by Mary M. Lane
10. Dr. Huemer, interview with Franz Jetzinger, date unknown, in Jetzinger, Hitler’s Youth, 68.
11. Leonding Death Register for Alois Hitler, NS 26/65/84, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 18.
12. Emanuel Lugert, interview with Franz Jetzinger, unknown date, in Jetzinger, Hitler’s Youth, 74, 75.
13. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 88.
14. Michael John, “Die jüdische Bevölkerung in Linaz,” HJ der Stadt Linz 1991 (Linz, 1992), quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna,16; Ferdinand Krackowitzer, handwritten diary, Stadtsarchiv Linz, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 16.
15. No author, untitled article, Krakowitzer (newspaper), 16 October 1907, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 22.
16. Joachim C. Fest, Hitler: A Biography (London: Penguin Books, 2002), 19.
17. Fest, Hitler, 20.
18. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 27.
19. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 25.
20. See Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 31.
21. Werner Maser, Hitler: Legend, Myth and Reality (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 39, 40.
22. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 27.
23. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 33.
24. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 27.
25. Copy of Dr. Bloch’s Cashbook, undated, NS 26/65, Bundesarchiv Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 34.
26. Eduard Bloch, “My Patient Hitler,” Collier’s Magazine, 15 March 1941, 36.
27. Bloch, “My Patient Hitler,” 39.
28. Manuscript, “Notizen für die Kartei: 8 December 1938,” NS 26/17a, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 36.
29. No author, “A. Hitler in Urfahr,” in Mitteilungen des deutschvölkischen Turnvereins Urfahr, ser. 67, vol. 12, NS 26/174, Koblenz Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 38. Author’s note: It was not unusual in the early twentieth century for both English- and German-language newspapers to publish articles without titles or authors listed.
30. Letter, Magdalena Hanisch to Alfred Roller, 4 February 1908 (F 19/19), Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 38.
31. Letter, Alfred Roller to Magdalena Hanisch, 6 February 1908 (F 19/19), Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 38.
32. Alfred E. Frauenfeld, Der Weg zur Bühne (Berlin, 1940), 273ff, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 60.
33. Adolf Hitler, Monologe im Führerhauptquartier, 1941–1944, ed. Werner Jochmann (Hamburg: A. Knaus, 1980), 357.
34. Max Nordau, Entartung (Berlin: Duncker, 1893), 2:498.
35. Fest, Hitler, 55.
36. Fest, Hitler, 27.
37. No author, no article title, Alldeutsches Tagblatt, 18 April 1908, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 78.
38. No author, no article title, Deutsches Volksblatt, 9 January 1908, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 344, 345.
39. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 32.
40. Werner Maser, Adolf Hitler: Legende, Mythos, Wirklichkeit (Munich: Bechtle, 1974), 310.
41. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 152.
42. Emil Kläger, Durch die Wiener Quartiere des Elends und Verbrechens Ein Wanderbuch aus dem Jenseits (Wien: Karl Mitschke, 1908), 96–100, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 147.
43. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 138.
44. Reinhold Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” New Republic, 5 April 1939, 239.
45. Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” 239.
46. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 158–162.
47. Fest, Hitler, 52.
48. Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” 242.
49. Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” 272.
50. No author, no article title, Volkischer Beobachter, 6 December 1905, quoted in Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 343.
51. Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” 239.
52. Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” 241.
53. Hanisch, “I Was Hitler’s Buddy,” 240.
54. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 164.
55. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 174.
56. Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna, 401.
CHAPTER II: ENIGMA OF WAR
1. Wieland Herzfelde, “The Curious Merchant from Holland,” Harper’s Magazine, November 1943, 570–571.
2. Herzfelde, “The Curious Merchant from Holland,” 569.
3. Ludwig Meidner, “Vision des apokalyptischen Sommers,” in The Apocalyptic Landscapes of Ludwig Meidner, ed. Charol S. Eliel and Eberhard Roters (Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1989), 65.
4. George Grosz, A Little Yes and a Big No (New York: Dial Press, 1946), 17.
5. Grosz, A Little Yes, 50.
6. Grosz, A Little Yes, 22.
7. Grosz, A Little Yes, 56.
8. Grosz, A Little Yes, 67.
9. Grosz, A Little Yes, 72–74.
10. Grosz, A Little Yes, 106.
11. Grosz, A Little Yes, 110.
12. Grosz, A Little Yes, 82.
13. Grosz, A Little Yes, 122.
14. Grosz, A Little Yes, 118.
15. Grosz, A Little Yes, 84.
16. Grosz, A Little Yes, 84.
17. Grosz, A Little Yes, 83.
18. Grosz, A Little Yes, 29.
19. Grosz, A Little Yes, 138.
20. Grosz, A Little Yes, 139.
21. George Grosz to Robert Bell, July 1913, in George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, ed. Herbert Knust (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Verlag, 1979), 27, 28.
22. Grosz, A Little Yes, 74, 75.
23. Grosz, A Little Yes, 142.
24. Max Beckmann, quoted in Sabine Rewald, ed., Glitter and Doom: German Portraits from the 1920s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 29.
25. Grosz, A Little Yes, 146, 147.
26. Grosz, A Little Yes, 145.
27. George Grosz, “Notizen für Prozeß,” George Grosz Archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, quoted in M. Kay Flavell, George Grosz: A Biography (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 27.
28. George Grosz to Robert Bell, 1916/17, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 42, 44.
29. George Grosz to Robert Bell, 1916/17, 44.
30. Grosz, A Little Yes, 123.
31. Flavell, George Grosz, 28.
32. Grosz, A Little Yes, 158.
33. George Grosz, “Lebenslauf,” quoted in Beth Irwin Lewis, George Grosz: Art and Politics in the Weimar Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 52.
34. Richard Huelsenbeck, “En Avant Dada: A History of Dadaism,” in The Dada Painters and Poets: An Anthology, ed. Robert Motherwell (New York: Wittenborn, Schultz, Inc., 1951), 44.
35. Grosz, A Little Yes, 182.
36. Marion F. Deshmukh, Max Liebermann: Modern Art and Modern Germany (London: Routledge, 2016), 199.
37. Deshmukh, Max Liebermann, 297.
38. Harry Kessler, Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937), ed. Charles Kessler (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1971), 29.
39. Kessler, Berlin in Lights, 45.
40. Kessler, Berlin in Lights, 40.
41. Fest, Hitler, 94–95.
42. Kessler, Berlin in Lights, 53.
43. Max Pechstein, “What We Want,” in Voices of German Expressionism, ed. Victor H. Miesel (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1970), 179.
44. No author, no article title, Völkische Beobachter, 6 April 1920, quoted in Joachim C. Fest, Hitler: A Biography (London: Penguin Books, 1974), 99.
45. Kessler, Berlin in Lights, 117.
CHAPTER III: ECLIPSE OF THE SUN
1. Erwin Blumenfeld, Eye to I (London: Themes & Hudson, 1999), 210.
2. George Grosz, A Little Yes and a Big No (New York: Dial Press, 1946), 12.
3. Igaz Wrobel [Kurt Tucholsky], “Fratzen von Grosz,” Die Weltbühne, 18 August 1921, quoted in Beth Irwin Lewis, George Grosz: Art and Politics in the Weimar Republic (Princeton, NJ
: Princeton University Press, 1991), 136.
4. Kessler, Berlin in Lights, 64.
5. George Grosz, “Dadaist Manifesto, 1918,” reproduced in M. Kay Flavell, George Grosz: A Biography (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), 308.
6. Lewis, George Grosz, 94.
7. George Grosz and Wieland Herzfelde, Die Kunst ist in Gefahr (Berlin: Malik Verlag, 1925), 42.
8. Letter reproduced in Maximilian Scheer, ed., Blut und Ehre (Paris, 1937), quoted in Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952), 182.
9. Kurt Tucholsky, Werke—Briefe—Materialen, ed. Mathias Bertram (Berlin: Rohwolt, 1987), 2:383.
10. Tucholsky, Werke—Briefe—Materialen, 3:27.
11. Harry Kessler, Berlin in Lights: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler (1918–1937), ed. Charles Kessler (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1971), 70.
12. Uwe M. Schneede, George Grosz: The Artist in His Society (Woodbury, NY: Barron’s Educational Series, 1985), 118.
13. George Grosz to Robert Bell, 17 September 1931, in George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, ed. Herbert Knust (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Verlag, 1979), 128.
14. Grosz, A Little Yes, 171.
15. Grosz, A Little Yes, 201.
16. Grosz, A Little Yes, 222.
17. Kirchner Museum Davos, 1992, news release, Biography Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, accessed 29 November 2018, www.kirchnermuseum.ch/fileadmin/Inhalte_Redaktoren/Bilder_Inhalt/E.L.Kirchner/Biography_E.L.Kirchner_english.pdf.
18. Joseph Roth, “With the Homeless,” Neuer Berliner Zeitung: 12 Uhr Blatt, 23 September 1920, in Joseph Roth, What I Saw, ed. Michael Bienert (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2003), 65.
19. Joseph Roth, “The Unnamed Dead,” Neue Berliner Zeitung, 17 January 1923, in Roth, What I Saw, 80.
20. Stefan George, Das Neue Reich (Düsseldorf: Küpper, 1964), quoted in Joachim C. Fest, Hitler: A Biography (London: Penguin Books, 1974), 102.
21. Fest, Hitler, 101.
22. Ernst Deuerlein, Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr (Bonn: Bundeszentrale fur Politische Bildung, 1959), 201, quoted in Fest, Hitler, 115.
23. Adolf Hitler, “Speech at the Conference in Genoa” (12 April 1922), in The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922–August 1939, ed. Norman H. Baynes (London: Oxford University Press, 1942), 1:8.
24. Hitler, “Speech at the Conference in Genoa,” 17.
25. Deuerlein, Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr, 211, 215, quoted in Fest, Hitler, 130.
26. Karl Alexander von Müller and Otto Alexander von Müller, Im Wandel einer Welt: Erinnerungen 1919–1932 (Munich: Süddeutscher Verlag, 1966), 129.
27. Fest, Hitler, 81.
28. Kurt Luedecke, I Knew Hitler (London: Jarrolds, 1938), 22, quoted in Fest, Hitler, 154.
29. Fest, Hitler, 184.
30. Helene Niemeyer Hanfstaengl, “Notes,” FDR Library and Helene Niemeyer, taped interview by John Toland, Library of Congress, quoted in Andrew Nagorski, Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 44, 45.
31. See Fest, Hitler, 190–193.
32. Hannah Arendt, quoted in Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 70.
33. George Grosz to Otto Schmalhausen, 3 March 1918, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 58.
34. Hannah Höch, “Catalogue Foreword to First Solo Exhibition at the Kunstzaal De Bron, The Hague,” in Hannah Höch, ed. Dawn Ades, Emily Butler, and Daniel F. Herrmann (London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2014), 140.
35. Otto Dix, “Notes on Conversations” (no date; post-1919), in Otto Dix im Selbstbildnis, ed. Diether Schmidt (Berlin: Henschel Verlag, 1978), 252.
36. No author, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 1924, quoted in Anne Marno, “The Etching Series Der Krieg,” in Otto Dix: The Evil Eye, ed. Susanne Meyer-Bueser (Dusseldorf: Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, 2017), 184.
37. George Grosz to Otto and Lotte Schmalhausen, 27 July 1926, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 97.
38. Marion F. Deshmukh, Max Liebermann: Modern Art and Modern Germany (London: Routledge, 2016), 317.
39. Fritz Homeyer, Ein Leben für das Buch: Erinnerungen (Aschaffenburg, 1961), 173, and Matthias Eberle, Max Liebermann: Werkverzeichnis der Gemälde und Ölstudien (Munich: Hirmer, 1995–1996), vo1. 2, 1919/7, 978, quoted in Deshmukh, Max Liebermann, 317.
40. Heinrich Strauss, “On Jews and German Art (The Problem of Max Liebermann),” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 2, no. 1 (January 1957): 266.
41. Schneede, George Grosz, 172.
42. Schneede, George Grosz, 174.
43. Houston Stuart Chamberlain, Illustrierte Beobachter (1926:2), 6, quoted in Fest, Hitler, 181.
44. Joseph Goebbels to Adolf Hitler, Undated Letter, 1923, quoted in Fest, Hitler, 200.
45. Fest, Hitler, 242.
46. Joseph Goebbels, Das Tagebuch von Joseph Goebbels, 1925/26, ed. Helmut Heiber (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1960), 92.
47. Fest, Hitler, 255.
48. Konrad Heiden, Der Führer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1944), 419.
49. Fest, Hitler, 278.
50. Adolf Hitler, Hitler’s Speeches: 1922–1939, ed. Norman H. Bynes (London: Oxford University Press, 1942), 1:568, 572.
51. Fest, Hitler, 295.
52. Kessler, Berlin in Lights, 400.
53. George Grosz to Eduard Plietzsch, 23 August 1931, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 126.
54. H. R. Knickerbocker, The German Crisis (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1932), 227.
55. George Grosz to Robert Bell in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 128.
56. Flavell, George Grosz, 83.
57. Undated typescript, Art Student League Files, quoted in Flavell, George Grosz, 85.
58. George Grosz to Eva Grosz, 18 August 1932, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 152.
59. George Grosz to Eva Grosz, 4 August 1932, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 149.
60. George Grosz to Wieland Herzfelde, 23 August 1932, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 159.
61. George Grosz to Eva Grosz in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 154, 155.
62. Adolf Hitler, untitled speech (January 1932), Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen von 1932 bis 1945, ed. Max Domeus (Bavaria: Neustadt an der Aisch Verlag, 1962), 68, quoted in Fest, Hitler, 310.
63. George Grosz to Wieland Herzfelde, 23 August 1932, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 160.
64. George Grosz, untitled interview, Bayerischen Rundfunk, Bavaria, Germany, 2 November 1954, in Ralph Jentsch, Alfred Flechtheim George Grosz. Zwei deutsche Schicksale (Bonn: Weidle, 2008), 71.
65. George Grosz to Eva Grosz, 6 June 1932, in Knust, George Grosz Briefe 1913–1959, 134.
66. George Grosz, “Self Portrait of the Artist,” Americana Magazine, November 1932, 22.
67. Jentsch, Alfred Flechtheim George Grosz, 116.
68. Grosz, A Little Yes, 292.
69. Fest, Hitler, 237.
70. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 3 Feb 1932,” in Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 2004), vol. 1, pt. 2/II, 210.
71. Fest, Hitler, 369.
CHAPTER IV: ADOLF’S SILVER HAMMER
1. No author, “Statement by the Reich Press Office of the NSDAP,” Volkische Beobachter, 7 August 1933, quoted in Peter Longerich, Goebbels: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2015), 235.
2. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 6 February 1924,” in Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, ed. Elke Fröhlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 2004), vol. 1, pt. 1, 89.
3. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power: How the Nazis Won Over the Hearts and Minds of a Nation (London: Penguin Books, 2006), 280.
4. Ines Schlenker, Hitler’s Salon: The Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst in Munich, 1937–1944 (Oxford, UK: Peter Lang, 2007), 38.
5. Schlenker, Hitler’s Salon, 50.
7. Anton Sailer, Münchener Aufzeichnungen: Tatsachen und Gerüchte (Munich: Süddeutscher Verlag, 1976), quoted in Schlenker, Hitler’s Salon, 50.
8. Longerich, Goebbels, 241.
9. Longerich, Goebbels, 279.
10. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 28 April 1931,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 1, pt. 2/I, 394.
11. Longerich, Goebbels, 5, 6.
12. Longerich, Goebbels, 11, 18.
13. Joseph Goebbels, Doctoral Diploma: 21 April 1922, NL 1118/128, Nachlass Joseph Goebbels, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Germany, quoted in Longerich, Goebbels, 22.
14. Joseph Goebbels, “Erinnerungsblätter,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 1, 29, quoted in Longerich, Goebbels, 4.
15. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 17 October 1923,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 29.
16. Joseph Goebbels, “Erinnerungsblätter,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 25, quoted in Longerich, Goebbels, 24.
17. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 25 July 1923,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, quoted in Longerich, Goebbels, 43.
18. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 13 March 1924,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 1, pt. 1/I, 107.
19. Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics (New York: Overlook Press, 2004), 17.
20. Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 24 March 1924,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 1, pt. 1/I, 112; Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 26 March 1924,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 1, pt. 1/I, 114; Joseph Goebbels, “Diary Entry: 29 March 1924,” in Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, vol. 1, pt. 1/I, 115.