Cumberland, Prince Henry, Duke of (Frederick–Augusta’s son): appearance, 100; behaviour, 339; marriage, 339–42, 346
Cumberland, Prince William Augustus, Duke of (George II–Caroline’s son): and George III’s moral aims, 14; birth, 42; father criticises, 55; victory at Culloden and cruelties in aftermath, 87, 91–2; fails to attend Frederick’s funeral, 90; as potential regent, 90, 92–3; favoured by parents, 91; military interests, 91; reviled for atrocities, 92; Augusta’s contempt for, 98; George III mistrusts, 118; at father’s funeral, 128; George III buys out share of inheritance, 145; with Charlotte on wedding night, 149
Dacres, Mary, 269
Dartmouth, William Legge, 2nd Earl of, 296
Declaration of (American) Independence (1776), 279, 282
Delany, Mary: on George III’s love for young children, 203–4; on George’s speeding in carriage, 220; botanical illustrations, 252, 336; stays at Bulstrode, 252, 316; encourages Fanny Burney to discuss with Queen Charlotte, 253; on princesses’ upbringing, 263, 349; given house at Windsor, 316–17; introduces Fanny Burney to Queen Charlotte, 318; and Princess Elizabeth’s consciousness of being overweight, 331; friendship with princesses, 343; George III discusses with Fanny Burney, 403; Queen Charlotte’s friendship with, 606
Despard, Edward, 496
D’Este, Augustus, 573
Dettingen, battle of (1743), 28, 87
Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, 155, 288–9, 409
Devonshire, William Cavendish, 5th Duke of, 155, 171, 390, 392
Devonshire, William Spencer Cavendish, 6th Duke of, 572
Digby, Colonel Stephen, 364–5, 375, 381–2, 385, 406–7
Dodington, George: visits Spitalfields with Prince Frederick, 82; conscripted to play cricket at Kew, 84; and Frederick’s pessimism over succession, 87; and Frederick’s illness and death, 88–9; as confidante of Augusta, 95–9, 101; on Augusta’s children, 100; and Augusta’s concern at George’s education, 103, 105
Draper, Mary (midwife), 183, 185–7, 188
Drax, Mrs, 506
Dudley, Anna Maria, Lady, 69
Du Luc, Jean André, 254
Dunmore, Charlotte, Countess of, 440
East India Company, 289
education: of children, 196–8; theory and practice of, 226–31, 257; female, 231–2, 249, 255–6; see also Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Edward, Prince (Frederick–Augusta’s son): birth, 79; father’s fondness for, 84, 87–8; education, 85; relations with brother George, 105; affairs, 119
Edward Augustus, Prince see Kent, Duke of
Effingham, Catherine, Countess of, 362–3
Egmont, John Perceval, 1st Earl of, 59, 66, 79, 94–5
Egremont, Alicia Marie, Countess of, 176
Egremont, George O’Brien, 3rd Earl of, 228
Elgin, Martha, Countess of, 436, 564
Elitz, Mme d’ (Prince Frederick’s mistress), 59
Elizabeth Albertine, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen Charlotte’s mother), 139, 141
Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 132–3
Elizabeth, Princess (Frederick–Augusta’s daughter), 99
Elizabeth, Princess (George III–Charlotte’s daughter): told of Princess Charlotte’s death, 93; birth, 191; childhood and upbringing, 192, 338; appearance, 261, 331, 481; fondness for Mary Hamilton, 267; letter-writing, 312; and Fanny Burney, 329–30; character and behaviour, 331–2, 443; eating, 331–2; circle of friends, 343; illness and rumoured pregnancies, 343; and father’s first illness, 356, 365, 380; suffers nervous illnesses, 361; visits sick father, 402, 404; activities at Frogmore, 426; and attacks on father, 434–5; and trip to Weymouth (1794), 435; on Caroline of Brunswick’s wedding, 455; praises Princess Caroline, 457; on father’s pleasure at birth of granddaughter, 463; teases sister Charlotte about Duke of Oldenburg, 464; marriage prospects, 472, 514–18, 534; reserve with sister Amelia, 476; on sister Mary, 476; and father’s second illness, 501, 503, 505; and father’s visit to Princess of Wales in Blackheath, 503; frustration, 514–15; occupies and develops The Garden House, Old Windsor, 515; Louis Philippe’s interest in, 516–18, 520, 597; and Lord St Helens, 519–20; Miss Gomme appeals to for help over Amelia’s romance with Fitzroy, 525; sister Amelia criticises, 529; on father’s final illness, 536, 542–3; on father’s praise of Prince of Wales, 539; pleads for adequate royal allowance, 546; on Miss Planta’s retirement, 549; insists on independence, 550, 555; escorts niece Charlotte on London excursions, 553; objects to mother’s accusation of lack of feeling over father, 553; niece Charlotte mistrusts, 570–1; and Princess Caroline’s departure abroad, 578; marriage to Frederick, 595–600; life in Hesse-Homburg, 600–1; founds school in Hanover, 601; on mother’s death, 603; on father’s isolation from world, 608
Elliot, Grace, 297
Elphinstone, Margaret Mercer, 569–71, 573–5, 578–9, 582–5
Ernest, Prince see Cumberland, Duke of
Ernst August, Elector of Hanover, 19–21, 23–4, 211
Essex, George Capel (Coningsby), 5th Earl of, 507, 509
Farrington, Joseph, 343, 441
Fauconberg, Henry, 3rd Earl of, 353–4
Finch, Lady Charlotte: closeness to Queen Charlotte, 207, 606; background and interests, 208–9; as governess to George III and Charlotte’s children, 208–12, 227, 230, 232, 258, 605; at Kew, 216; and Mme Beaumont, 228–9; and Martha Goldsworthy, 259; embroiders waistcoats for estranged husband, 263; approves of Mary Hamilton, 265; and ennui of royal family life, 270–1; accompanies sickly Prince Alfred to Deal Castle, 291–2; on death of Prince Octavius, 294; princesses’ affection for, 313, 343; pessimism over George’s illness, 376–7, 381; on George’s affection for Charlotte, 413
Finch, William, 204, 209
Fite, Elizabeth de la, 255
Fitzclarence, Captain George, 572
Fitzherbert, Maria: qualities, 445; marriage to Prince of Wales, 446–8; break with Prince of Wales, 448–9; Prince of Wales bequeaths all property to, 458
Fitzroy, General Charles: Princess Amelia’s love for, 521–7, 530, 533, 558; told of Amelia’s death, 534; in Amelia’s will, 539
Flahault, General Auguste, Count de, 584
Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814), 576
Foster, Lady Elizabeth, 392, 394, 397
Foundling Hospital, London: George II contributes to, 33
Fox, Caroline (née Lennox), 120–1, 228, 298
Fox, Charles James: serves with North, 286, 289; character and career, 287–8; George III detests, 287–8; gambling, 288; George IV (Prince of Wales) admires, 288–9; coalition with North collapses, 290; awards allowance to George Prince of Wales, 301; election victory (1784), 302; returns from Italy during George’s illness, 390; and first regency crisis, 391; Dr Willis criticises, 395; recommends Prince of Wales accept regency, 404; welcomes French Revolution, 427; denies Prince of Wales’s marriage to Mrs Fitzherbert, 447
Fox, Henry: marriage to Caroline, 120–1; and George III’s infatuation with Sarah Lennox, 122, 124; and George’s marriage to Charlotte, 143; Bute recommends bringing into government, 170–1; political career, 287; on George III’s gravity, 313
Fox, Stephen (‘Ste’), 61–2, 122
Fox-Strangways, Lady Susan, 123–6
France: defeated in Seven Years War, 2, 170; population, 4; supports America in War of Independence, 279; war with Austria (1792), 429; Terror (1794), 431; war with Britain, 535
Fraser, Flora, 524
Frederica Charlotte, Princess of Prussia see York, Duchess of
Frederica Louise of Saxe-Gotha, 132–3
Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (earlier Hereditary Prince; later King): courtship and marriage to Princess Royal, 464–6; first marriage, 464–5; character and political attitude, 468–9, 590–1; death, 590
Frederick, Hereditary Prince (later Landgrave) of Hesse-Homburg: marriage to Princess Elizabeth, 595–9; qualities, 599–600
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 136–7, 521
Frederick, P
rince of Denmark, 348
Frederick, Prince (Frederick–Augusta’s son), 99
Frederick, Prince of Wales (George II–Caroline’s son): birth, 35; childhood in Hanover, 36, 39; hostile relations with parents, 57–60, 63–6, 68, 70; arrives in England, 58–9; behaviour, 59; mistresses, 59, 81; Hervey wins over, 60–1; breach with Hervey over Anne Vane, 62–3, 122; illegitimate child with Anne Vane, 63, 69; complains of allowance on coming of age, 64–5, 71–2; debts, 65; as focus for political opposition, 65–6; cricket and cello-playing, 66–7; marriage to Augusta, 67–8; reading, 67; fathers child on Augusta, 68–70; father expels from royal palaces, 72–3; refused entry to mother’s deathbed, 76–7; and birth of son George, 78–9; children, 79; homes in London, 79–80; lifestyle and temperament, 80–1; marriage relations and family life, 80–4, 94; writes poems to wife, 81; art collection and intellectual interests, 83; practical jokes and amusements, 84; and children’s education, 85–6; addresses ‘Instructions for my son George’, 86–7, 113; political position and sympathies, 86–7; illness and death, 88–9; impatience with son George’s diffidence, 88; funeral, 90; opposes Cumberland, 92; friendship with Bute, 107
Frederick Augustus, Prince see York, Duke of
French Revolution: outbreak and conduct of, 427–30, 435; and British royalism, 495, 536
Frogmore, Windsor Park, 426–7
Gagarin, Mrs (Princess Charlotte’s dresser), 564
Gainsborough, Thomas, 262, 296, 330–1
Garrick, David, 163, 320, 337
Garth, Major General Thomas, 484–7, 489, 492, 495, 521, 528, 540, 560
Garth, Thomas (née Ward; Princess Sophia’s illegitimate son), 484–5, 489–92, 560–1
Gaskoin, Mary Anne, 531, 533, 534
Gay, John: Beggar’s Opera, 83
Genlis, Stéphanie de St Aubin, comtesse de, 257–8, 326
Gentzner, Dr, 137
George I, King: born in Hanover, 17; succeeds to British throne, 18, 35–6; life and behaviour, 19; inheritance from father, 20; marriage to Sophia Dorothea, 20; character, 21; mistresses, 21–2; soldiering, 21; and fate of Königsmark, 24; and Sophia Dorothea’s separation and confinement, 25–6; bad relations with son George, 26–7, 35, 37, 40; and son George’s marriage, 30; mistrusts son George and Caroline’s ambitions, 35; arrives in England, 36; antipathy to England and English, 36–7; confines and punishes son George and Caroline after quarrel with Newcastle, 38–40, 614; reconciliation with son George, 41; death, 42, 44; rule, 49; determines Prince Frederick’s upbringing, 58
George II, King: death and succession, 1, 11, 123, 127; birth in Hanover, 17, 21; bad relations with father, 26, 35, 37, 40; childhood and youth, 26–7; character and qualities, 27–9; temper, 27, 556; disdain for intellectual pursuits, 28, 34; interest in warfare, 28; leads troops at Dettingen, 28, 87; linguistic facility, 29; superstitiousness, 29; courtship and marriage, 30–1; marriage relations, 31–2, 35, 47, 55–7, 78; financial management, 32–3; adapts to England, 36; confined to apartment by father and separated from children, 38–40; disliked by daughters, 43, 53; succeeds on death of father, 44; coronation, 45; Hervey records account of, 47; and Caroline’s political influence, 48–51; mistresses, 51–3, 55, 76; passion for Amalie von Wallmoden, 53, 75; trips to Hanover, 53; hostile relations with son Frederick, 57–60, 63–6, 68, 614; allowance to Frederick on coming of age, 64–5, 71; expels Frederick from royal palaces, 72–3; attends Caroline in final illness, 74–6; confesses love for Caroline to Hervey, 77–8; remains estranged from Frederick, 80; on Frederick’s death, 89–90; visits widowed Augusta and children, 90; George III’s relations with, 93; supervises George III’s education, 102; opposes Bute as tutor to George III, 108; George III’s hostility to, 119, 129–30; and Lady Sarah Lennox, 121; funeral, 128–9
George III, King: succeeds to throne (1760), 1–2, 12–13, 123; appearance and demeanour, 11–12, 99; portraits, 11–12; character and qualities, 12–13, 157, 159; first speech from throne, 17, 84; birth, 78, 79; fondness for Leicester House, 80; father’s fondness for, 84; education, 85–6, 101–5, 109; reciting as child, 85; father’s ‘Instructions’ for, 86–7, 115; diffidence as child and youth, 87–8, 104, 116; as heir apparent on death of father, 90; remains in mother’s care, 93–5; view of uncle Cumberland, 98; musical abilities and interests, 102, 262; youthful solitude and detachment, 105–6, 109; tutored and influenced by Bute, 108, 110–19, 245; concept of kingship, 113, 116, 118, 154, 274, 610–11, 613; self-confidence, 115; fear of losing Bute, 117–18; unfavourable view of world, 118; dislikes George II, 119, 129–30; infatuation with Lady Sarah Lennox, 119–20, 122–5, 130, 132, 173; proposes marriage to Charlotte Sophia, 125–6, 142; and death of George II, 130; marriage prospects, 130–4; coronation, 143, 151–3; prepares for wedding, 145; first meets Charlotte, 147; wedding, 148–9; early happy marriage relations, 149–50, 154, 161–2, 168–9, 175, 180–1, 275; disapproval of marital infidelity, 156–7, 161; home in St James’s Palace, 162, 164; flute playing, 163, 262; theatre-going, 163; food and drink, 164; public duties, 164; reading, 164; moves to Buckingham House, 166–8; daily routine, 168–9; rises at dawn and writes, 168; remains close to Bute, 169; and end of Seven Years War, 170–1; ends relationship with Bute, 170, 172–4; popular attitudes to, 174–5, 495–8, 535, 610; protectiveness towards Charlotte, 175–7; isolation and seclusion, 178–9; birth of children, 182, 187–92; and children’s upbringing, 199; affection for children, 203–4; hangs portrait of Charlotte and children in bedchamber, 203; increasing formality, 213–14; first moves to Kew, 214–18, 238; and mother’s death, 214–15; wears wig, 214; fondness for country life, 218; restores and develops Windsor Castle, 218–19, 315; limited travel within kingdom, 230; oversees sons’ education and upbringing, 232–3, 235, 237–9, 245–6, 272; religious and moral convictions, 233–7, 246; ‘Sketch’ for sons’ upbringing, 235–6; deteriorating relations with sons, 237–9, 248, 275–6, 304–7; antipathy to Prince of Wales, 240–53, 297, 300–4, 307, 410, 615; sends younger sons away from home, 248; visits Duchess of Portland at Bulstrode, 252; verbal tic, 260; and daughters’ future, 273; and conflict with American colonies, 274–5, 276, 279–82, 290, 309; pessimism, 275; political uncertainties, 276; fondness for Lord North, 277; diligence in official business, 283–4; detests Charles James Fox, 287–8; engineers Fox’s downfall, 290; proposes to pass crown to son George (1783), 290; on death of son Alfred, 293; devotion to son Octavius, 293–4; and death of Octavius, 295–6; dismisses Hardenberg and wife, 298; and son George’s affair with Mme Hardenberg, 298–9; art collection, 301; on son George’s independent residence and allowance, 301; effect on son George, 303; severe depression, 308; extends circle of friends, 310, 316–17; friendship and correspondence with Harcourts, 313, 315; questions Fanny Burney, 318–19; horse-riding, 323, 419; daughter Augusta’s fondness for, 334–5; and royal marriages, 338–42, 440; and daughters’ marriage prospects, 345–50, 415, 439, 512; and sisters’ unhappy marriages, 347–8; onset of illness (1788), 351, 352–3, 356–64; recuperative holiday in Cheltenham, 353–6; admits to nervous disorder, 361; symptoms and disordered behaviour, 361–2, 370, 375–8, 381, 384–5, 396, 537, 539–41; treated by Dr Warren, 368–9; separated from wife and daughters during illness, 370, 375, 379–80; diagnosed as mad and treated, 371–2; falsely reported death, 371; possible porphyria and later diagnoses, 372–4, 405; physically restrained during illness, 379, 396, 402, 500, 537, 539–40; moved to Kew during illness, 381–4; treated by Dr Willis, 386–8, 395–6; bulletins on health, 387, 393–4; and proposed regency, 389–91; Charlotte visits in sickness, 396–9; declares dislike of Charlotte, 398–9; infatuation with Lady Pembroke, 398, 400–1, 413–15, 507, 540; catch singing with family, 402; slow improvement in condition, 402–4; recovers (1789), 404–7; criticises sons after recovery, 407–8, 410–12; revealing behaviour during illness, 410; rejects Lawrence portrait of Charlotte, 412–13; weight loss after illness, 412; holidays in Weymouth, 417–25, 503–4, 506; in Gillray caricatures, 420, 497; interest in farming, 420;
reaction to French Revolution, 427–8, 430; assassination threats to, 430–4, 496; and civil unrest, 433–4, 496; frugality during economic crisis, 433; and son Augustus’s illicit marriage, 441–2; and Prince of Wales’s plan to marry, 448–50; on birth of granddaughter Charlotte, 458, 463; refuses then allows separation for Prince of Wales and Caroline, 458–9; Charlotte sends list of grievances to, 461; opposes Princess Royal’s marriage to Frederick of Württemberg, 465; and Princess Royal’s absence in Württemberg, 469; responsibility for marriage of children, 471–2; and Princess Sophia’s illegitimate child, 488; opposes constitutional reform, 495–6; public appearances, 496–7; mental illness returns (1801), 498–502, 504–6; opposes Catholic emancipation, 498–500; visits Princess of Wales in Blackheath, 502–3, 507; antipathy to Willises, 504–5; gout, 504; behaviour during second illness, 506–8; abuses Charlotte during second illness, 508–9; relations with Charlotte wither, 509–11; eye trouble, 513, 536; and daughter Amelia’s hopes to marry Fitzroy, 525–7, 532; and Amelia’s sickness, 530; refuses to believe Amelia’s death, 533; fiftieth anniversary of accession (1810), 535; final illness, 536–9; accepts regency (1811), 538–9; treatment in final illness, 540–2, 609; plays harpsichord at Windsor, 542, 608–9; condition reported to parliamentary committee, 544; Perceval reduces allowance, 546; daughters’ devotion to, 553, 605; actions and behaviour in late illness, 608–9; unaware of wife’s death, 608; appearance in old age, 609–10; death and burial, 610; personal and public achievements, 613–15; treatment of children, 615–16
George, Prince of Wales (later King George IV): public appearances as child, 11–14; birth, 187; close relations with brother Frederick, 192, 247, 303; education, 210, 230, 232, 239–41; inoculated, 210; letters to mother, 210; Mary Coke praises as child, 212–13, 231, 240; upbringing, 212; mother urges to fear God, 235; diet, 239; father criticises, 240–2, 297, 615; wild behaviour, 241–2, 248, 443; antagonises father, 242–5, 299–302, 307; appearance, 243; character and manner, 243–4, 303; and brother William’s departure for navy, 247; falls for Mary Hamilton, 266, 272; remains at home, 273; admires Charles James Fox, 288–9; father plans to resign crown for (1783), 290; on death of brother Octavius, 295; affairs and mistresses, 297–8, 446, 448; and Hardenberg affair, 297–9; art collection and connoisseurship, 301; independent establishment (Carlton House) and allowance, 301, 317; charm and winning ways, 302; concern with trivialities, 302–3; supports political opposition, 302, 389–90; avoids Windsor, 317; visits sick father, 364–5; father misuses in delirium, 365; calls in Dr Warren to treat father, 368–9; takes charge during father’s illness, 374; orders father be moved to Kew, 381–2; and first proposed regency, 389–92, 404; rift with mother, 391; unpopularity, 391; meets father after recovery from illness, 407–8; behaviour during father’s illness, 408–9; differences with mother, 411; visits Weymouth, 424; mother sends frugal recipe to, 432; sister Charlotte appeals to, 437–8; plans to marry, 444–5, 448–52; and sisters’ unmarried state, 444, 464; marriage to Mrs Fitzherbert, 445–7; debts, 448; first meets Caroline, 456; wedding, 456; abandons Caroline, 457; birth of daughter, 457–8; father refuses separation in unhappy marriage, 458; revulsion for Caroline, 458–61, 471, 513; will, 458; lives apart from Caroline, 459; as victim of arranged marriage, 460–1; and Princess Royal’s marriage relations, 469; letters from sister Charlotte in Germany, 470; sister Mary’s affection for, 476; sister Amelia’s affection for, 479–80; gout and stomach pains, 495; on father’s second bout of madness, 499; supports sister Elizabeth in courtship of Louis Philippe, 517–18; and sister Elizabeth’s marriage prospects, 520; sister Amelia writes to on intention to marry Fitzroy, 527; writes to sick Amelia in Weymouth, 529; Amelia appoints as executor, 531; and Amelia’s hostility to mother, 531; and death of Amelia, 533; retains Tory ministers, 538–9; takes oath as regent, 538; confirmed as regent, 544; demands increased allowance as regent, 545; requests changed allowance for Charlotte and princesses, 547; and sisters’ claims for independence, 548–9; proposes sisters escort daughter Charlotte on London excursions, 552–3; attempts to heal rift between mother and sisters, 554; sister Augusta requests permission to marry, 555, 557, 559; instigates inquiry into conduct of wife Caroline, 564; and daughter Charlotte’s upbringing, 565, 567–9, 571; and daughter Charlotte’s marriage prospects, 573–6, 578, 580; and daughter Charlotte’s account of relations with Hesse, 579–80; accepts Leopold as suitor for Charlotte, 582; abuses Duke of Gloucester, 586; and sister Mary’s marriage, 587–8; and death of daughter Charlotte, 594; consents to marriage of three brothers and sister Elizabeth, 595; with dying mother, 603; court and reign, 611; invites sister Charlotte to visit England, 616–17
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