American Baptist Missionary Union, 48
Amnesty International, 383, 386
Amuteb, Anne Mutosh, 310–11, 316
Anany, Jérôme, 336
ANC (Armée Nationale Congolaise), 287, 318, 324–25, 340–41
corruption in, 370–71, 470
military uprising of, 371–72
uselessness of, 312, 372, 373, 396
Angola, 16, 369, 376, 525
and border conflicts, 60, 371
and Kabila, 431, 466, 524
as Portuguese colony, 258, 311
and Second Congo War, 444–45
trade with China, 526
Anioto society (leopard people), 154
Antarctica, 40
anthropology, 111, 112, 139
anti-imperialism, 234
Antwerp Institute for Tropical Medicine, 106
Antwerp World’s Fair (1885), 64
Anversoise company, 86, 87
Apolline, Sister, 211
Arab campaigns, 80–81
Armée de l’Eternel, 317–18
Armée Populaire de la Libération, 324
Arzoni, 355, 381
Association Internationale Africaine (AIA), 41, 51, 54–55, 99, 102
Association Internationale du Congo (AIC), 54–55, 58, 63
Association Sportive Congolaise, 174
atoxyl, 107, 109
Bahuti, Pastor Léonard, 489
Bain, Alexander L., 48
Baker, Samuel, 40
Bakongo, 13, 112, 215, 230, 232, 252
Balot, Maximilien, 162–63
Baluba, 13, 111, 112, 175, 215, 302, 303, 312, 315–16
Balubakat (Baluba of Katanga), 251, 254, 264
Bamba, Émmanuel, 336
Bandio, 29, 30, 31
Bandung Conference (1955), 233
Bangala, 46, 76, 111, 215, 230, 232, 252
Ban Ki-moon, 524
Bantu languages, 14, 32, 112, 284, 350
Bantu migration, 19
Bantu people, and Mai-mai, 411
Banyamulenge, 412–13, 436, 439, 446
Banyarwanda, 411–13, 521
Baptist Missionary Society, 47, 48, 102
Baroza, Tino, 219
Bas-Congo, 8, 14, 15, 127, 137, 147, 153, 241, 506
Europeans in, 145–46
and independence, 253, 264
native unrest in, 163, 251
Bashir, Omar al-, 528, 531
Bata (retail shoe chain), 359
Batambatamba, 41–42, 45, 82
Battling Siki, 347
Baudouin, king of Belgium, 224–25, 229, 232, 240, 243, 250, 254, 268, 269–71, 274, 277, 278, 283, 288, 295, 301, 497
Beko, 486–88, 492
Belgian Congo, 57, 97, 103–40, 215
administration of, 105–6, 108, 211, 214, 263, 283, 285, 343
Belgian nationals in, 203–5, 233–34, 249, 259
cities in, 164–68
Colonial Charter, 104–5
Colonial Council, 105
concessionaires in, 120
currency in, 127–28
decolonization of, 227–29, 238, 246, 395
duration of, 11, 104
economy of, 120–21, 156–57, 191, 234, 260–63
elections, 234–35, 238–39, 256, 263–65
ethnographers in, 110–16
gradual change in, 204, 214, 217–18, 227, 230–32, 234, 255
and independence, 11, 228, 233–34, 236, 242, 246, 247–51, 262–66; see also First Republic of Congo
independence date, 254–56, 257–59
industrialization in, 125–26, 127, 191
infrastructure of, 120, 203
interwar years, 141–80
life expectancy in, 207
local chieftains in, 108
mining in, 118–25, 137, 156
native expectations in, 259–60, 270
native unrest in, 160, 161–63, 205, 206–7, 247–50, 253, 255, 266
New Year’s reception (1959), 246–47, 248, 249, 256
people’s movement restricted in, 107–10, 112, 113, 116–19, 129
political parties in, 251–55, 260, 264
poverty in, 206–7
proletarianization in, 125–27
public executions in, 160–61
public health in, 106–10, 139, 164, 191, 193
round-table conferences (1960), 256–59, 260–63, 275, 345
spies in, 152–53
taxation in, 120, 128, 156–57, 159, 161
ten-year plan, 203, 206, 231
workers in, 213–14
and World War I, 108, 129-40, 201; map, 132
and World War II, 136, 182–99, 201
Belgian-Congolese Community, 202–3, 205, 246, 253
Belgian-Congolese dispute, 329
Belgium:
and Belgian Congo, see Belgian Congo
colonization of Congo, 39, 54, 57–58, 61, 87–88, 96–97
and Congo Free State, 63, 79
and First Republic, 319, 531
flag of, 104
formation of, 38–39, 248
government in exile, 182–89, 190, 201
kings of, see Albert I; Baudouin; Leopold II
military intervention in Congo, 293–99, 309, 372
nuclear technology in, 190
postwar reconstruction, 190, 201
and territories, 60–61
trading networks, 457
and World War I, 130, 139–40
and World War II, 182–89, 201
Bemba, Jeannot, 357
Bemba, Jean-Pierre:
and elections, 484, 495, 496, 497–98, 500, 501–2, 503, 506, 521
as media owner, 494, 496, 498
and MLC, 446, 449, 453, 454, 467
as vice president, 467, 469, 488, 500
Benedictine monks, 172
Benedict XVI, Pope, 492
Berlin Conference (1885), 7, 53–55, 58, 63, 72, 130, 230, 483, 530
bills (young people’s groups), 235, 236–38
Binza group, 305, 325, 341
Birindwa, Faustin, 410
Bisengimana, Bertrand, 350, 351
Bisengimana Rwema, Barthélémy, 350, 357, 380, 411
Bismarck, Otto von, 53, 55, 59
Bitulu, Jules, 540, 541–44, 547–48
Black Peter, 193
Blumenthal, Erwin, 375–76, 531
Blumenthal Report, 375–76
Boali, 91
Bobangi, 112
Boboliko, André, 223–24
Boer War, 96
Bolamba, Antoine-Roger, 226
Bolikango, Jean, 223–24, 252, 257, 265, 268, 302
Bolobo mission, 69–70
Boma, 61–62, 68, 75, 77, 167, 179, 379
Bomans, Jean-Baptiste, 276
Bomboko, Justin, 224, 252, 281, 304, 315, 325, 341
Bonaccorsi, Count Arnocovaldo, 184
Bonga Bonga, Paul, 210
Bonnke, Reinhard, 490
bonobo, 13
Boumédienne, Houari, 337
Boutros Ghali, Boutros, 418
Boy Scout troops, 172, 174, 177
Bracongo beer, 235, 243, 476–77, 479, 481, 483–85
Bralima beer, 476–77, 479, 481, 484–86, 498
Brancusi, Constantin, 352
Brazza, Savorgnan de, 51–53, 63
Brown, James, 348
Brown de Tiège, Alexandre de, 87
Brussels World’s Fair (Expo 1958), 67, 239–41
Bugera, Déogratias, 416, 417, 418, 435
Buisseret, Auguste, 240
Bukavu, 14, 395, 472, 516
Bulaya, Papy, 424, 452–55, 457–58
Bundu-dia-Kongo, 506, 521
Bureau International d’Ethnographie, 111, 112, 232
Burma, 188, 189, 190, 191, 233
Burundi, 16, 60, 130, 139, 415
independence of, 322, 413
and Second Congo War, 443, 445
Bush, George H. W., 376, 393
Bushala, Pierrot, 412
bushmeat, 457–58
bush telegraph, 20
Butungu, 65–66
cacao, 126, 293, 357
Cameron, Lovett, 34, 40
Cameroon, 19, 130, 131, 138
Camus, Albert, 158
Cape Verde Islands, 258
Capuchin missionaries, 22
Cardoso, Mario, 223–24, 261, 266, 275, 304, 306
Carpentier, Georges, 347
carte de mérite civique (certificate of civil merit), 159, 218, 219, 222, 244
carte d’immatriculation (registration card), 218–19, 230, 244
Carter, Jimmy, 376
Casement, Roger, 96–97
Castro, Fidel, 325, 445
Catholic Church:
attendance in, 68
children taken by, 83
missionaries of, 47, 72–75, 96, 114, 149, 151, 171, 172, 174–75, 208
and name changes, 354–55
political power of, 171
protests by, 401–3
in Second Republic, 400
and struggle against Mobutu, 383, 490, 496
Cattier, Félicien, 97, 110–11
CCT, 528
Ceauşescu, Elena, 364, 365, 392
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 363–65, 392
cell phones, 456, 475, 477, 484, 486
Central Africa, map, 28
Central African Republic, 16, 510
Centre Pénitentiaire et de Rééducation, 463–65
César (in China), 551–54
Ceulemans, Jacques, 223
Chad, 186, 445, 446
Chaltin, Louis, 138
China, 309, 321, 356–57
author’s travel to, 537–41
Congolese in, 535–36, 537–55
contract with Congo, 528–33, 534
embassy in Congo, 534–35
Guangzhou, 537–55
guerrillas trained by, 322
and IMF, 532
mines owned by, 526–27
Sino-African summit, 528
Tiananmen Square, 542
trade with, 38, 525–26, 528, 535–36, 556
Chinese Railway Engineering Company (CREC), 532–34
cholera, 415, 423
Christianity, 22, 47, 148–49, 406; see also missionaries
Churchill, Winston, 183, 273, 522
CIA, 283, 288, 298, 300, 304, 305, 310, 376
CIAT (Comité International d’Accompagnement à la Transition), 468, 473, 496, 502, 513
cities, 164–68, 169, 207–14, 234
ethnic identity in, 232, 252
évolués in, 214–19
extra-legal centers in, 165–66
migration to, 336
clientelism, 356–57, 470
Clinton, Bill, 426
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 533
Close, William, 380
CNDP (Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple), 514, 516, 517, 518–23, 524
cobalt, 119, 298, 389, 526–27, 529
coffee, 126, 156, 293, 379, 389, 456
Cold War:
and Angola, 371
and anticolonialism, 258
beginning in Africa, 556
and economic interests, 298, 376–79, 475, 530
end of, 392, 396
and First Republic, 298
Collection des monographies ethnographiques, 111, 113, 114
colonization, 37–38, 46, 51–55, 206, 244
decolonization, 233–34, 241, 255, 266
developmental, 202, 203
and nonautonomous territories, 201
postwar attitude toward, 201–2
coltan, 15, 119, 456–57, 458
Comber, Thomas, 47, 65, 102
Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo (CEHC), 50, 54
Comité National de Libération, 320, 322–24
Comités du Pouvoir Populaire, 435
Comité Spécial du Katanga (CSK), 120–21, 262, 263
Commission Électorale Indépendante (CEI), 496–97, 499, 501
Communism, fall of, 364–65, 392
Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Bas-Congo au Katanga (BCK), 120, 121, 313, 315, 316
Compagnie du Katanga, 120
Conakat (Confédération des Associations du Katanga), 252–53, 254, 264
Conan Doyle, Arthur, 97
Concorde, 373, 380, 390
Congo:
colonial portfolio of, 262, 329, 345
economic history of, 119–20
ethnic groups in, 13–14, 264
flag of, 51
geography (map), xiii
geography of, 11–13, 14–15, 20–21, 130
history of, 16–23
infrastructure of, 120
international trade, 21–23, 31
languages of, 13–14, 15–16, 19
local kings, 21
natural resources of, 118–20, 191, 530
population, administration and raw material (map), xiv
Congo (Zaïre) River, 12, 25, 35, 36, 58
Congo-Brazzaville, 16, 52, 270, 309, 376, 393, 437, 510
Congo Free State, 11, 57–60
administration of, 61–62, 63, 78, 94, 103, 105
atrocities in, 78, 88–94, 95, 96, 97, 104, 395
as Belgian Congo, 57, 97, 395
Belgification of, 63, 92–93
“boys” in service in, 62–63, 67, 78
creation of, 7, 55
depopulation of, 95
early years of, 78
economy of, 86–88, 379, 483
girls as menagères in, 67–68, 78
international pressure on, 96–98
international recognition of, 59
land deals in, 86–87
Leopold’s promises broken, 78–80
map, 56, 58–60
property nationalized in, 79–80
racial violence in, 82–83
railroad in, 79
stations in, 58, 60, 69, 74, 93
talismans of, 74–75
taxes in, 86, 88, 90, 94
Congo peacock, 13
Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, 172
Conrad, Joseph, 97
Conscience Africaine, 231–33, 239, 256, 277, 303
copal, 4, 191
copper, 118, 119, 122, 137, 191, 265, 313, 345, 346, 358, 374, 526–28, 529, 530, 532
Cordy, Jean, 250, 251, 271
corn, 23
Cornelis, Hendrik, 222, 246, 250, 271
Cornet, Joseph, 118, 119
cotton, 137, 156, 157, 191, 293
Courtejoie, Jacques, 270–71
creuseurs, 3, 455
Cruz, Celia, 348
Cuba, 325, 328, 371, 372
Cuisse de Poulet (dancer), 480–81
Curie, Pierre and Marie, 119
Cuvelier, Rev. Father, 221
Dadine (actress), 535, 538, 545–46
Dahomey, battle for, 186
Dallaire, Romeo, 523
d’Aspremont Lynden, Harold, 304, 307
death penalty, 160–61
Debus, Kurt, 366
de Gaulle, Charles, 182, 186, 241, 337, 522
De Gucht, Karel, 517
De Jonghe, Edouard, 112
Delcommune, Alexandre, 51
democracy, 512–13
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11
constitution of, 497
corruption in, 468–71, 475, 483, 494
economy of, 433–34, 442
elections, 494, 496–98, 499–504
and First Congo War, 431
and Kabila, see Kabila, Laurent-Désiré
lack of infrastructure in, 496–97, 503, 529
life expectancy in, 440, 460
media in, 488–89, 496
military economy of, 458–59
mineral riches of, 442, 443, 444, 449–50, 454–58, 467
power blocs in, 494–95
and Second Congo War, 439–62
taxation in, 483
transitional period (1 + 4), 467–71, 488, 493, 506
; democratization, 364–65, 394, 395–99, 403–5, 449
Denard, Bob, 325–26, 341
Deng Xiaoping, 526, 540
De Rossi, Amadeo, 149
De Schryver, August, 257
Detiège, Madame, 225
Devlin, Larry, 300
Dhanis, Francis (Fimbo Nyingi), 80–81, 83, 103
Diagne, Blaise, 180
Diakuana, Pierre, 159
diamonds, 14, 15, 118, 120, 121, 164, 167, 265, 302, 305, 389, 444, 450, 456, 511
Diangienda Kintuma, Joseph, 143
Dibango, Manu, 348
Dillon, C. Douglas, 301
Dimitrios, Papa, 210
Dinda, Matthias, 135
Dingienda Wabasolele, Armand, 144
Diomi, Gason, 294
Diop, Birago, 27
Don João, 21, 22
Dorcas, Lungeni, 70–71
Dos Santos, José Eduardo, 445
Drachoussoff, Vladimir, 194–99, 203, 205, 291
Droeven, J., 138
drummed language, 20
DSP (Division Spéciale Présidentielle), 364, 386, 396, 404, 405, 409, 446,507
Du Bois, W. E. B., 180
Dunlop, John Boyd, 87
dysentery, 124, 415, 440
East Congo, 80–81, 83, 471, 473
East Germany, 309
Ebola virus, 416
Eboué, Félix, 186
École de Médicine Tropicale, 106, 111
education:
corruption in, 388–89
female students, 391
and illiteracy, 510
mission schools, 113–16, 169, 171, 175
reforms in, 349–50
and registration card, 218
secondary schools, 218, 223–24, 323, 389
secular, 240
segregation of, 205, 206
state-run schools, 355
system destroyed, 460, 488
teachers cut, 379
university, 218
Egypt, 31, 38, 81, 183, 186, 187, 233
Einstein, Albert, 190
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 301, 304
Ekwalanga Abomasoda, Gérard, 354
elephantiasis, 106, 109
elephants, 31, 87, 457–58
Elisabeth, queen of Belgium, 190
Elisabethville, 123, 125, 182, 234
Cercle Albert, 168–70
elections, 238, 253, 264
labor protests in, 192–93
living conditions in, 164–67, 191
as Lubumbashi, 332
soccer in, 172–73
Tshombe’s government in, 305
uprising in, 293, 372
Emin Pasha, 81
England:
British Commonwealth, 203
empire of, 37, 52, 54, 57, 80, 130
and First Congo War, 426
and free trade, 53
and Katanga, 312
territorial disputes with, 59
Enola Gay, 189–90
Enson (Chinese), 544–45
Équateur, 15, 96, 302
Equatorial Guinea, 258
Eritrea, 60, 183
ethnographers, 110–16
Etsou, Cardinal Frédéric, 402
EUFOR, 497, 502
Europe:
colonization, 37–38, 46, 51–55, 201
Congo Page 84