1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus

Home > Science > 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus > Page 65
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus Page 65

by Charles C. Mann


  United States Bureau of the Census. 1937. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930: The Indian Population of the United States and Alaska. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

  Unstead, R. J. 1983. A History of the World. London: A&C Black.

  Urton, G. 2003. Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in Knotted-String Records. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

  ———. 2001. “A Calendrical and Demographic Tomb Text from Northern Peru.” LAA 12:127–47.

  Urton, G., and Brezine, C. J. 2005. “Khipu Accounting in Ancient Peru.” Science 309:1065–67.

  Ussher, J. 1658. The Annals of the World. London: E. Tyler. (*)

  Vale, T. R. 2002. “The Pre-European Landscape of the United States: Pristine or Humanized?” in T. R. Vale, ed., Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape. Washington, DC: Island, 1–39.

  ———. 1998. “The Myth of the Humanized Landscape: An Example from Yosemite National Park.” Natural Areas Journal 18:231–36.

  Vancouver, G. 1984. A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Around the World, 1791–1795. Ed. W. K. Lamb. London: Hakluyt Society.

  Van der Donck, A. 1993. A Description of the New Netherlands. Trans. C. Gehring. Albany, NY: State Museum of New York (1656).

  ———. 1841. “Description of the New Netherlands.” Trans. J. Johnson. Collections of the New-York Historical Society 1:125–242 (1656).

  Van Sertima, I. 1976. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America. New York: Random House.

  Vargas Llosa, M. 1992. “Question of Conquest.” American Educator (Spring):25–27, 47–48.

  Vaughan, A. T. 1995. New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians 1620–1675. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 3rd ed.

  Vaughan, A. T., and D. K. Richter. 1980. “Crossing the Cultural Divide: Indians and New Englanders, 1605–1763.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 90:23–99.

  Vaughan, H., E. Deevey, and S. Garett-Jones. 1985. “Pollen Stratigraphy of Two Cores from the Peten Lake District, with an Appendix on Two Deep-Water Cores,” in M. D. Pohl, ed., Prehistoric Lowland Maya Environment and Subsistence Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Vellard, J. 1956. “Causas Biológicas de la Desparición de los Índios Americanos.” Boletín del Instituto Riva-Agüero (Lima) 2 (supp.):1–16.

  Venables, R. W. 1992. “American Indian Influences on the America of the Founding Fathers,” in O. Lyons, et al., Exiled in the Land of the Free: Democracy, Indian Nations, and the U.S. Constitution. Santa Fe, NM: Clear Light, 74–124.

  Venter, J. C., et al. 2001. “The Sequence of the Human Genome.” Science 291:1304–51.

  Verano, J. W., and D. H. Ubelaker, eds. 1992. Disease and Demography in the Americas. Washington, DC: Smithsonian.

  Viola, H. J., and C. Margolis. 1991. Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration. Washington: DC, Smithsonian.

  Von Däniken, E. 1998. Arrival of the Gods: Revealing the Alien Landing Sites of Nazca. London: HarperCollins.

  ———. 1969. Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past. Trans. M. Heron. New York: Putnam.

  Vranich, A. 2001. “La Pirámide de Akapana: Reconsiderando el Centro Monumental de Tiwanaku,” in Kaulicke and Isbell 2001, 295–308.

  Vranich, A., et al. 2001. “Informe de los trabajos arqueológicos realizado por el Proyecto Arqueológico Pumapunku-Akapana.” Unpub. ms.

  Wagner, H. R., with H. R. Parish. 1967. The Life and Writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

  Wagner, S. R. 2001. Sisters in Spirit: Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Influence on Early American Feminists. Summertown, TN: Native Voices.

  Wallace, A. R. 1962. The Geographical Distribution of Animals: With a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the Earth’s Surface. New York: Hafner, 2 vols. (1876).

  Walker, J. H. 2008. “Pre-Columbian Ring Ditches along the Yacuma and Rapulo Rivers, Beni, Bolivia: A Preliminary Review.” Journal of Field Archaeology 33:413–27.

  Ward, R. H., et al. 1991. “Extensive Mitochondrial Diversity Within a Single Amerindian Tribe.” PNAS 88:8720–24.

  Warden, G. B. 1975. “Indian Corn Cultivation” (letter). Science, 189:946.

  Warman, A. 2003. Corn and Capitalism: How a Botanical Bastard Grew to Global Dominance. Trans. N. L. Westrate. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press (1988).

  Waters, M. R., et al. 2011. “The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas.” Science 331:1599–1603.

  Wauchope, R. 1962. Lost Tribes and Sunken Continents: Myth and Method in the Study of the American Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  Weatherford, J. 1988. Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World. New York: Fawcett Columbine.

  Weber, K. T. 2001. “Historic Bison Populations: A GIS Estimate.” Proceedings of the 2001 Intermountain GIS Users’ Conference. Online at http://giscenter.isu.edu/Research/Projects/BisonPaper.pdf.

  Webster, D. 2002. The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. New York: Thames and Hudson.

  Wedin, Å. 1966. El Concepto de lo Incaico y las Fuentes: Estudio Crítico. Uppsala: Akademiförlaget.

  ———. 1963. La Cronología de la Historia Incaica: Estudio Crítico. Madrid: Insula.

  Wegner, R. 1932. “Ostbolivianische Urwaldstämme.” Ethnologisches Anzieger 2:331.

  Weinreb, B., and C. Hibbert, eds. 1993. The London Encyclopedia. London: Paper-Mac, 2nd ed.

  Weinstein, L., ed. 1994. Enduring Traditions: The Native Peoples of New England. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.

  Wellhausen, E. J., et al. 1957. Races of Maize in Central America. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

  ———. 1952. Races of Maize in Mexico: Their Origin, Characteristics, and Distribution. Jamaica Plain, MA: Bussey Institution.

  Wells, H. G. 1920. The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan.

  White, A. D. 1898. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York: D. Appleton. (*)

  White, R. 1995. “Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?” in Cronon ed. 1995, 171–85.

  Whitehead, N. L. 1994. “The Ancient Amerindian Polities of the Amazon, the Orinoco, and the Atlantic Coast: A Preliminary Analysis of Their Passage from Antiquity to Extinction,” in Roosevelt ed. 1994, 33–54.

  Whitmore, T. M., and Turner, B. L. 2001. Cultivated Landscapes of Middle America on the Eve of Conquest. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Wilford, J. N. 1998a. “In Peru, Evidence of an Early Human Maritime Culture.” NYT, 22 Sep., F3.

  ———. 1998b. “Chilean Field Yields New Clues to Peopling of Americas.” NYT, 25 Aug., F1.

  ———. 1997a. “Anna Roosevelt: Sharp and to the Point in Amazon Archeology.” NYT, 22 Apr., C1.

  ———. 1997b. “Excavation in Chile Pushes Back Date of Human Habitation of Americas.” NYT, 11 Feb., A1.

  Wilken, G. C. 1987. Good Farmers: Traditional Agricultural Resource Management in Mexico and Central America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

  Wilkes, H. G. 1972. “Maize and its Wild Relatives.” Science 177:1071–77.

  ———. 1967. Teosinte: The Closest Relative of Maize. Cambridge, MA: Bussey Institution.

  Wilkie, R. W., and J. Tager, eds. 1991. Historical Atlas of Massachusetts. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

  Wilkinson, C. 2000. Messages from Frank’s Landing: A Story of Salmon, Treaties, and the Indian Way. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

  Willey, G. R., and J. M. Corbett. 1954. Early Ancón and Early Supe Culture: Chavin Horizon Sites of the Central Peruvian Coast. New York: Columbia University Press.

  Williams, A. R. 2002. “A New Chapter in Maya History: All-Out War, Shifting Alliances, Bloody Sacrifices.” N
ational Geographic (October):xii–xvi.

  Williams, D., 1949a and 1949b. “John Evans’ Strange Journey.” American Historical Review, part 1, 54:277–95; part 2, 54:508–29.

  Williams, G. W. 2002. “Are There Any ‘Natural’ Plant Communities?” in Kay and Simmons 2002, 179–214.

  Williams, H. U., J. P. Rice, and J. R. Lacayo. 1927. “The American Origin of Syphilis, with Citations from Early Spanish Authors Collected by Dr. Montejo y Robledo.” Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 16:683–96.

  Williams, M. 1989. Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  Williams, P. R., J. A. Isla, and D. J. Nash. 2001. “Cerro Baúl: Un Enclave Wari en Interacción con Tiwanaku,” in Kaulicke and Isbell 2001, 69–87.

  Williams, R. 1936. A Key into the Language of America. Providence, R.I.: Roger Williams Press (1643).

  Wilson, D. J. 1981. “Of Maize and Men: A Critique of the Maritime Hypothesis of State Origins on the Coast of Peru.” AA 83:93–120.

  Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

  Wilson, J. 1999. The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America. New York: Atlantic Monthly.

  Winslow, E. 1963a. “A Letter Sent from New England to a Friend in These Parts, Setting Forth a Brief and True Declaration of the Worth of That Plantation; as Also Certain Useful Directions for Such as Intend a Voyage into Those Parts,” in Anon. ed. 1963, 81–87 (1622).

  ———. 1963b. “A Relation or Journal of the Proceedings of the Plantation Settled at Plymouth in New England,” in Anon. ed. 1963, 15–59 (1622).

  ———. 1963c. “A Journey to Pokanoket, the Habitation of the Great King Massasoit; as Also Our Message, the Answer and Entertainment We Had of Him,” in Anon. ed. 1963, 60–68 (1622).

  ———. 1963d. “A Voyage Made by Ten of Our Men to the Kingdom of Nauset, to Seek a Boy That Had Lost Himself in the Woods; with Such Accidents as Befell Us on That Voyage,” in Anon. ed. 1963, 69–72 (1622).

  Winslow, E. 1624. Good Newes from New-England: or A True Relation of Things Very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimoth in New-England. London: William Bladen and John Bellamie. (*)

  Winter, J. C. 2000. “Botanical Description of the North American Tobacco Species,” in J. C. Winter, ed., Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 87–127.

  Winters, C. A. 1979. “Manding Writing in the New World: Part I.” Journal of African Civilizations 1:81–97.

  Winthrop, J. 1976. Letters to N. Rich (22 May 1634) and S. D’Ewes (21 July 1634), in E. Emerson, ed., Letters from New England: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629–1638. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

  Wolf, E. R. 1997. Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (1982).

  Wood, L. C., et al. 1971. America: Its People and Values. New York: Harcourt Brace.

  Wood, W. 1977. New England’s Prospect. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press (1634).

  Woods, W. I. 2004. “Population Nucleation, Intensive Agriculture, and Environmental Degradation: The Cahokia Example.” Agriculture and Human Values 21:151–57.

  ———. 2003. “Soils and Sustainability in the Prehistoric New World,” in B. Bensing and B. Herrmann, eds., Exploitation and Overexploitation in Societies Past and Present. Munich: LIT-Verlag, 143–57.

  ———. 2001. “Monks Mound: A View from the Top.” Paper at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, 19 Apr., New Orleans.

  ———. 2000. “Monks Mound Revisited,” in N. Sterry, ed., Terra 2000: 8th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architecture. London: James and James Ltd., 98–104.

  Woods, W. I., and J. M. McCann. 1999. “The Anthropogenic Origin and Persistence of Amazonian Dark Earths.” Yearbook Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers 25:7–14.

  Woods, W. I., and C. L. Wells. 2001. “Bubble Boys and Powerscapes.” Paper presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, 20 Apr., New Orleans.

  Woodward, S. L., and J. N. McDonald. 2002. Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley: A Guide to Mounds and Earthworks of the Adena, Hopewell, Cole, and Fort Ancient People. Granville, OH: McDonald and Woodward.

  Wormington, H. M. 1957. Ancient Man in North America. Denver, CO: Denver Museum of Natural History, 4th ed.

  Wright, H. E., Jr., and M. L. Heinselman. 1973. “Ecological Role of Fire: Introduction.” QR 3:319–28.

  Wright, R. 2004. A Short History of Progress. Toronto: Anansi.

  ———. 1992. Stolen Continents: The Americas Through Indian Eyes Since 1492. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

  Wright, R. M., and M. Carneiro de Cunha. 2000. “Destruction, Resistance and Transformation: Southern, Coastal, and Northern Brazil (1580–1890),” in F. Salomon, and S. B. Schwartz, eds., The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol. 3, South America, part 2:340–45.

  Wrigley, E. A. 1983. “The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Conundrum Resolved.” Past and Present 98:121–50.

  ———. 1969. Population and History. New York: McGraw Hill.

  Wroth, L. C., ed. 1970. The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  Xerez, F. d. 1938. Verdadera Relación de la Conquista del Perú, in H. H. Urteaga, Les Cronistas de la Conquista. Paris: Desclée, de Brouwer, 15–115 (1534).

  Xu, H. M. 1996. Origin of the Olmec Civilization. Edmond, OK: University of Central Oklahoma Press.

  Young, B. W., and Fowler, M. L. 2000. Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

  Young, G. A., and M. P. Hoffman, eds. 1993. The Expedition of Hernando de Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press.

  Zambardino, R. A. 1980. “Mexico’s Population in the Sixteenth Century: Demographic Anomaly or Mathematical Illusion?” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11:1–27.

  ———. 1978. “Critique of David Henige’s ‘On the Contact Population of Hispaniola: History as Higher Mathematics,’ ” Hispanic American Historical Review 58:700–08.

  Zeitlin, R. N. 1990. “The Isthmus and the Valley of Oaxaca: Questions About Zapotec Imperialism in Formative Period Mesoamerica.” AmAnt 55:250–61.

  Zohary, D. 1972. “The Progenitors of Wheat and Barley in Relation to Domestication and Agricultural Dispersal in the Old World,” in P. J. Ucko, R. Tringham, and G. W. Dimbleby, eds., Man, Settlement, and Urbanism. London: Duckworth, 47–66.

  Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. 2000. Domestication of Plants in the Old World. New York: Oxford University Press, 3rd ed.

  Zoppi, U., et al. 2000. “AMS and Controversies in History: The Spanish Conquest of Peru.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 172:756–60.

  MAP CREDITS

  All maps by Nick Springer and Tracy Pollack, Springer Cartographics LLC, with Charles C. Mann, except the tip-in map by Peter Dana, William Doolittle, and Charles C. Mann.

  1.1 data from Diehl, 1983; Martin and Grube, 2000; Flannery and Marcus, 2000, 2003; MacEwan, Barreto, and Neves, 2001; Heckenberger et al., 2003; Pärssinen, 2003; Denevan pers. comm.; Erickson pers. comm.; Petersen pers. comm.; Woods pers. comm.

  2.1, 2.2 after Salisbury, 1982; Vaughan, 1995; Plimoth Plantation Education Dept.

  3.1 after Hyslop, 1984; Moseley, 2001; Pärssinen, 2003

  3.2 data from Rowe, 1946; Moseley, 2001; D’Altroy, 2002; Pärssinen, 2003

  4.1 data from Berdan and Anawalt, 1997; Townsend, 2000; Pollard, 2003

  5.1 after Haynes, 1964

  6.1 after Haas, Creamer, and Ruiz, 2004

  7.1 data from Flores, 1974; Bernal, 1969; Coe, 1994, 1999; Martin and Grube, 2000; Flannery and Marcus, 2000, 2003; Pohl, Pope, and von Nagy, 2002; FAMSI, n.d.

  7.2 after Owen and Goldstein, 2001; Stanish, 2003

  8.1 d
ata from Brown, 1992; Saunders et al., 1997; Petersen pers. comm.; Woods pers. comm.; U.S. National Park Service, n.d.

  8.2 after Fowler, 1997

  8.3 data from Martin and Grube, 1996, 2000; Guenter, 2003; Fahsen, 2003

  9.1 after Denevan, 1996; MacEwan, Barreto, and Neves, 2001; Heckenberger et al., 2003

  Tip-in data from Gibbons et al. 2007; Gartner 2003; Doolittle 2001; Whitmore and Turner 2001; MaceEwan, Barreto, and Neves 2001; Denevan 2000, 1992a; Pyne 1995; Denevan, Dull, Hecht, Knapp, Petersen, Pyne, Roosevelt, Woods, pers. comm. Cartographic advice from Guntram Herb, Michael Hanke and Ann Marshall. This map is conceptually based on an earlier version by Denevan (1992a) (The author is extremely grateful to all these people for helping and especially to Bill Doolittle and Peter Dana for allowing him to use this map here.)

  ILLUSTRATION CREDITS

  (*) Image digitally altered by author, usually to remove dust, scratches and bleed-through

  1.3 Clark L. Erickson, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (*)

  1.1, 1.2 2.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 10.3, a.1 Author’s collection (replica wetu in 44 at Plimoth Plantation, Plymouth, MA)

  2.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 10.3, a.1 Author’s collection

  2.2 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (hereafter LOC), Reproduction No. LC-USZ62-53338; 2.3 LOC, Reproduction No. LC-USZ62-54015

  2.4 LOC, Reproduction No: LC-USZ62-54018

  3.1, 3.6 Julia Chambi and Teo Allain Chambi, Archivo Fotográfico Martín Chambi, Cusco, Peru

  3.3 LOC, Reproduction No. LC-USZ62-97754

  3.4 Royal Library, Copenhagen, facsimile with transcription from Guamán Poma Web site, www.kb.dk/elib/mss/poma (*)

  3.5 Rutahsa Adventures, www.rutahsa.com (photo by Ric Finch)

  4.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 8.5, 9.2 Peter Menzel, www.menzelphoto.com

  4.2 Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City (painting by Miguel Covarrubias)

  4.3 Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS Mex. 385 (Codex Telleriano-Remensis, folio 45v.) (*); 4.4 Museum of Indian Arts and Culture, Santa Fe, N.M. (Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España, vol. 4, book 12, plate 114)

 

‹ Prev