by Ronan Farrow
233 “Sinai stuff”: Interview with Ambassador Anne Patterson, 12 May 2016.
233 “already committed”: Author interview with Sarah Leah Whitson, 17 March 2017.
234 “cash flow financing”: Interview with Ambassador Anne Patterson, 12 May 2016.
234 2016 audit: Asher-Schapiro, Avi. “The U.S. Isn’t Making Sure Its Military Aid to Egypt Stays Out of the Wrong Hands.” Vice News, 17 May 2016, https://news.vice.com/article/the-us-isnt-making-sure-its-military-aid-to-egypt-stays-out-of-the-wrong-hands.
234 billions of dollars: Author interview with Congressman Adam Schiff, 20 January 2015.
234 Saudi Arabia: “Egypt Signs $350 mln in Oil, Power Financing Deals with Saudi.” Reuters, 1 November 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL5N0SR0H520141101.
234 growing assistance packages: “Russia, Egypt Seal Preliminary Arms Deal Worth $3.5 Billion: Agency.” Reuters, 17 September 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/17/us-russia-egypt-arms-idUSKBN0HC19T20140917.
234 “We certainly have influence”: Author interview with John Kerry, 21 November 2017.
235 “the ultimate leverage”: Author interview with Frank Lowenstein, 5 August 2016.
235 “ ‘ruthless’ is a good word”: Author interview with General Michael Hayden, in person at his offices in Washington, DC, 17 May 2017.
235 “looked largely the same”: Author interview with Samantha Power, 10 July 2017.
236 “money to Tunisia”: Author interview with Samantha Power, 10 July 2017.
236 “two presidents talking”: Author interview with Nabil Fahmy in New York City, 7 April 2017.
236 “they’re shooting at us”: Author interview with Teo Butturini, 17 January 2014.
21: MIDNIGHT AT THE RANCH
240 “They don’t help anyone”: Author interview with Freddy Torres, 4 November 2016.
240 Eventually, his suspicions bore out: “IIR: Cashiered Colonel Talks Freely About the Army He Left Behind (Laser Strike).” Information Report, 178798311. Department of Defense to Director of Intelligence, Washington, DC, nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB266/19971224.pdf.
241 more than 3,000: “On Their Watch: Evidence of Senior Army Officers’ Responsibility for False Positive Killings in Colombia.” Human Rights Watch, 24 June 2015, https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/06/24/their-watch/evidence-senior-army-officers-responsibility-false-positive-killings.
241 Directive #29: “False Positives.” Colombia Reports, 14 March 2017, https://colombiareports.com/false-positives/.
241 “no evidence to suggest”: Statement by Professor Philip Alston, UN Special Rapportueur on Extrajudicial Executions Mission to Colombia 8-18 June 2009.” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, 18 June 2009, http://newsarchive.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=9219&LangID=E.
241 Researchers found: “False Positives.” Colombia Reports, 14 March 2017, https://colombiareports.com/false-positives/.
242 Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation: “The Rise and Fall of ‘False Positive’ Killings in Colombia: The Role of U.S. Military Assistance, 2000–2010.” Fellowship of Reconciliation and Colombia-Europe-US Human Rights Observatory, May 2014, http://archives.forusa.org/sites/default/files/uploads/false-positives-2014-colombia-report.pdf.
242 Jaime Lasprilla: “The Rise and Fall of ‘False Positive’ Killings in Colombia: The Role of U.S. Military Assistance, 2000–2010.” Fellowship of Reconciliation and Colombia-Europe-US Human Rights Observatory, May 2014, http://archives.forusa.org/sites/default/files/uploads/false-positives-2014-colombia-report.pdf.
242 “aggressive anti-guerrilla activity”: “Unclassified Cable 200202961,” from American Embassy Bogota to Secretary of State, Washington, DC, http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB266/19941021.pdf.
242 “history of assassinating”: “Colombian Counterinsurgency: Steps in the Right Direction.” Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence Memorandum, Office of African and Latin American Analysis, 26 January 1994, nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB266/19940126.pdf.
242 “the guerrilla body count”: “IIR: Cashiered Colonel Talks Freely About the Army He Left Behind (Laser Strike).” Information Report, 178798311. Department of Defense to Director of Intelligence, Washington, DC, nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB266/19971224.pdf.
243 “the first stage of Plan Colombia”: Author interview with Andres Pastrana, 29 September 2016.
244 “great deal” of concern: “In U.S., 65% Say Drug Problem ‘Extremely’ or ‘Very Serious,’ ” Gallup Polls, 28 October 2016, news.gallup.com/poll/196826/say-drug-problem-extremely-serious.aspx?g_source=position1&g_medium=related&g_campaign=tiles.
244 “directly threaten”: Clinton, Bill. “Remarks at the Council of the Americas 30th Washington Conference.” 2 May 2000, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=58427.
244 “two struggles that have become one”: Author interview with Ambassador Anne Patterson, 23 June 2016.
244 human rights provisions: “Clinton Waives Rights Standards.” CBS News, 22 August 2000, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clinton-waives-rights-standards/.
244 set aside $1.3 billion: Shifter, Michael. “Plan Colombia: A Retrospective.” Americas Quarterly, Summer 2012, www.americasquarterly.org/node/3787.
245 “you give them stones”: Dan Gardner, “Losing the Drug War,” Ottawa Citizen,6 September, cited in Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads,and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York:Monthly Review Press, 2011.
245 “counter-propaganda functions”: US Army Special Warfare School, “Subject: Visit to Colombia, February 26, 1962.” Declassified Documents Reference Series (Arlington, VA: Carrollton Press, 1976), cited in Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
245 “hearts and mind” strategy: “The History of the Military-Paramilitary Partnership.” Human Rights Watch, 1996, https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/killer2.htm.
246 organize ordinary citizens: Dyer, Chelsey. “50 Years of U.S. Intervention in Colombia.” Colombia Reports, 4 October 2013, https://colombiareports.com/50-years-us-intervention-colombia/.
246 “self-defense units”: 1963 Field Manual on US Army Counterinsurgency Forces (FM 31-22), 82-84, cited in Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
246 courses like: Michael McClintock, “Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism,” 1992, cited in Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
246 admitted to the moral contradiction: Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
247 “blood and capital accumulation”: Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
247 Reagan’s first term: Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
248 FARC’s numbers: Molano, Alfredo. “The Evolution of the FARC: A Guerrilla Group’s Long History.” NACLA, https://nacla.org/article/evolution-farc-guerrilla-groups-long-history.
248 paramilitaries were everywhere: “United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.” Stanford University, 28 August 2015, web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/85.
248 they were brutal: “United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.” Stanford University, 28 August 2015, web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/85.
248 “narco-guerrillas”: Villar, Oliv
ier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
248 as informants: Smyth, Frank. “Still Seeing Red: The C.I.A. Fosters Death Squads in Colombia.” Progressive, 3 June 1998, www.franksmyth.com/the-progressive/still-seeing-red-the-cia-fosters-death-squads-in-colombia/.
249 The homicide rate: Shifter, Michael. “Plan Colombia: A Retrospective.” Americas Quarterly, Summer 2012, www.americasquarterly.org/node/3787.
249 netting millions: Marcella, Gabriel et al. “Plan Colombia: Some Differing Perspectives.” June 2001, www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a392198.pdf.
249 did not dare enter: Shifter, Michael. “Plan Colombia: A Retrospective.” Americas Quarterly, Summer 2012, www.americasquarterly.org/node/3787.
249 More than 700,000 Colombians: Shifter, Michael. “Plan Colombia: A Retrospective.” Americas Quarterly, Summer 2012, www.americasquarterly.org/node/3787.
249 cutting their victims apart: Wilkinson, Daniel. “Death and Drugs in Colombia.” Human Rights Watch, 2 June 2011, published in New York Review of Books, https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/06/02/death-and-drugs-colombia.
249 “vile situation”: Author interview with General Barry McCaffrey, 22 June 2016.
249 nationwide protest: “Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People’s Army.” Stanford University, 15 August 2015, web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/89.
250 “try and achieve peace”: Author interview with President Andres Pastrana and Chief of Staff Jaime Ruiz, 29 September 2016.
250 political assassinations targeting leftists: Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
250 US-made smart bombs: Priest, Dana, “Covert Action in Colombia.” Washington Post, 21 December 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2013/12/21/covert-action-in-colombia/?utm_term=.3c65ec066eb6.
250 “secret state terror”: “Colombia: San Vicente del Caguan After the Breakdown of the Peace Talks” and Villar, Olivier and Cottel, Drew. Cocaine, Death Squads, and the War on Terror: U.S. Imperialism and Class Struggle in Colombia. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011.
251 “incarcerated” on farms: Wilkinson, Daniel. “Death and Drugs in Colombia.” Human Rights Watch, 2 June 2011, published in New York Review of Books, https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/06/02/death-and-drugs-colombia.
252 “such poppycock”: Author interview with General Barry McCaffrey, 22 June 2016.
252 Killings were cut nearly in half: Shifter, Michael. “Plan Colombia: A Retrospective.” Americas Quarterly, Summer 2012, www.americasquarterly.org/node/3787.
252 launched peace talks: “Colombia.” Freedom House, 2007, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/colombia.
252 “We tried to get Congress to do a Free Trade Agreement with Colombia”: Author interview with Condoleezza Rice, 3 August 2017.
253 “the most successful policy intervention”: Author interview with General Barry McCaffrey, 22 June 2016.
PART III: PRESENT AT THE DESTRUCTION
22: THE STATE OF THE SECRETARY
258 scenes of the American West: Sanger, David, Harris, Gardiner, Landler, Mark. “Where Trump Zigs, Tillerson Zags, Putting Him at Odds with White House.” New York Times, 25 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/25/world/americas/rex-tillerson-american-diplomacy.html?_r=1.
258 Rex Allen and John Wayne: Filkins, Dexter. “Rex Tillerson at the Breaking Point.” New Yorker, 16 October 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/16/rex-tillerson-at-the-breaking-point.
259 “drove a truck selling bread”: Filkins, Dexter. “Rex Tillerson at the Breaking Point.” New Yorker, 16 October 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/16/rex-tillerson-at-the-breaking-point.
259 met through the Boy Scouts: Osborne, James. “Exxon Mobil CEO Rex Tillerson Is an Eagle Scout to the Core.” Dallas Morning News, 6 September 2014.
259 a personal fortune: Filkins, Dexter. “Rex Tillerson at the Breaking Point.” New Yorker, 16 October 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/16/rex-tillerson-at-the-breaking-point.
259 “I didn’t want this job”: McPike, Erin. “Trump’s Diplomat.” Independent Journal Review, 21 March 2017, https://ijr.com/2017/03/814687-trumps-diplomat/.
259 “interesting”: Author interview with Rex Tillerson, 4 January 2018.
260 “I’m the new guy”: “Welcome Remarks to Employees.” Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Washington, DC, 2 February 2017, https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/02/267401.htm.
260 “The buzz was okay”: Author interview with Erin Clancy in Los Angeles, 1 June 2017.
260 “What a different choice”: Author interview with source close to the White House, 23 January 2018.
260 “You have to take the press on the plane”: Author interview with associate of Condoleezza Rice, 23 January 2018. See also Stelter, Brian. “Journalists outraged by Tillerson’s plan to travel without press.” CNN, 10 March 2017, http://money.cnn.com/2017/03/10/media/rex-tillerson-state-department-no-press/index.html.
260 “I can’t assess what’s going on inside”: Author interview with Condoleezza Rice, 3 August 2017.
260 “I don’t play the game outside the house”: Author interview with Rex Tillerson, 4 January 2018.
261 “the Washington Post’s claim”: Gearan, Anne, and Morello, Carol. “Secretary of State Rex Tillerson spends his first weeks isolated from an anxious bureaucracy.” Washington Post, 30 March 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/secretary-of-state-rex-tillerson-spends-his-first-weeks-isolated-from-an-anxious-bureaucracy/2017/03/30/bdf8ec86-155f-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.0ea61ef83e7d.
261 enforced such a rule: Author interview with member of Secretary Tillerson’s security detail, 20 July 2017.
261 “bottleneck”: Johnson, Eliana and Crowley, Michael. “The Bottleneck in Rex Tillerson’s State Department.” Politico, 4 June 2017, www.politico.com/story/2017/06/04/rex-tillerson-state-department-bottleneck-239107.
261 “ ‘I can read a map’ ”: Author interview with anonymous Foreign Service officer, 25 June 2017.
261 three rows of the auditorium: “Welcome Remarks to Employees.” Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Washington, DC, 2 February 2017, https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/02/267401.htm; “Remarks to U.S. Department of State Employees.” Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Dean Acheson Auditorium, Washington, DC, 3 May 2017, https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/05/270620.htm; anecdote about audience reaction from author interview with Foreign Service officer, 26 June 2017.
261 “The fact is that Mr. Tillerson is not witting”: Author interview with Colin Powell in Washington, DC, 29 June 2017.
262 “a lot of internal navel-gazing”: Author interview with anonymous Foreign Service officer, 28 July 2017.
262 declined to take more than three a day: Author interview with anonymous Foreign Service officer, 28 July 2017.
262 “We just bombed Syria”: Author interview with anonymous Foreign Service officer, 28 July 2017.
263 “two-page limit”: Author interview with anonymous career Foreign Service officer, 25 June 2017.
263 “Forty years at Exxon, in the God Pod”: Author interview with source close to the White House, 23 January 2018.
263 rumors of his demise: Parker, Ashley et al., “White House readies plan to replace Tillerson with Pompeo at State, install Cotton at CIA.” Washington Post, 30 November 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/11/30/white-house-readies-plan-to-replace-tillerson-with-pompeo-install-cotton-at-cia/?utm_term=.5f455d49d416.
264 virtually the same time: Schwirtz, Michael. “US Accuses Syria of New Chemical Weapons Use.” New York Times, 23 January 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-weapons-ghouta.html.
264 publicly und
ermining them: Author interview with Tillerson aide, 24 January 2017.
264 “I’ve never seen anything like the way he’s treated her”: Author interview with source close to the White House, 23 January 2018.
264 “a very caring, decent, principled person”: Author interview with Steven Goldstein, 24 January 2018.
264 “The only person that I have to worry about”: Author interview with Rex Tillerson, 4 January 2018.
265 “You just can’t be an arrogant alpha male”: Author interview with source close to the White House, 23 January 2018.
265 “we did not know each other at all”: Author interview with Rex Tillerson, 4 January 2018.
266 reinstating some of the humanitarian funds: Rogin, Josh. “Tillerson prevails over Haley on Palestinian funding.” Post and Courier, 16 January 2018, https://www.postandcourier.com/opinion/commentary/tillerson-prevails-over-haley-on-palestinian-funding/article_2b1b2972-fafd-11e7-81e6-7f2974b7274f.html.
266 “it wasn’t just Jared”: Author interview with source close to the White House, 23 January 2018.
266 “have a pointed conversation”: Author interview with Tillerson aide, 22 December 2017.
266 “It’s not a point of frustration”: Author interview with Rex Tillerson, 4 January 2018.
267 “ours is built around new approaches”: Author interview with Brian Hook, 13 December 2017.
267 Kushner, according to White House sources: Labott, Elise and Borger, Gloria. “Kushner’s foreign policy gamble fuels Tillerson feud.” CNN, 4 December 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/04/politics/jared-kushner-rex-tillerson-middle-east/index.html.
267 Powell recalled similar turf wars: Author interview with Colin Powell in Washington, DC, 29 June 2017.
267 “He may love it”: Author interview with Colin Powell in Washington, DC, 29 August 2017.
268 “our new Secretary of State”: Tweet by Donald J. Trump, 13 March 2018, 5:44AM.
268 “did not speak to the president”: Parker, Ashley et al. “Trump ousts Tillerson, will replace him as secretary of state with CIA chief Pompeo.” Washington Post, 13 March 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-ousts-tillerson-will-replace-him-as-secretary-of-state-with-cia-chief-pompeo/2018/03/13/30f34eea-26ba-11e8-b79d-f3d931db7f68_story.html?utm_term=.04ffab6fcaab.