123. On Murmelstein see Jonny Moser, “Dr. Benjamin Murmelstein, ein ewig Beschuldigter?,” in Theresienstadt in der “Endlösung der Judenfrage,” ed. Miroslav Kárný, Vojtech Blodig, and Margita Kárná (Prague, 1992), pp. 88ff.
124. See in particular Karel Margry, “Der Nazi-Film über Theresienstadt,” Ibid., pp. 285ff.
125. Vojtěch Blodig, “Die letzte Phase den Entwicklung des Ghettos Theresienstadt,” Ibid, p. 274.
126. See Egon Redlich, The Terezin Diary of Gonda Redlich, ed. Saul S. Friedman (Lexington, KY, 1992), p. 160 n. 19.
127. Aaron Kramer, “Creation in a Death Camp,” in Theatrical Performance During the Holocaust: Texts, Documents, Memoirs, ed. Rebecca Rovit and Alvin Goldfarb (Baltimore, 1999), pp. 181–83. See also David Bloch, “Versteckte Bedeutungen: Symbole in der Musik von Theresienstadt,” in Theresienstadt in der “Endlösung der Judenfrage,” ed. Miroslav Kárný, Vojtech Blodig, and Margita Kárná (Prague, 1992), p. 142.
128. For these estimates, see Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 2, p. 455.
129. Redlich, The Terezin Diary of Gonda Redlich, p. 161.
130. Saul S. Friedman, introduction to ibid., p. xiv.
131. Martin Doerry, My Wounded Heart: The Life of Lilli Jahn, 1900–1944 (London, 2004), pp. 250ff.
132. Livia Rothkirchen, “Slovakia” in Walter Laqueur and Judith Tydor Baumel, eds., The Holocaust Encyclopedia (New Haven, CT, 2001), p. 600.
133. Livia Rothkirchen, “The Situation of the Jews in Slovakia between 1939 and 1945,” Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung 7 (1998), p. 63.
134. John F. Morley, Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939–1943 (New York, 1980), pp. 73ff.
135. Braham, The Politics of Genocide, p. 184.
136. Quoted in Krisztián Ungváry, The Siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II (New Haven, CT, 2005), p. 289.
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid., p. 293.
139. Ibid., p. 294.
140. Krüger-Bulcke and Lehmann, ADAP, Series E, vol. 8, p. 509.
141. Ungváry, The Siege of Budapest, pp. 298–99.
142. Ibid., p. 300.
143. Many of the forged papers had been produced and distributed by Zionist youth groups. See Rozett, “Jewish and Hungarian Armed Resistance in Hungary,” p. 272.
144. For the numbers mentioned see Ungváry, The Siege of Budapest, p. 293. About Carl Lutz, see Alexander Grossman, Nur das Gewissen, Carl Lutz und seine Budapester Aktion: Geschichte und Porträt (Wald, 1986); regarding Friedrich Born’s role, see mainly Arieh Ben-Tov, Facing the Holocaust in Budapest: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Jews in Hungary, 1943–1945 (Geneva, 1988). There are several publications about Wallenberg’s activities; See in particular Leni Yahil, “Raoul Wallenberg: His Mission and his Activities in Hungary,” Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983), pp. 7–54. For details about less well known helpers such as Giorgio Perlasca, see Ungváry, The Siege of Budapest, p. 294. Ben-Tov’s study about the ICRC also gives his due to the delegate who preceded Born and was recalled because of his insistence on intervening for the Jews of Hungary: Jean de Bavier; it offers a harsh assessment of the Geneva organization.
145. Quoted in Ungváry, The Siege of Budapest, p. 302.
146. Ibid.
147. Most of the details that follow and the translation of Radnóti’s poem are quoted from Zsuzsanna Ozsváth, In the Footsteps of Orpheus: The Life and Times of Miklós Radnóti (Bloomington, 2000), pp. 212ff. About this early death march see the personal testimony of Zalman Teichman as published in Nathan Eck, “The March of Death from Serbia to Hungary (September 1944) and the Slaughter of Cservenka,” Yad Vashem Studies 2 (1958), pp. 255ff.
148. Ozsváth, In the Footsteps of Orpheus, pp. 217ff.
149. Quoted in Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945, pp. 211–12.
150. Christian Gerlach and Götz Aly, Das letzte Kapitel: Der Mord an den ungarischen Juden (Munich, 2002), p. 97.
151. Adolf Hitler, Monologe im Führer-Hauptquartier 1941–1944, ed. Werner Jochmann and Heinrich Heim (Munich, 2000), pp. 412–13.
152. Adolf Hitler, Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1932–1945: Kommentiert von einem deutschen Zeitgenossen, ed. Max Domarus, 4 vols. (Leonberg, 1987–88), vol. 4, p. 2185.
153. Ibid., pp. 2195ff.
154. Ibid., p. 2204.
155. Ibid., p. 2206.
156. Ibid.
157. Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente, ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich, 1998–), part 2, vol. 15, p. 82.
158. Ibid., p. 316.
159. Nuremberg doc. R-124. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 8 (Washington, DC, 1946), p. 189.
160. André Sellier, The History of the Dora Camp (Chicago, 2003), pp. 120–21.
161. See mainly Eleanor Lappin, “The Death Marches of Hungarian Jews through Austria in the Spring of 1945,” Yad Vashem Studies 28 (2000).
162. Edit Raim, “Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung im letzten Kriegsjahr,” in Theresienstadt in der “Endlösung der Judenfrage,” ed. Miroslav Kárný, Vojtěch Blodig, and Margita Kaŕná (Prague, 1992), p. 262.
163. Ibid.
164. Breitman, “Nazi Jewish Policy”, pp. 84ff.
165. Ibid.
166. For details about the Swedish initiatives, see Bauer, Jews for Sale? Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945, pp. 243ff.
167. Daniel Blatman, “The Death Marches, January–May 1945: Who Was Responsible for What?,” Yad Vashem Studies 28 (2000), p. 169.
168. Höss, Kommandant in Auschwitz, p. 170.
169. Blatman, “The Death Marches,” p. 173.
170. Höss, Kommandant in Auschwitz, pp. 169–70.
171. Steinberg, Speak You Also: A Survivor’s Reckoning, pp. 140–41.
172. Gudrun Schwarz, Eine Frau an seiner Seite: Ehefrauen in der “SS-Sippengemeinschaft” (Frankfurt, 1997), p. 7.
173. Blatman, “The Death Marches,” p. 178.
174. Ibid., pp. 189–90.
175. Ibid., p. 191.
176. Levi, Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity, p. 171.
177. Ruth Kluger, Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered (New York, 2001), pp. 113ff. and 128ff.
178. Cordelia Edvardson, Gebranntes Kind sucht das Feuer (Munich, 1989), pp. 100ff.
179. Filip Müller, Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers (Chicago, 1999), pp. 166ff.
180. Ibid., p. 171.
181. Sybil Milton, “Deportations,” in 1945: The Year of Liberation (Washington, DC, 1995), p. 90.
182. Ibid. (Reproduced from Marlene P. Hiller, ed., Stuttgart im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Katalog [Gerlinger, 1989].), p. 181.
183. Victor Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942–1945 (New York, 1998), p. 404.
184. Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001), pp. 253–54.
185. Otto Dov Kulka and Eberhard Jäckel, Die Juden in den geheimen NS-Stimmungsberichten 1933–1945 (Düsseldorf, 2004), p. 546.
186. Ibid., p. 547.
187. Quoted in Hastings, Armageddon, p. 435.
188. Otto Dov Kulka, “The German Population and the Jews: State of Research and New Perspectives,” in Probing the Depths of German Antisemitism: German Society and the Persecution of the Jews, 1933–1941, ed. David Bankier (New York, 2000), p. 279.
189. See in particular Gellately, Backing Hitler, and Marlis G. Steinert, Hitler’s War and the Germans: Public Mood and Attitude during the Second World War, ed. Thomas E. J. de Witt (Athens, OH, 1977).
190. Goebbels, Tagebücher, part 2, vol. 15, p. 586.
191. Ibid., pp. 654–55.
192. Ibid.
193. Hitler, Reden, pp. 2223–2224.
194. All details about this notorious murder operation are taken from Günther Schwarberg, The Murders at Bullenhuser Damm (Bloomington, 1984).
195. Ibid., p. 22.
196. Ibid., pp. 37–41
(excerpted in U.S. Holocaust Museum, ed., 1945, pp. 88–89).
197. Martin Broszat, “Soziale Motivation und Führer-Bindung des Nationalsozialismus,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 18 (1970).
198. Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (New York, 1986).
199. See mainly Norbert Frei, 1945 und Wir: das Dritte Reich im Bewusstsein der Deutschen (Munich, 2005).
200. Hitler, Reden, p. 2226.
201. Ibid.
202. Ibid., p. 2250.
203. Klaus Schölder, A Requiem for Hitler: And Other New Perspectives on the German Church Struggle (London, 1989), p. 166.
204. Klemperer, I Will Bear Witness: A Diary of the Nazi Years, 1942–1945, p. 435.
205. Notwithstanding various computations, an exact estimate of the number of victims of the Holocaust is not possible. For detailed statistical analyses see Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 3, pp. 1301ff (whose estimate of 5,100,000 is on the low side) and Wolfgang Benz, ed., Dimension des Völkermords: Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1991), p. 17, whose minimal estimate reached 5,290,000 and who also calculated a maximum of just above 6,000,000 victims.
206. The places indicated are those where the diaries were mostly written; at times I chose the diarists’ places of origin.
207. For these additional diarists, see Alexandra Zapruder, Salvaged Pages (New Haven, 2002); Robert Moses Shapiro, “Diaries and Memoirs from the Lodz Ghetto in Yiddish and Hebrew,” in Holocaust Chronicles: Individualizing the Holocaust through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts, ed. Robert Moses Shapiro (Hoboken, NJ, 1999); and Alexandra Garbarini, Numbered Days: Diaries and the Holocaust (New Haven, 2006).
Bibliography
Given its nature, this volume is essentially based on published documents and monographs. The only exception has been the systematic use of documents from the Archives of the NSDAP (Akten der Parteikanzlei der NSDAP). These documents are listed as abstracts in a series of volumes indicated below and have been retrieved on microfiches, generally available in major libraries. Here the microfiches come from the collection of the Young Research Library at UCLA.
PUBLISHED PRE-1945 DOCUMENTS
Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, D.C.
German Propaganda Archive CAS Department—Calvin College, 2004. Available from www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb18.htm.
Akten der Parteikanzlei der NSDAP (abstracts). Part 1, vols. 1 and 2, edited by Helmut Heiber. Munich, 1983. Part 2, vols. 3 and 4, edited by Peter Longerich. Munich, 1992.
U.S. v. Pohl: The Pohl Case. Trials of war criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council law no. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946–April, 1949. 15 vols. Vol. 5. Washington, DC, 1951.
U.S. v. Brandt: The Medical Case. Trials of war criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council law no. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946–April, 1949. 15 vols. Vol. 1. Washington, DC, 1951.
U.S. v. Flick: The Flick Case. Trials of war criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council law no. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946–April, 1949. 15 vols. Vol. 6. Washington, DC, 1952.
U.S. v. von Weizsaecker: The Ministries Case. Trials of war criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. 15 vols. Vol. 13. Washington, DC, 1952. I documenti diplomatici italiani. Nona serie: 1939–1943. 10 vols. Rome, edited by Commissione per la pubblicazione dei documenti diplomatici, 1954–1990.
Documents on German Foreign Policy. Series D, 1937–1945. Washington, DC, 1956.
Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945. Ser. E: 1941–1945. Göttingen, edited by Ingrid Krüger-Bulcke and Hans Georg Lehmann., 1969.
Arad, Yitzhak, Yisrael Gutman and Abraham Margaliot, eds. Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Jerusalem, 1981.
Benz, Wolfgang, Konrad Kwiet and Jürgen Matthäus. Einsatz im “Reichskommissariat Ostland”: Dokumente zum Völkermord im Baltikum und in Weissrussland, 1941–1944. Berlin, 1998.
Berenstein, Tatiana, ed. Faschismus, Getto, Massenmord: Dokumentation über Ausrottung und Widerstand der Juden in Polen während des zweiten Weltkrieges. Berlin (East), 1961.
Blet, Pierre, Angelo Martini, and Burkhart Schneider, eds. Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Volume 8: LeSaint Siège et les Victimes de la Guerre, Janvier 1941–Décembre 1942. Vatican City, 1968.
Boberach, Heinz, ed. Berichte des SD und der Gestapo über Kirchen und Kirchenvolk in Deutschland 1934–1944. Mainz, 1971.
—, ed. Meldungen aus dem Reich, 1938–1945: Die geheimen Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS. 17 vols. Herrsching, 1984.
Boelcke, Willi A., ed. Wollt Ihr den totalen Krieg? Die geheimen Goebbels Konferenzen 1939–1943. Herrsching, 1989.
Büchler, Yehoshua. “A Preparatory Document for the Wannsee Conference.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 9 no. 1 (1995).
Dawidowicz, Lucy S., ed. A Holocaust Reader. New York, 1976.
Eichmann, Adolf. The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem. 9 vols. Jerusalem, 1992.
Frei, Norbert, ed. Standort-und Kommandanturbefehle des Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz 1940–1945. Munich, 2000.
Friedlander, Henry and Sybil Milton, eds. Archives of the Holocaust: An International Collection of Selected Documents. 22 vols. New York, 1989.
Heiber, Helmut. “Aus den Akten des Gauleiters Kube.” Viertelsjahrhefte für Zeitgeschichte. 4 (1956).
Hilberg, Raul, ed. Documents of Destruction: Germany and Jewry, 1933–1945. Chicago, 1971.
International Military Tribunal. Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946. 42 vols. New York, 1971.
Kaden, Helma, Ludwig Nestler, Kurt Frotscher, Sonja Kleinschmidt and Brigitte Wölk, eds. Dokumente des Verbrechens: Aus Akten des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1945. Berlin, 1993.
Kárný, Miroslav, Jaroslava Milotová and Margita Kárná, eds. Deutsche Politik im “Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren” unter Reinhard Heydrich 1941–1942: Eine Dokumentation. Nationalsozialistische Besatzungspolitik in Europa 1939–1945, Vol. 2. Berlin, 1997.
Klarsfeld, Serge, ed. Die Endlösung der Judenfrage in Frankreich: Deutsche Dokumente 1941–1944. Paris, 1977.
Klee, Ernst, Willi Dressen and Volker Riess, eds. “The Good Old Days”: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. New York, 1991.
Kogon, Eugen, Hermann Langbein and Adalbert Rückerl, eds. Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas. New Haven, 1993.
Krausnick, Helmut, ed. “Denkschrift Himmlers über die Behandlung der Fremdvölkischen im Osten.” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 5, no. 2 (1957).
Kulka, Otto Dov and Eberhard Jäckel. Die Juden in den geheimen NS Stimmungsberichten 1933–1945. Düsseldorf, 2004.
Levai, Eugene. Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry. Zurich, 1948.
Lévai, Jenö. Eichmann in Hungary: Documents. Budapest, 1961.
Longerich, Peter and Dieter Pohl, eds. Die Ermordung der europäischen Juden: Eine umfassende Dokumentation des Holocaust 1941–1945. Munich, 1989.
Mendelsohn, John, and Donald S. Detwiler, eds. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. New York, 1982.
Milton, Sybil, ed. The Stroop Report. New York, 1979.
Milton, Sybil, and Frederick D. Bogin, eds. Archives of the Holocaust. Vol. 10, Parts 1 and 2. New York, 1995.
Noakes, Jeremy, and Geoffrey Pridham, eds. Nazism, 1919–1945: A Documentary Reader. Volume 3: Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination. Exeter, UK, 1998.
Pätzold, Kurt, ed. Verfolgung, Vertreibung, Vernichtung: Dokumente des faschistischen Antisemitismus 1933 bis 1942. Frankfurt am Main, 1984.
Pätzold, Kurt and Erika Schwarz, eds. Tagesordnung J
udenmord: Die Wannsee-Konferenz am 20. Januar 1942: Eine Dokumentation zur Organisation der “Endlösung.” Berlin, 1992.
Peck, Abraham J., ed. Archives of the Holocaust. Vol. 8. New York, 1990.
Poliakov, Léon and Josef Wulf. Das Dritte Reich und seine Denker. Dokumente. Berlin, 1959.
Sauer, Paul, ed. Dokumente über die Verfolgung der jüdischen Bürger in Baden-Württemberg durch das nationalsozialistische Regime 1933–1945. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1966.
Schneider, Burkhart, Pierre Blet, and Angelo Martini, eds. Die Briefe Pius’ XII. an die deutschen Bischöfe 1939–1944. Mainz, 1966.
U.S. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality and International Military Tribunal. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. 8 vols. Washington, DC, 1946.
Volk, Ludwig, ed. Akten Kardinal Michael von Faulhaber. Vol. 2: 1935–1945. Mainz, 1978.
—. Akten deutscher Bischöfe über die Lage der Kirche, 1933–1945. 6 vols. Vol. 5 (1940–1942). Mainz, 1983.
—. Akten deutscher Bischöfe über die Lage der Kirche, 1933–1945. 6 vols. Vol. 6 (1943–1945). Mainz, 1985.
Walk, Joseph, ed. Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Massnahmen und Richtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung. Heidelberg, 1981.
Witte, Peter and Stephen Tyas. “A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during “Einsatz Reinhardt 1942”.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 15, no. 3 (2001).
Wulf, Josef, ed. Literatur und Dichtung im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation. Gütersloh, 1963.
—, ed. Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation. Gütersloh, 1964.
—, ed. Theater und Film im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation. Frankfurt am Main, 1989.
Wyman, David S., ed. America and the Holocaust: A Thirteen-Volume Set Documenting the Editor’s Book The Abandonment of the Jews. 13 vols. New York, 1989–1991.
SPEECHES, LETTERS, DIARIES AND OTHER PRE-1945 LITERATURE
“Das Kriegsziel Roosevelts und der Juden: Völlige Ausrottung des deutschen Volkes. Ungeheuriges jüdisches Vernichtungsprogram nach den Richtlinien Roosevelts.” Völkischer Beobachter, July 24, 1941.
“Roosevelt, Hauptwerkzeug der jüdischen Freimaurerei.” Völkischer Beobachter, July 23, 1941.
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