93. For the assistance offered by Christian rescuers in France see, among numerous studies, Asher Cohen, Persécutions et sauvetages: Juifs et Français sous l’Occupation et sous Vichy (Paris, 1993).
94. Ibid., p. 430.
95. Ingrid Krüger-Bulcke and Hans Georg Lehmann, eds., Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945. Series E, 1941–1945 (Göttingen, 1974), vol. 3, p. 125.
96. On the Catholic response in Belgium see Mark Van Den Wijngaert, “The Belgian Catholics and the Jews During the German Occupation, 1940–1944,” in Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans, ed. Dan Michman (Jerusalem, 1998), pp. 225ff.; see also Luc Dequeker, “Baptism and Conversion of Jews in Belgium,” in Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans, ed. Dan Michman (Jerusalem, 1998), pp. 235ff.
97. Griffioen and Zeller, “A Comparative Analysis of the Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands and Belgium during the Second World War,” p. 21.
98. On this specific aspect see Rudi von Doorslaer, “Jewish Immigration and Communism in Belgium, 1925–1939,” in Belgium and the Holocaust: Jews, Belgians, Germans, ed. Dan Michman (Jerusalem, 1998), pp. 66n and 67ff.
99. Peter Longerich, ed., Akten der Partei-Kanzlei der NSDAP: Rekonstruktion eines verlorengegangenen Bestandes. Regesten., vol. 2, part 4 (Munich, 1992), abs. no. 43548.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid., abs. no. 43518.
102. Nuremberg doc. L-61, U.S. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality and International Military Tribunal, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, 8 vols. (Washington, DC, 1946), vol. 7, pp. 816–17 (emphasis in original).
103. Wolf Gruner, “Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Ereignisse in der Berliner Rosenstrasse: Fakten und Fiktionen um den 27. Februar 1943,” Jahrbuch fur Antisemitismusforschung 11 (2002), p. 146. See now Wolf Gruner, Widerstand in der Rosenstrasse. Die Fabrik-Aktion und die Verfolgung der Mischehen 1943 (Frankfurt am Main, 2005).
104. Ibid., pp. 148–49.
105. Ibid., pp. 152–54.
106. Ibid., pp. 160–64.
107. Ibid., pp. 167ff.
108. H. G. Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland (Tübingen, 1974).
109. Rivka Elkin, “The Survival of the Jewish Hospital in Berlin, 1938–1945,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 38 (1993), pp. 167ff.
110. Ibid., p. 177.
111. Ibid.
112. Nuremberg doc. PS-1472, U.S. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality and International Military Tribunal, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 4, p. 49.
113. Hertha Feiner, Before Deportation: Letters from a Mother to Her Daughters, January 1939–December 1942, ed. Karl Heinz Jahnke (Evanston, II 1999), pp. 27–28.
114. Jochen Klepper, Unter dem Schatten Deiner Flügel? Aus den Tagebüchern der Jahre 1932–1942, ed. Hildegard Klepper (Stuttgart, 1956), p. 1127.
115. Ibid., p. 1130.
116. Ibid., p. 1133.
117. Ibid.
118. Walter Manoschek, ed., “Es gibt nur eines für das Judentum—Vernichtung”: Das Judenbild in deutschen Soldatenbriefen 1939–1944 (Hamburg, 1997), p. 58.
119. Hans Frank, Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939–1945, ed. Werner Präg and Wolfgang Jacobmeyer (Stuttgart, 1975), pp. 508ff., translation in Wolfgang Scheffler, “The Forgotten Part of the “Final Solution”: The Liquidation of the Ghettos,” in Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual (Chappaqua, NY, 1985), p. 817.
120. Adam Czerniaków, The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniaków: Prelude to Doom, ed. Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron, and Joseph Kermish (New York, 1979), pp. 382–83.
121. Ibid., p. 384.
122. Marcel Reich-Ranicki, The Author of Himself: The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki (London, 2001), p. 164.
123. Ibid., pp. 165–66. Höfle’s orders and threats are quoted in Scheffler, “The Forgotten Part,” p. 820.
124. Czerniaków, Warsaw Diary, p. 385.
125. Hilberg and Staron, “Introduction” to ibid., pp. 63–64. See also Jerzy Lewinski, “The Death of Adam Czerniaków and Janusz Korczak’s Last Journey,” Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 7 (1992), pp. 224ff.
126. Chaim Aron Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan, ed. Abraham Isaac Katsh (New York, 1965), pp. 324–25.
127. Ibid., pp. 208–9.
128. Chaim Aron Kaplan, Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim A. Kaplan, ed. Abraham I. Katsh (Bloomington, 1999), p. 391.
129. Yitzhak Perlis, “Final Chapter: Korczak in the Warsaw Ghetto,” in Janusz Korczak, The Ghetto Diary (New York, 1978), pp. 40ff.
130. Korczak, Ibid., p. 143.
131. Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, p. 147.
132. Janusz Korczak, Tagebuch aus dem Warschauer Ghetto 1942 (Göttingen, 1992), p. 119.
133. Abraham Lewin, A Cup of Tears: A Diary of the Warsaw Ghetto, ed. Antony Polonsky (Oxford, 1988), p. 148. There have been many descriptions of this march, and quite a few “literary” embellishments were added to the bare facts, which certainly do not need any added pathos. For a detailed critique of some of these descriptions see Lewinksi, “The Death of Adam Czerniaków,” pp. 224ff.
134. Kaplan, Scroll of Agony, p. 340.
135. Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, p. 213.
136. Wilm Hosenfeld, “Extracts from the Diary of Captain Wilm Hosenfeld,” in The Pianist: The Extraordinary Story of One Man’s Survival in Warsaw, 1939–45, ed. Wladyslaw Szpilman (New York, 1999), p. 198. For a detailed account of Hosenfeld’s attitude and activities, see Wilm Hosenfeld, “Ich versuche jeden zu retten”: Das Leben eines deutschen Offiziers in Briefen und Tagebüchern (Munich, 2004).
137. Quoted in Ruta Sakowska, “Two Forms of Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto: Two Functions of the Ringelblum Archives,” Yad Vashem Studies 21 (1991), p. 215.
138. Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington, 1987), pp. 40–42.
139. Ibid., p. 87.
140. Ibid.
141. Arad, Belzec, pp. 87–88.
142. Gitta Sereny, Into that Darkness: From Mercy Killing to Mass Murder (London, 1974), p. 161.
143. Ibid., p. 157. Sereny shows that, apart from some errors in dates and some “tactical” changes in the sequence of events, Stangl’s descriptions were amply confirmed during his trial and that of ten Treblinka guards in Düsseldorf in 1964. Among the documents produced at the 1964 trial, the diary of Hubert Pfoch, who traveled on the same railway line in August 1942, confirmed the killings and the corpses lying along the tracks. Ibid., pp. 158–59.
144. Josef Zelkowicz, In Those Terrible Days: Writings from the Lodz Ghetto, ed. Michal Unger (Jerusalem, 2002), pp. 258–59.
145. Lucjan Dobroszycki, ed., The Chronicle of the Lódz Ghetto, 1941–1944 (New Haven, 1984), pp. 250ff.
146. Dawid Sierakowiak, The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lódz Ghetto, ed. Alan Adelson (New York, 1996), p. 214.
147. Ibid., pp. 219–20.
148. Zelkowicz, In Those Terrible Days, pp. 280–83.
149. Ibid., p. 280.
150. Dobroszycki, ed., The Chronicle, pp. 250–54.
151. Zelkowicz, In Those Terrible Days, pp. 259–60.
152. Thomas Sandkühler, Endlösung in Galizien: Der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die Rettungsinitiativen von Berthold Beitz, 1941–1944 (Bonn, 1996), p. 221.
153. Philip Friedman, Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, ed. Ada June Friedman (New York, 1980), p. 279.
154. Ibid., p. 280.
155. Ibid., p. 279.
156. Ibid., p. 317.
157. Jerzy Ficowski, Regions of the Great Heresy: Bruno Schulz: A Biographical Portrait (New York, 2003), p. 134.
158. Ibid., p. 136.
159. Ibid., p. 138.
160. Friedman, Roads to Extinction, pp. 365–66.
161. Ibid.
162. Isaac Rudashevski, The Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, June 1941–April 1943, ed. Perc
y Matenko (Tel Aviv, 1973), pp. 70–71.
163. Herman Kruk, The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilna Ghetto and the Camps, 1939–1944, ed. Benjamin Harshav (New Haven, 2002), p. 389.
164. Yitzhak Arad, Yisrael Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot, eds., Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (Jerusalem, 1981), p. 445.
165. Ibid., p. 446.
166. Kruk, The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania, pp. 421–22.
167. Frank, The Diary of a Young Girl, p. 53.
168. Ibid., p. 71.
169. Rudashevski, The Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, June 1941–April 1943, p. 66.
170. Etty Hillesum, Letters from Westerbork (New York, 1986), pp. 26–27.
171. Egon Redlich, The Terezin Diary of Gonda Redlich, ed. Saul S. Friedman (Lexington, KY, 1992), p. 50.
172. Biélinky, Journal, p. 245.
173. Ibid., p. 271.
174. Renée Poznanski, introduction to ibid., p. 11.
175. Lambert, Carnet d’un témoin, pp. 201–2.
176. Ibid.
177. Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942–1945, p. 156.
178. Ibid., p. 157.
179. Quoted in Robert Moses Shapiro, “Diaries and Memoirs from the Lodz Ghetto in Yiddish and Hebrew,” in Holocaust Chronicles: Individualizing the Holocaust through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts, ed. Robert Moses Shapiro (Hoboken, NJ, 1999), p. 97 (the same lack of punctuation appears in the original Yiddish. Shapiro also quotes at some length from the diary of a survivor, Shlomo Frank, who died in Israel in 1966. Frank’s recordings indicate precise knowledge about the fate of the Lodz deportees to Chelmno. However, it seems that the author thoroughly “improved” various editions of his notes, excising and adding parts, changing entry dates, etc.) See Ibid., pp. 101ff. Such editing makes Frank’s diary historically unreliable.
180. Lewin, A Cup of Tears, p. 153.
181. Ibid., pp. 170–71.
182. Moses Flinker, Young Moshe’s Diary: The Spiritual Torment of a Jewish Boy in Nazi Europe, ed. Shaul Esh and Geoffrey Wigoder (Jerusalem, 1971), pp. 25–26.
183. Ibid., p. 32.
184. Ibid., p. 37.
185. Ibid., pp. 42–43.
186. Ibid., pp. 58–59.
187. Ibid., pp. 69–70.
188. Ibid., p. 71.
189. Biélinky, Journal, pp. 254–55.
190. Sebastian, Journal, p. 509.
191. Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942–1945, pp. 147–48.
192. Redlich, The Terezin Diary of Gonda Redlich, p. 72.
193. Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, p. 212.
194. Peretz Opoczynski, “Warsaw Ghetto Chronicle—September 1942,” in To Live with Honor and Die with Honor!…: Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.” (“Oneg Shabbat,”) ed. Joseph Kermish (Jerusalem, 1986), p. 109.
195. Lewin, A Cup of Tears, p. 184.
196. Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, ed. Martin Gilbert and Dina Porat (Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 133–36.
197. Kruk, The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania, pp. 360–61.
198. Rudashevski, The Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, pp. 56–57.
199. Dobroszycki, The Chronicle, p 258.
200. Oskar Rosenfeld, In the Beginning Was the Ghetto: Notebooks from Lódz, ed. Hanno Loewy (Evanston, IL, 2002), p. 134.
201. Haim Avni, “Spain” in Walter Laqueur and Judith Tydor Baumel, eds., The Holocaust Encyclopedia (New Haven, 2001), p. 602.
202. Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland—Second World War, Switzerland, National Socialism and the Second World War (Zurich, 2002), p. 134.
203. Ibid., p. 113.
204. Ibid., p. 114.
205. Ibid.
206. Ibid.
207. Paul A. Levine, “Attitudes and Action: Comparing the Responses of Mid-Level Bureaucrats to the Holocaust,” in Bystanders to the Holocaust: A Re-Evaluation, ed. David Cesarani and Paul A. Levine (London, 2002), pp. 223ff.
208. For a detailed analysis of Swedish policy see Paul A. Levine, From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust, 1938–1944 (Oppsala, 1998).
209. The only book in English on this issue is Hannu Rautkallio, Finland and the Holocaust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews (New York, 1987). Rautkallio’s interpretations have been strongly questioned in William B. Cohen and Jorgen Svensson, “Finland and the Holocaust,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 9 (1995), pp. 70ff. The numbers mentioned are taken from Cohen and Svensson, “Finland,” p. 71.
210. Rautkallio, Finland and the Holocaust: The Rescue of Finland’s Jews, p. 166.
211. Cohen and Svensson, “Finland and the Holocaust,” p. 76.
212. Ibid., p. 77.
213. Ingrid Krüger-Bulcke and Hans Georg Lehmann, Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945, Ser. E, vol. 3 (Göttingen, 1974), p. 526.
214. Radu Ioanid, “The Fate of Romanian Jews in Nazi Occupied Europe,” in The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews during the Antonescu Era, ed. Randolph L. Braham (Boulder, CO, 1997), p. 160ff.
215. Quoted in Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung (Munich, 1998), pp. 522ff.
216. For the details see Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944 (Chicago, 2000), pp. 241ff.
217. Ibid., pp. 246–47.
218. Krüger-Bulcke and Lehmann, ADAP: Ser. E, vol. 5 (Göttingen 1978), p. 134.
219. Helmut Heiber, Reichsführer! Briefe an und von Himmler (Munich, 1970), p. 184.
220. Yehuda Bauer, Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945 (New Haven, 1994), p. 149.
221. For these details see essentially Lorand Tilkovszky, “The Late Interwar Years and World War II,” in A History of Hungary, ed. Peter F. Sugar et al. (Bloomington, 1994), pp. 348–49.
222. Krüger-Bulcke and Lehmann, ADAP, Ser. E, vol. 4 (Göttingen, 1975), pp. 24ff.
223. Ibid., p. 150.
224. Jonathan Steinberg, All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943 (London, 1990), pp. 85–86.
225. Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz, vol. 2, pp. 13ff.
226. Ibid., pp. 16–17.
227. Ibid., p. 18.
228. Commissione per la pubblicazione dei documenti diplomatici, I documenti diplomatici italiani. Nona serie: 1939–1943, 10 vols. (Rome, 1954–90), quoted and translated in Susan Zuccotti, Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (New Haven, 2000), pp. 108–9.
229. Per Ole Johansen, “Norway,” in Laqueur and Baumel, The Holocaust Encyclopedia, p. 450.
230. Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, pp. 253ff.
231. Quoted in Polonsky, “Condemnation, Apologetics,” in David Cesarani, Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies, vol. 5 (New York, 2004), pp. 59–60.
232. For the declaration of September 17, see Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, pp. 253 and 257–58.
233. For the early Karski report see chapter 1, pp. 46–47.
234. See mainly David Engel, “The Western Allies and the Holocaust: Jan Karski’s Mission to the West, 1942–1944,” in Holocaust and Genocide Studies 5 (1990), pp. 363ff.
235. Ibid., p. 366.
236. Daniel Blatman, Notre liberté et la vôtre: Le mouvement ouvrier juif Bund en Pologne, 1939–1949 (Paris, 2002), p. 195.
237. For a detailed analysis see David Engel, In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government-in-Exile and the Jews, 1939–1942 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1987), pp. 180ff.
238. On this issue the Western Allies stood on the side of the Soviet Union, almost from the outset. The Soviet demands were explicitly accepted at the Tehran conference in November 1943 and reconfirmed at Yalta in February 1945. For a spirited defense of the Polish positions see, among numero
us other studies, Norman Davies, Rising ’44: The Battle for Warsaw (London, 2003).
239. For this specific threat see Tuvia Friling, Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust (Madison, WI, 2005), vol. 1, p. 88.
240. On Kot’s negotiations in Palestine see Shabtai Teveth, Ben-Gurion and the Holocaust (New York, 1996), pp. 35ff.; see also David Engel, “Soviet Jewry in the Thinking of the Yishuv Leadership 1939–1943,” in The Holocaust in the Soviet Union ed. Lucjan Dobroszycki and Jeffrey S. Gurock, (Armonk, NY, 1993), pp. 111ff.
241. Friling, Arrows in the Dark; vol. 1, p. 64.
242. Porat, The Blue and the Yellow Stars, p. 259.
243. About Gerstein and his mission see Saul Friedländer, Kurt Gerstein, The Ambiguity of Good (New York, 1969) particularly pp. 100ff.
244. Ibid., pp. 109–10.
245. Ibid., pp. 117–19.
246. Ibid., pp. 122–26.
247. Ibid., pp. 128–29.
248. Ibid., p. vii.
249. For Vendel’s report see Jozef Lewandowski, “Early Swedish Information about the Nazis’ Mass Murder of the Jews,” Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry (2000), vol. 13, pp. 113ff.
250. The translation of Vendel’s report is based on Lewandowski’s translation as well as on that of Steven Kublik. Kublik is the first historian to have published Vendel’s report. See Steven Kublik, The Stones Cry Out (New York, 1987).
251. Lewandowski, “Early Swedish Information about the Nazis’ Mass Murder of the Jews,” p. 123.
252. For the Schulte mission and the Riegner telegram see mainly Gerhart M. Riegner, Ne Jamais Désesperer: Soixante années au service du peuple juif et des droits de l’homme (Paris, 1998), pp. 55ff; David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York, 1998), pp. 42ff.; Martin Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies: How the Allies Responded to the News of Hitler’s Final Solution (London, 1981), pp. 57ff. See also Walter Laqueur and Richard Breitman, Breaking the Silence (New York, 1986).
253. Jean-Claude Favez, The Red Cross and the Holocaust (Cambridge, U.K., 1999), pp. 39–41.
254. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York, 1998), p. 51.
255. Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945 (London, 1979), p. 172.
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