of harem women following palace service, 11–12, 138, 211–212
of Sigismund Augustus, 224–225
Mecca, 10, 66, 75, 137, 170, 188, 247, 264–265, 265(fig.), 289, 301
de Medici, Catherine, 251, 296, 312
Medina, 10, 170, 264–265, 289, 301
Mehmed (Mustafa’s son), 201–202, 286
Mehmed (son), 105(fig.), 203(fig.)
as intermediary for his mother, 140–141
birth of, 53–56, 72
circumcision of, 102–108, 112–113
combat experience, 202–203, 208–209
competition among princes, 7
death of, 233–237
Mehmed’s education and service, 204
emergence into politics, 110–111
memorial mosque, 238–240
preparation for governing, 122
provincial goverment posting, 214, 216, 218, 226
Mehmed II “the Conqueror,” 86(fig.)
administration, 43
architecture of the New Palace, 131–132
Christian art and relics, 192–193
construction of the harem, 136–137
crisis of succession, 60–61
ending the Karaman-Ottoman wars, 215
financing military expansion, 87
Franco-Ottoman connection, 14
fratricide and violence, 63
hospital construction, 266
marriage of, 198
mosque construction, 239
execution of Mahmud (grand vizier)
New Palace, 12
Old Palace, 27–28
philanthropy, 47, 170–171
remodeling the New Palace, 134
Roman successorship, 160
soldiers’ revolt, 59–60
upgrading the New Palace, 133–134
Menavino Giovanni Antonio, 39, 40, 45, 100, 115, 204
Mengli Giray, 65
Merkez Efendi, 230, 232
Mevlevi order, 228(fig), 228–229
Mihri Hatun, 215
Mihrumah (daughter), 96, 205(fig.)
as female companion, 301
Bayezid’s execution, 306–307
birth of, 58–59, 72, 94, 110
devotion to Bayezid, 309–310
emergence of female patronage, 188
festivities in Adrianople, 261
inherited wealth, 243
marriage of, 205–208
needlework and correspondence, 79
political service, 223, 225, 250, 253–254
relations with Selim, 306–307, 310
upbringing, 11
military campaigns
capture of Rhodes, 58
central Europe, 101
circumcision celebration as display of power, 103–104
construction of the Suleymaniye with the spoils of war, 263–264
Egyptian revolt, 71
German campaign, 101, 163, 219
governance in Suleyman’s absence, 117
governance without, 314
Hafsa following the news of, 113–114
Iranian campaigns, 108–109, 116, 138, 257–258, 260–263, 269–271, 270(fig.), 274, 280, 285–288
maintaining family life during, 141–144
Mehmed’s death cooling Suleyman’s desire for, 237
mock battle to celebrate Egyptian conquest, 107
Mustafa’s education, 82–83
return from Iran (1536), 145
rivalry between Suleyman’s sons, 304–305
Roxelana’s correspondence and counsel, 282–285
Selim I, 63–66
Suleyman’s hiatus from, 71, 219–220
Suleyman’s inherited empire, 10–11
taking and losing Buda, 72–73, 82–83
the princes’ combat experience, 202–203, 222, 275–279
Mongols, 16–19, 60, 63, 77, 117, 146, 215, 227
monogamy, 208
Roxelana’s growing political power, 79–80
Roxelana’s rise as Suleyman’s favorite, 59–60
Selim II’s succession to Suleyman, 311–312
Suleyman’s desire to secure the dynasty, 61–62
Suleyman’s succession of his father, 68
Mosque of the Prince, 238–239
mosques
Hafsa’s mosque (Sultaniye) 113–114
Haseki Avrat, 172–174, 176–177, 182–187, 192
historical debate, 186
Istanbul foundation, 170–171
Istanbul’s built landscape, 46–47
Manisa, 231–232
Ka’aba, 265, 265(fig.)
Mehmed’s memorial mosque, 238–240
Roxelana’s design for, 164–165
sufi spirituality, 228
Suleymaniye, 95, 295(fig.)
Turhan’s mosque, 316(fig.)
motherhood
birth control, 111–112
care of a royal household, 85–86
concerns for the children’s futures, 92
death and difficulties, 72
elevation of status through, 55–57
identity formation through, 91
in the event of a prince’s death, 85–87
issues of succession, 297–299
learning to raise a child, 57–58
professonalizing the offspring, 101
muhaddere (chaste behavior), 126–127
Murad (Suleyman’s son), 35–36, 53–55, 64
Murad II, 14, 60–61, 87, 199–200, 271
Murad III, 238, 296, 309–312, 314
Muscovy, 24, 25, 38
Mustafa `Ali, 152, 239, 308
Mustafa (Suleyman’s son), 105(fig.)
age of provincial service, 57
arrival in Istanbul after Selim I’s death, 93–94
as political threat, 285–286
charge of treason, 269–270
circumcision of the princes, 102–108, 112–113
emergence into politics, 101–103, 108–110
execution, 271–280, 297
formal education, 82–83
harmony with Roxelana, 82
Ibrahim’s part in the rivalry with Roxelana’s sons, 165–166
Iranian campaign, 270–271, 270(fig.)
Janissaries’ admiration for, 240
Mahidevran’s privilege, 83–84
Mehmed’s birth, 55
military and political service, 149–150
mother and status, 35–36
palace criticism of Roxelana, 148–149
provincial government, 208, 222–223
public opinion, 7–8, 271–272, 275, 290
relationships with Suleyman, 95
rivalries among the princes, 10, 62, 73
naval forces, 73, 219
See also Hayreddin Barbarossa
nedim (boon companion of the sultan), 167–168
needlework, 39–40, 79, 252, 255
New Palace
architecture of, 128–131, 130(fig.), 131–133, 132(fig.), 134–135
female quarters, 45–46, 136–137
illustration, 49(fig.), 130(fig.), 132(fig.)
kitchens, 132–133
queen mother’s apartments, 311(fig.)
reflecting the power of the empire, 133–134
residents and offices, 29–30
Roxelana’s domestic responsibilities, 241–242
Roxelana’s residence in, 114–115, 121–125, 127–128, 136
Novosiltsov, Ivan, 26
nuclear family, Roxelana’s, 6, 72
Nurbanu (Selim II’s concubine), 238, 295–296, 311–313
Oghuz Khan, 17
Oliviera Despina, 198–199
Old Palace
education of the women, 41
fire in, 212–213
Hafsa’s status, 34–36
hierarchy of, 27–29
history of, 27–28
princes’ education, 45–46
role of princesses, 37–38
Roxelana’s arrival, 34
pages (sultan’s), 78, 89, 129, 135, 138, 202, 247
Palestine, philanthropic endowment in, 288–294
patronage, political and personal, 155–156
patronage, royal, 171–172, 185–189, 191, 231, 267, 292. See also philanthropy
Peçevi, Ibrahim, 108, 113, 157, 161, 178, 204, 211, 234, 255, 270, 294, 308
philanthropy
in Aleppo, 261–262
as obligation for Muslims, 170–171
emergence of female patronage, 187–188
for sufi piety, 229–230
Hafsa’s foundation, 187, 232
Hatuniye foundation, 231
history of royal building, 194
hospital construction, 264–269
in religious sites, 264–265
Manisa, 232–233
personal meaning of, 191–192
Roxelana’s concern for Janissary welfare, 240–241
Roxelana’s endeavors in Palestine, 288–294
Roxelana’s imperial affairs, 127
Roxelana’s Istanbul foundation, 146–147, 171–172
Roxelana’s political and personal status, 188–189
See also Haseki foundation
Pilak Mustafa, 203, 211–212
pilgrimages, 188, 261–262, 264–265
poetry and poets, 8, 74, 143–144, 147–148, 162, 168, 215, 278, 305
elegies for Mustafa, 278–279
Poland, 14, 40, 79, 296,
capture of Roxelana, 16
diplomatic correspondence with, 251–255
Poland-Lithuania, 24–25, 26, 223, 251
See also Bona Sforza; Isabella; Sigismund I; Sigismund; Augustus
power, political and personal
architecture reflecting, 128
Central Asia as source of, 17–18
circumcision celebration as display of, 103–104
domestic politics during Suleyman’s absences, 77–78
hierarchy of the New Palace, 29–30
hierarchy of the Old Palace, 27–29
innovation under Suleyman, 67–68
intimate friendship among males, 168
Mustafa’s awareness of his own, 95–96
of Ibrahim, the grand vizier, 155–156, 160–161
overriding family bonds, 37–38
perception of Ottoman power after the war with Iran, 287–288
royal philanthropy and, 185–187
within the harem, 5–6
See also governance; Roxelana, personal and political power
pretenders, 288, 305, 307
primogeniture, 6–7, 313–314
princes
death of, 85–87
education and management of, 84–85
management training, 220–221
political careers, 214–215
provincial duties, 217
royal architectural philanthropy, 185–186
See also specific individuals
princesses
foreign, 14, 20, 43, 103, 115, 198–200
function and status of, 37–38
Ibrahim’s marriage, 157
marriage of, 157, 185, 205
political role of, 36
stipends and status, 241–243
See also Beyhan; Mihrumah (daughter); Shah Sultan
Privy Chamber terrace, New Palace, 134
procurator of the Sultana, 125
provincial authorities, 77–78
Pseudo Mustafa, 288, 305, 307
raids, abduction of slaves and, 16–17, 21–22
religion. See Christianity; Islam; Judaism
rivalries
among the royal princes, 91–92, 165–166, 281–282, 297
Mahidevran and Roxelana, 90–91, 94–99, 148–149, 165–166, 274–275
Rustem and Ibrahim, 249–250
Rohatyn, Ukraine, 15, 21, 26
Roman empire, 10–11, 14, 48, 66, 73, 103, 159–160, 216, 292
Roxelana, background and origins of
arrival at the Old Palace, 34
as gift to Suleyman, 34, 69–71
capture in Poland, 16, 24–25
Christian background, 4–5
conversion to Islam, 26, 33, 43–44, 291–292
debate over, 4–5, 8–9, 14–16, 25–26
difficulties in, 5–8
Roxelana’s personality and character, 9, 53–54
Roxelana’s philanthropy stemming from slavery, 193
slave trade, 14–15, 21–22
Roxelana, children of
Abdullah, 58, 72, 111, 235
celebrating the circumcision of the princes, 102–106
changing Roxelana’s status at court, 54–57
death of, 72, 305–306
education of, 11, 78, 82–83, 204
marriage of Mihrumah, 205–208
nuclear family, 6, 72
report of, 96–97
Roxelana’s custodial responsibilities, 78
Roxelana’s later pregnancies, 58–59
Roxelana’s presentation to Suleyman, 51–53
Suleyman securing Selim II’s political future, 308–309
See also Bayezid (son); Cihangir (son); Mehmed (son); Mihrumah (daughter); Selim (son)
Roxelana, correspondence
domestic arrangements, 209–210
gifts and messages from well-wishers, 75
historical value of, 8–9
maintaining contact during military campaigns, 141–144, 282–285
pleas for Rustem Pasha’s reinstatement, 284–285
rising standards of living, 262
Roxelana’s improving literacy, 209
Roxelana’s life in the harem, 75–76
Roxelana’s yearning for Suleyman, 73–75
Suleyman and, 283(fig.)
Suleyman’s declining health, 246–248, 259–260
Roxelana, daily life of
declining health and death, 12, 281–282, 299–300, 302–304, 315
domestic responsibilities in the Old Palace, 210–211, 241–242
during Suleyman’s military absences, 75–77
income and daily stipend, 55–57, 77–78, 242
Mahidevran as role model, 57
raising children in Suleyman’s absence, 10–11
residence and domestic responsibilities in the New Palace, 114–115, 121–125, 127–128, 136, 241–242
Roxelana’s quarters in the New Palace, 122–123
Roxelana’s rise in status threatening Mahidevran, 94–95
televising Roxelana’s life, 26
travels through Anatolia, 225–227, 231
Roxelana, early relationship with Suleyman
conceiving her second child, 58–59
Roxelana’s first summons, 52–53
Suleyman’s choice of a concubine, 44–46
Suleyman’s partners after Roxelana, 70–71
Roxelana, marriage to Suleyman
as source of historical debate, 199–200
controversy surrounding, 184–185
domestic conflict, 248
giving women a voice in governance, 122–123
Hafsa’s death, 116–117
honeymoon, 71–72
increasing Roxelana’s status and power, 27–28, 79–80, 100–101, 118–120, 189, 197–198
instigation of, 118–120
intimacy replacing sexual relations, 244–245
precedents for succession, 12–13
private nature of, 115–116
public announcement of, 145–147
Roxelana’s imperial seclusion following, 123–125
Roxelana’s lack of a coronation, 171
Roxelana’s new life in the New Palace, 114–115, 125–126, 128–129
Roxelana’s rise as Suleyman’s favorite, 59–60
securing Selim II’s political future, 308–309
speculation on Suleyman’s affection for Roxelana, 245–246
Roxelana, per
sonal and political power of
Bayezid’s downfall, 307–309
children changing Roxelana’s status at court, 55–57
diplomatic relations with Britain, 251–252
Roxelana’s counsel during Suleyman’s campaigns, 284–285
Roxelana’s exposure to Istanbul, 46–50
Roxelana’s marriage expanding her power, 27–28, 79–80, 100–101, 118–120, 197–198
Roxelana’s part in Ibrahim’s execution, 150–152
Roxelana’s part in Mustafa’s execution, 272–275
Roxelana’s plea for Rustem’s reinstatement, 294–297
Roxelana’s aggrandizement of the royal harem as a political force, 3–4, 12
training in social behavior, 33–34
Roxelana, personal and political relationships
Ibrahim, 32
Ibrahim’s part in Mustafa’s rivalry with Roxelana’s sons, 165–166
Janissaries’ antipathy, 148–149
Mahidevran, 90–91, 94–99, 148–149, 165–166, 274–275
Mustafa, 82–83, 148–149, 275–276
Roxelana, philanthropy of
charitable actions, 9, 289–294
charitable work with slaves, 193
educational benefits of Roxelana’s foundation, 173
endeavors in Palestine, 288–294
historical debate over Roxelana’s mosque, 186
imperial affairs, 127
interest in the training of slaves, 173, 211–212
mosque design, 164–165, 186
political and personal status, 188–189
Roxelana’s concerns with the Janissaries, 240–241
Rumi, Jalal ad-Din, 215, 227–229
Rustem (Mihrumah’s husband), 206–207, 223, 249–251, 258, 268–272, 284, 294–297, 301–302
Ruthenia, 4, 10, 14–16, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31, 83, 96, 134, 147–148, 199, 224, 252, 291, 304
saadet (good fortune), 133
sacred places, 264–265
Safavid state, Iran, 65
peace treaty, 295–296
Selim I’s concerns over the threat of, 65
shi`i Islam, 228
territorial losses, 149–150
the princes’ circumcision, 107
See also Alqas Mirza; Diplomacy; Ismail, Shah; military campaigns; Tahmasp Shah
Safiye (Murad III’s favor), 295–296
Şemseddin Sami, 151
Sandys, George, 184–185
seclusion
Roxelana’s, 107, 123–126
sultan’s, 126, 133
Selim I, 10, 34, 63–68, 86(fig.), 93, 107, 113, 123, 157, 160, 190–191, 207, 239, 242–243, 255, 261, 290
Selim II (son), 75(fig.)
arrival in Aleppo, 280–281
ascension to the throne, 304
birth of, 58, 94
circumcision celebration, 103, 107–108
disavowing his family, 307
Iranian campaign, 261
Janissaries’ refusal to acknowledge succession, 310
military campaigns, 201–203
Poland-Lithuania relations and, 26
Empress of the East Page 42