57. Ibid., 1.3.49–52.
58. Ibid., 1.3.127–45.
59. Editors use these references to date the play to sometime just after 1601, when Philemon Holland published his English translation of Pliny’s Historie of the World, with its stories of Ethiopian cannibals and “Blemmyes,” with their mouth and eyes in their chest.
60. Natalie Zemon Davis, Trickster Travels: In Search of Leo Africanus, a Sixteenth-Century Muslim Between Worlds (New York: Hill & Wang, 2006).
61. Othello, 1.3.172, 170.
62. Ibid., 1.3.293–94.
63. Ibid., 2.1.21–22, 201.
64. Ibid., 2.3.166–68.
65. Barbara Everett, “‘Spanish’ Othello: The Making of Shakespeare’s Moor,” Shakespeare Survey 35 (1982), pp. 101–12; Eric Griffin, “Unsainting James: or, Othello and the “Spanish Spirits’ of Shakespeare’s Globe,” Representations 62 (1998), pp. 58–99.
66. Othello, 2.1.114.
67. Ibid., 3.3.456–63.
68. Ibid., 4.3.17.
69. Ibid., 4.3.24–31.
70. Ibid., 4.3.51–52.
71. Ernest Brennecke, “‘Nay, That’s Not Next!’: The Significance of Desdemona’s ‘Willow Song,’” Shakespeare Quarterly 4, no. 1 (1953), pp. 35–38.
72. Othello, 5.2.298–99.
73. Ibid., 5.2.300–301.
74. Ibid., 5.2.336–54.
75. Honigmann, ed., Othello, pp. 342–43; Richard Levin, “The Indian/Iudean Crux in Othello,” Shakespeare Quarterly 33, no. 1 (1982), pp. 60–67.
76. Quoted in James Craigie, ed., The Poems of James VI of Scotland (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1955), p. 202.
Epilogue
1. Bruce McGowan, Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 21; Alfred C. Wood, A History of the Levant Company (London: Oxford University Press, 1935), p. 42; Lewis Roberts, A Merchant’s Mappe of Commerce (London, 1638), pp. 79–80.
2. W. B. Patterson, King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 196–219.
3. Quoted in Boies Penrose, The Sherleian Odyssey: Being a Record of the Travels and Adventures of Three Famous Brothers During the Reigns of Elizabeth, James I, and Charles I (London: Simpkin Marshall, 1938), p. 125.
4. Quoted in ibid., pp. 127–28.
5. Quoted in ibid., p. 256.
6. Francis Cottington to Naunton, December 12, 1619, SP 94/23/258, TNA.
7. John Jowett, ed., Sir Thomas More: Original Text by Anthony Munday and George Chettle (London: Arden, 2011). All references to the play are to this edition. Jowett dates the original text to c. 1600, in contrast to earlier critics who dated it to c. 1593–1595, during the period of anti-alien insurrections. Jowett dates Shakespeare’s revised additions to c. 1603–1604.
8. Ibid., 6.83–98.
9. Ibid., 6.138–56. In his essay “On ‘Montanish Inhumanyty’ in Sir Thomas More,” Studies in Philology 103, no. 2 (2006), pp. 178–85, Karl P. Wentersdorf argues that “mountainish” should be read as “Mohammetanish,” an intriguing possibility that would make it Shakespeare’s second direct reference to the Prophet Muhammad, after the example discussed above in Henry VI.
10. The point is made in Charles Nicholl, The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street (London: Penguin, 2007), pp. 175–88.
11. The Tempest, 1.2.194.
12. Ibid., 1.2.259.
13. Ibid., 2.1. 235, 230.
14. Ibid., 5.1.186.
15. Ibid., 1.2.263.
16. Ibid., 2.1.82.
17. Ibid., 2.1.242–43.
18. Ibid., 2.1.125.
19. Quoted in Christopher Brook, Roger Highfield, and Wim Swaan, Oxford and Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 180.
20. G. J. Toomer, Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 111–26.
21. Authorship of the 1649 translation remains contested, with arguments for and against a variety of candidates: Alexander Ross, Thomas Ross or Hugh Ross. See Noel Malcolm, “The 1649 English Translation of the Koran: Its Origins and Significance,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 75 (2012), pp. 261–95; Mordechai Feingold, “‘The Turkish Alcoran’: New Light on the 1649 English Translation of the Koran,” Huntington Library Quarterly 75, no. 4 (2012), pp. 475–501.
Illustration Credits
Illustrations in the Text
1: Caricature of Luther with seven heads, title page of Johann Cochlaeus, Septiceps Lutherus, 1529. Photograph: Lebrecht Collection/Alamy
2: A silver Geuzen coined during the Dutch Revolt, 1574. Photograph: Kees38
3: Henry VIII using Pope Clement VII as a footstool, illustration from John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, 1583. Photograph: Pictorial Press/Alamy
Insert
1: Anon., portrait of Abd al-Wahid bin Muhammad al-Annuri, c. 1600. The University of Birmingham Research and Cultural Collections. Photograph: copyright © University of Birmingham
2: Workshop of Willem de Pannemaker, tapestry 10 from the series The Conquest of Tunis, 1548–1554, Patrimonio Nacional, Madrid. Photograph: akg-images
3: Follower of Antonis Mor, portrait of Philip II of Spain and Mary Tudor, 1558. Trustees of the Bedford Estate, Woburn Abbey. Photograph: Bridgeman Images
4: Isaac Oliver, portrait of Elizabeth I (the “Rainbow Portrait”), c. 1600. Hatfield House, Hertfordshire. Photograph: Bridgeman Images
5: Diogo Homem, map of the Mediterranean, from the Queen Mary Atlas, 1558. British Library, London (Add. Ms. 5415A, ff. 11v–12). Photograph: Bridgeman Images
6: Cristóvão de Morais (attrib.), portrait of Sebastian I of Portugal. Royal Collection Trust, copyright © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015. Photograph: Bridgeman Images
7: Detail of a view of the El Badi Palace in Marrakesh, engraving by Adriaen Matham from Palatium magni. Regis Maroci in Barbaria, 1641. Copyright © Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
8: Hans Eworth, Süleyman the Magnificent on Horseback, 1549. Private Collection
9: Ahmed Feridun Pasha, miniature painting of Selim enthroned, 1568. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul. Photograph: Pictures from History/Bridgeman Images
10: Portrait of Samson Rowlie, from a German traveler’s picture book, c. 1588. Courtesy of The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford (Ms. Bodl. Or. 430, f. 47)
11: Needlework showing a personification of Faith and Muhammad, English school, sixteenth century. Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire. Photograph: Bridgeman Images
12: Miniature painting of Sultan Murad III, from Kiyafet ül-insaniye, Ottoman school, 1588–1589. British Library, London (Add. 7880, f.63v). Photograph: Bridgeman Images
13: Letter from Sultan Murad III to Queen Elizabeth I dated June 20, 1590. Copyright © The National Archives, Kew (SP 102/61, fols. 23–24)
14: Nicholas Hilliard, the “Heneage Jewel,” c. 1595. Copyright © Victoria and Albert Museum, London
15 (left): Aegidius Sadeler, portrait of Sir Anthony Sherley, c. 1600. Photograph: Bridgeman Images
16 (right): Aegidius Sadeler, portrait of Husain Ali Beg Bayat, c. 1600. Copyright © Victoria and Albert Museum, London
17 (left): Sir Anthony Van Dyck, portrait of Sir Robert Sherley, 1622. Petworth House, West Sussex. Photograph: National Trust Photographic Library/Derrick E. Witty/Bridgeman Images
18 (right): Sir Anthony Van Dyck, portrait of Lady Teresa Sherley, 1622. Petworth House, West Sussex. Photograph: National Trust Photographic Library/Roy Fox/Bridgeman Images
19: Mughal school, miniature painting of Shah Abbas I holding a hawk, seventeenth century. Copyright © Trustees of the British Museum, London
20: Venetian school, view of Constantinople, seventeenth century. Photograph: De Agos
tini Picture Library/Getty Images
21: English school, The Somerset House Conference, 1604. National Portrait Gallery, London. Photograph: Stefano Baldini/Bridgeman Images
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Page numbers in italics refer to images.
Aaron the Moor (fict.), 189–93, 199
Abbas I, Shah, 10, 227, 237–45, 246, 252, 292
Abbasid dynasty, 37
Abdullah Kahn II, Shah, 34, 42
Abraham, 19, 20–21, 37
Abu Bakr, Caliph, 38, 49
Accession Day festivities, 266–69
Achaemenid Empire, 45–46
Act of Usury (1571), 110–11
Adams, Thomas, 298
Admiral’s Men, 155
Africa, trade with, 30
Ahmed I, Ottoman sultan, 291
Akbar the Great, 119, 247
Al-Andalus, see Spain
Alençon, Duke of, 93
Aleppo, English trade in, 35, 287
Alexander the Great, 47, 48, 213
Ali Pasha, Qilich, 95, 100, 117, 138–39, 142
Al Khidr, 213–14
Alleyn, Edward, 6
Almoravid dynasty, 126
Al-Mutawakkil, Abu Abdallah Muhammad II, 66–67, 70, 75, 78
Annuri, Muhammad al-, 6, 259–71, 282, 290
Anthropophagi (mythical race), 241
António, Don:
and al-Mansur, 125, 129, 147, 149, 150, 153–54, 169
and Battle of Alcântara, 80
claim to Portuguese throne, 80–81, 125, 129, 146, 149, 153–54, 167–68, 169
death of, 247
and Portugal Expedition, 153–54, 167–68
and Roberts, 125, 129
“Arab,” use of term, 20
Arabic language, English studies of, 298
Ardabili, Safi ad-din, 36
Ascension (ship), 185
Aylmer, John, 111–12
Azores, English expedition against, 231
Azouz, al-Caid, 257–58
Bacon, Anthony, 247–48
Bacon, Sir Francis, 183–84, 197, 217, 247, 256
Bahanet, Al-Hage, 259
Baker, Peter, 98–102, 103
Barbarossa (Kheir ed-Din), 17, 139
Barbary:
Moors from, 55, 56
origins of word, 56
and Spain, 56, 57, 153
trade battles, 56–58
trade with, 67, 68, 70, 104, 115–16, 120–21, 265
Barbary Company, 130–31
and al-Annuri, 260, 269
charter of, 121, 201
dissolution of, 201
and Dolphin, 130
founding of, 7, 121, 151
and Harborne, 121
and Leicester, 121, 123, 125, 131
and Moroccan trade, 121, 125, 131, 152, 201, 260
as regulated company, 121, 201
and Roberts, 125, 128, 130, 155
as unprofitable, 204
Bark Roe, 98–102, 103, 104, 105, 118, 123, 129, 175
Barton, Edward, 117, 146, 181–82, 185, 202–4, 217, 219, 223
Battle of Alcântara, 80
Battle of Ankara, 156
Battle of Chaldiran, 39, 48
Battle of El-Ksar el-Kebir (Alcácer-Quibir; Three Kings; Wad el-Mekhazen), 77–79, 80, 84, 103, 114, 126, 148, 150, 167, 168
Battle of Karbala, 37
Battle of Lepanto, 64–65, 72, 76, 80, 146, 289
Battle of Mühlberg, 27
Battle of Rabat-i-Pariyan, 238
Bayat, Husain Ali Beg, 245
Bayezid, son of Süleyman, 51–52
Becon, Thomas, 9
Beg, Ali, 245–46, 249, 250, 252, 254
Beg, Marjan, 238
Beg, Mustafa, 84, 89, 91–94, 102, 136–37
Beg, Uruch, 245, 254
Bess of Hardwick (Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury), 206–8
Bibliander, Theodore, 22
Bilqasim, Ahmad, 150, 152–55, 163, 167–68
Blanke, Thomas, 111
Bocaccio, Giovanni, Decameron, 276, 277
Bodin, Jean, 9
Boissie, M. de, 266
Boleyn, Anne, 15
Book of Common Prayer, 34
Buccio, Pietro, 65
Bukhara, Jenkinson in, 34, 42–43
Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 92, 196
aging of, 217, 232
and Anglo-Ottoman trade, 65, 101, 203
and Barton, 185, 203
death of, 217
and Elizabeth’s foreign policy, 57, 65, 181
and Harborne, 100, 113
intelligence networks of, 162
and Moroccan trade, 66, 67, 68, 71, 103
and Portugal, 65, 66
Robert Cecil as son of, 217
and Sherley, 232, 234
Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 214
Cabeça, Abraham, 58
Cabeça, Isaac, 58–59, 129–30, 200
Cabot, Sebastian, 29–30, 34, 40
Calvin, John, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 213
Camden, William, 76, 197
Campeggio, Cardinal Lorenzo, 25
Capello, Girolamo, 219–20
Capitulations, Franco-Ottoman, 62, 64, 74, 95, 97, 99, 101, 111–12, 113, 122–23, 183, 217, 222–23
Cardenas, John de (“Ciprian”), 168–70
Carew, George, 33
Carr, Ralph, The Mahumetane or Turkish History, 271–72
Caspian Sea, 41, 42, 43, 47
Cassière, Jean de la, 101
Cathay (China), 29–30, 31, 41, 43, 119
Catherine of Aragon, 13
Catholic League (France), 181, 182
Cecil, Robert, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, 217, 248–49, 255, 258, 259–60, 267, 268, 270, 288–89
Cefalotto, Msgr. Federico, 99, 101
Chamberlain, John, 218, 235, 264–65
Chancellor, Richard, 30, 34, 40, 58
Charles I, King of England, 292
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 9, 13, 26, 94
abdication of, 31
and Diet of Augsburg, 25, 27
and marriage of Philip and Mary, 14–16
military expedition to Tunis, 16–18, 27, 32
Chieregato, Francesco, 24–25
China (Cathay), 29–30, 31, 41, 43, 119
Chinano, and conversion, 133–38, 139, 282
Christianity:
apologetics (defenses) of, 20
and heresy, 24, 25, 27, 31
Islam vs., 8, 25–26, 271, 298
Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic branches, 19
split between Catholics and Protestants, 8, 18, 24–27, 34, 36, 37, 65, 73, 134, 148
unification sought for, 26
Church of England, 61
Cicero, 158
clash of civilizations, 299
Clement VII, Pope, 24, 159, 160
Clement VIII, Pope, 231, 251–52, 254
Clements, Joseph, 74–75, 84, 92
Clothworkers’ Company, 74
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 276
Conisby, Humphrey, 223
Conquest of Tunis tapestries, 16, 18, 27
Constantinople:
Barton as trade representative in, 181–82, 185, 217
fall of (1453), 9, 47, 62
Hagia Sophia in, 85, 117, 202
Harborne as English ambassador in, 10, 113–14,
117–19, 121–24, 129, 131–32, 140–45
Harborne as trade representative in, 83, 84–89, 90, 93, 100, 102, 110, 184, 240
rebuilding of, 85–86
sultan’s harem in, 86–87, 95; see also Safiye Sultan
Topkapi Palace in, 4, 72, 85, 86, 117, 202, 220
trade route to, 68, 72, 74–75, 83, 94, 112, 117
Cordell, Thomas, 74–75
Corrai, Angelo, 234
Cottington, Francis, 293
Cristóbal, Don, 150
Curtain Theater, 297
Cyprus:
Ottoman invasion of, 63–64, 272
Ottoman sovereignty over, 72
Cyrus the Great, 46
Daborne, Robert, A Christian Turned Turk, 297
Dallam, Thomas, 219–22, 223–24, 225
Damascus:
trade in, 35
Umayyad dynasty in, 37
Darius, ruler of Persia, 180
David XI of Kartli, 50, 51
Day, John, 174
Dekker, Thomas, 174, 293
Lust’s Dominion; or The Lascivious Queen, also known as The Spanish Moor’s Tragedy, 272–74, 275
de Vere, Edward, 98
Dias, Estêvão, 128
Dickonson, Miles, 128
Diet of Augsburg, 25, 27
Diet of Nuremberg, 25
Dolphin (ship), 129–30
Donne, John, 194, 231
D’Ossat, Arnaud, 252, 253
Drake, Sir Francis:
and attacks on Spanish fleet, 123, 146
first circumnavigation of globe by, 74, 114
and Golden Hind, 74
as pirate, 133, 135, 143
and Portugal Expedition, 153–54, 166–67, 168, 181
and slavery, 133–34
Dudar, Abdullah, 259, 264
Duodo, Piero, 249–50, 251
Du Ryer, André, L’Alcoran de Mahomet, 298
Earl of Sussex’s Men, 187
East India Company, 290
Edict of Sincere Repentance, 48
Edward, Prince, 15
Edward III, King of England, 16
Edward IV, King of England, 27, 28, 29, 30–31
Edward VI, King of England, 57
Edwards, Arthur, 53
Eliot, T. S., 188
Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of James I), 291
Elizabeth I, Queen of England:
accession to the throne, 32, 33, 42
achievements of, 288
and aging, 181, 254, 264, 271
The Sultan and the Queen Page 39