland, op. cit.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon; and Harland, op. cit.
48 Collins, op. cit.
49 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
50 Collins, op. cit.
51 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
52 Kraft, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
Chapter 11: A Place in History
1 David Harland, The First Men on the Moon; Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon; and Dr James Hansen, First Man.
2 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
3 David Shayler, Disasters and Accidents in Manned Spaceflight; and http://www.jamesoberg.com/usd10.html
4 Shayler, op. cit.; and Deke Slayton, Deke!.
5 Slayton, op. cit.; and http://www.thespacereview.com/article/188/3
6 http://www.thespacereview.com/article/735/1; and interview with Robert Gilruth in Glen Swanson (ed.), Before This Decade Is Out.
7 Hansen, op. cit.; and Slayton, op. cit.
8 Collins, op. cit.
9 Hansen, op. cit.; and Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 1.
10 Collins, op. cit.
11 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/p_wives.html
12 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7085003.stm
13 Hansen, op. cit.
14 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth.
15 Hansen, op. cit.
16 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Collins, op. cit.
20 Hansen, op. cit.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4204/ch20-4.html
25 Collins, op. cit.
26 Hansen, op. cit.
27 Harland, op. cit.
28 Hansen, op. cit.
29 For details of EVA training, see Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 1.
30 Hansen, op. cit.
31 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
32 Hansen, op. cit.
33 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
34 Hansen, op. cit.
35 Collins, op. cit.
36 Ibid.; and Hansen, op. cit.
37 PPK details from Hansen, op. cit.
38 Collins, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
39 Hansen, op. cit.; Collins, op. cit.; and Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
40 Hansen, op. cit.
41 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
42 Collins, op. cit.
43 Hansen, op. cit.
44 Collins, op. cit.
45 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
46 Hansen, op. cit.; and Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option.
47 Collins, op. cit.
48 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html
49 Hansen, op. cit.
50 Collins, op. cit.; and Hansen, op. cit.
51 Harland, op. cit.
52 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
Chapter 12: The Eagle has Wings
1 Robert Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
2 Gene Kranz, roll 368, 08:18:22:13.
3 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth.
4 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
5 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon.
6 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
7 Collins, op. cit.
8 David Harland, The First Men on the Moon; David West Reynolds, Apollo, The Epic Journey to the Moon; and Gene Kranz, Failure Is Not an Option.
9 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/moon/peopleevents/p_wives.html
10 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid
.
20 Kranz, op. cit.
21 Descriptions of white team from: interview with Gene Kranz in Glen Swanson (ed.), Before This Decade Is Out; and Kranz, op. cit.
22 Gene Kranz, roll 368-01, 08:18:22:13.
23 Kranz, op. cit.; interview with Gene Kranz in Swanson (ed.), op. cit.; and Gene Kranz, roll 368, 08:18:22:13.
24 Harland, op. cit.
25 Collins, op. cit.
26 Gene Kranz, roll 368, 08:18:22:13; and interview with Gene Kranz in Swanson (ed.), op. cit.
27 Dr James Hansen, First Man.
28 Ibid.; and Harland, op. cit.
29 For Armstrong's and Aldrin's accounts of the descent, see Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
30 Interview with Gene Kranz in Swanson (ed.), op. cit.; and Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
31 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
32 Ibid.
33 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Deke Slayton, Deke!.
38 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
39 Interview with Gene Kranz in Swanson (ed.), op. cit.
40 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html
41 Ibid.
42 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
43 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
44 Ibid.
45 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
46 Interview with Gene Kranz in Swanson (ed.), op. cit.
47 Harland, op. cit.
Chapter 13: Sneaking Up on the Past
1 Robert Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 1.
2 Ibid.
3 Dr James Hansen, First Man; and David Harland, The First Men on the Moon.
4 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, with Gene Farmer and Dora Jane Hamblin, First on the Moon; and Harland, op. cit.
5 Hansen, op. cit.
6 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
7 Buzz Aldrin and Wayne Warga, Return to Earth.
8 Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report, at NASA's Lunar Surface Journal http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html
9 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
10 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.
11 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html
12 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire.
13 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2; Collins, op. cit.; and NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html
14 Collins, op. cit.
15 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2; and Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
16 Buzz Aldrin, roll 383, 23:04:43:07.
17 Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, op. cit.; and Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 1.
18 Aldrin and Warga, op. cit.
19 Godwin (ed.), Apollo 11, The NASA Mission Reports, Volume 2.
20 NASA's Lunar Surface Journal, at http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.html; and see also http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/omega.html