Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 59
Rovinscky, Papa (Van-Duel), 292–93
rubber, 87–88, 90–91, 92–96, 98, 119, 126, 191, 293, 357, 555
“red rubber” policy, 95–96, 120, 195
and wartime, 198
Ruberwa, Azarias, 451, 467, 497, 500, 516
Rukengwa, Pascal, 499–501, 503–4
Russia, 37, 457
from 1917 to 1991, see Soviet Union
and Angola, 371, 372
October Revolution (1917), 194
Rwanda, 14, 16, 60, 130, 139, 271, 322
and CNDP, 522
and Congo’s natural riches, 455–57, 467, 525
ethnic violence in, 411–16
and First Congo War, 417-31, 437, 439; map, 427
genocide in, 413–16, 426, 437, 442, 521
independence of, 413
and Nkunda, 516
protest against interference from, 438–39
and Second Congo War, 442–47, 450–51, 467, 471–74
Tutsis from, 350–51, 440
Rwandan Patriotic Front/Army (RPF), 413–16, 418, 443
Rwanguba, 518–19
Ryckmans, André, 158–59, 295–96
Ryckmans, Pierre, 158–59, 182, 202, 222
Saio, conquest of, 181, 183–85
Sakombi Inongo, Dominique, 350, 351–54, 357, 406–7
Salazar de Oliveira, Antonio, 258
Saleh, Salim, 455
Salum ben Mohammed, 42
Sape, la (Société des Ambianceurs et Personnes d’Elégance), 388, 491
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 206
Savimbi, Jonas, 371
Scheutists, 75, 215, 224, 229, 230, 241, 261
Schöller, André, 251
Schramme, Jean “Black Jack,” 326, 341
Schweinfurth, Georg, 40
Scibe Zaïre, 357
Second Congo War (1997–2002), 439–62
atrocities in, 447, 454, 459–62, 472, 473, 517
first phase, 442, 443–49
as incomprehensible and obscure, 440, 442
and Kabila’s death, 467
Lusaka Peace Agreement, 442, 449
maps, 441
opportunism in, 447, 453
Pretoria peace agreement, 442, 467–71
second phase, 442, 449–62
Sun City peace agreement, 495
third phase, 442, 471–74, 517
and transitional period (1 + 4), 467–68, 473, 474
Second Republic of Congo, 400, 407
emergence of, 282
end of, 394, 395, 502
shift to Third Republic, 397
as Zaïre, 331–33; see also Zaïre
Sékou Touré, Ahmed, 245
Sendwe, Jason, 252, 254
Senegal, 309, 467
Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 244, 309
Sengier, Edgar, 190
Shaba (former Katanga), 332, 366–68
Shaba I and II wars, 371–72, 373, 382, 425, 429
Shaggy (superstar), 478
Shinkolobwe mine, 119, 190
Shintwa, Kibambi, 381, 393, 400
Simbas, 322–24, 326, 328, 338, 371, 411
Skol beer, 476, 485
slave trade, 22, 23–25, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 124, 154
and “boys” (household slaves), 62–63
freed slaves, 70, 72–73, 78, 110
and Leopold, 39, 62, 78, 80, 94
and Stanley, 43–46
and Tippo Tip, 42–43
Sledge, Sister, 348
sleeping sickness, 47, 94, 95–96, 98, 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 122, 139, 141, 146, 198, 223, 329
Snyder, Andrew, 489
soccer, 172–73, 177, 209–10, 237–38, 247–48, 349
Soete, Gerard, 308
Soki, Dr., 450–52
Somalia, 417
Son, François, 308
sorghum, 23
Soumialot, Gaston, 322, 323, 324, 341, 342
South Africa, 258, 311, 312, 467, 473
South African Development Community, 524
South Sudan, 16, 80, 81
Sovereign National Conference, 397–401, 402–6, 410, 431, 434, 500
Soviet Union, 201, 305, 320
after 1991, see Russia
collapse of, 364–65
and First Republic, 283, 297, 298, 299–300, 302, 309, 322
Spain, colonies of, 37, 258
Spanish Civil War, 184
Stanley, Henry Morton, 7, 9, 37, 62–63, 99
arrival of, 16, 33
crossing of Central Africa, 33–36, 40–41, 42, 44, 53, 58
and East Congo, 80–81
and Leopold II, 41, 44, 49, 50–52, 53, 58–59, 81
and Livingstone, 32, 33–34
and railroad, 84
reputation of, 46, 49
and slaves, 43–46, 49, 99
stations established by, 44, 49–50, 52, 60, 101–2
treaties made by, 50–51, 529
Stanleyville, 164, 264, 324
government moved to, 305
as Kisangani, 332
Lumumba in, 242–43
riots in, 255, 372
Star of the Congo mine, 123, 125
steel industry, 191, 367, 368
Stengers, Jean, 55
Stiglitz, Joseph, 512
Sudan, 60, 183
independence of, 234, 241
and Second Congo War, 445
trade with China, 526, 530–31
Suez Canal, 183, 186, 187
Sukarno, 233
Sunlight soap, 126–27, 191
Swaggart, Jimmy, 490
Swahili, 15, 32, 169
Swahilo-Arab trade, 52, 62
Swinburne, Anthony, 49–50, 52, 55, 63–64, 67, 68
Swing, William, 468
Swinnen, Johan, 472
Switzerland, trading networks, 457
Tabares, Elisabeth, 345
Tabora, 134, 135, 185, 187
tantalum, 119, 456
Tanzania, 16, 31, 130, 245, 376, 415
Taureau, Maître (Master Steer), 212, 345
Taylor, William, 48
Tembo people, 411
Tempels, Placide, 205–6
Tervuren colonial exhibition (1897), 65, 180, 239, 352, 542
Third Republic of Congo, 502–13
administration of, 505–9
atrocities in, 517, 523
and China, 525–36, 543–56
Congo on the eve of, 504–5
constitution of, 505
corruption in, 506, 507, 508, 509, 511, 512, 529
economy of, 509–10, 531–32, 536
and elections, 502–3, 507, 508, 511–13, 516, 532, 556
life expectancy in, 510
military of, 524
refugee camps in, 515
shift to, 397, 404–5, 406, 502–3
violence in, 506–7
Thys, Albert, 84, 85, 106, 120
Tibbets, Paul, 189–90
Tigo (multinational), 482–83, 486–88
Timothée (in China), 551, 552–53
tin, 15, 119, 191, 456
Tingi-Tingi massacre (1997), 452
Tippo Tip, 32–33, 34–35, 38, 42–43, 44, 58, 64, 80–81
tobacco, 126, 156
Tobback, Nicolas, 103
Togo, 130, 138
Tombeur, Charles, 133, 134
Tordeur, Jean, 247
tribal associations, 215, 264
tribal awareness, 14, 108, 110–16, 139, 174–75, 252, 292
detribalization, 207, 341, 349
and elections, 502
and ethnic violence/genocide, 411–16, 426, 437, 442, 459, 471, 517, 521
and poverty, 442
and race, 139; see also race
at state level, 351–52
tropical medicine, 106
trust territories, 139
tsetse fly, 94, 106, 109
Tshimbombo Mukuna, Jacques, 398
Tshisekedi, Étienne:
arrest of, 434
> coexistence with Mobutu, 400, 407, 428
and elections, 397, 431, 497, 503
in exile, 383, 434
and First and Second Plundering, 409
open letter to Mobutu from, 382–83, 384, 404
popularity of, 400, 410
as prime minister, 401, 404–5, 408
and transitional government, 404–5
and UDPS, 383, 397, 434, 467
Tshombe, Moïse, 252–53, 254, 256, 470
and colonial portfolio, 329, 345
death of, 281, 337–38, 342
and elections, 264, 265, 329, 410
in exile, 318, 325, 337, 371
and First Republic, 283, 284, 325, 329
and Kasai secession, 302
and Katangan secession, 294–95, 305–6, 310–16, 318
and Lumumba, 307, 308, 311
as provincial governor, 275, 284
supporters of, 284, 325–26
tuberculosis, 125, 329
Tukeke, Albert, 244, 255
Tunisia, 233, 241
Tupelepele (floaters) sect, 162
Turkey, 54
Tutsi people, 13, 350–51, 443
and ethnic violence, 411–15, 418, 421, 426, 440, 461, 471, 472, 473
and Kabila regime, 436, 438–39, 444
and Kagame regime, 426
and Nkunda, 516–17, 518, 521, 523
and Rwandan invasion, 418, 421–24
and Second Congo War, 471, 472, 473
Tutu, Desmond, 523
Twain, Mark, 97
typhoid fever, 106, 125, 164
UDPS (Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social), 383–84, 397, 467
Uganda, 16, 60, 376, 413, 426, 431, 438, 524
and Congo’s natural riches, 455–57, 467, 471, 525
and Second Congo War, 442, 445, 446, 450–51, 453, 454, 459, 467, 471, 472
Ujiji, 32
Umoja wetu, 524
UNICEF, 465, 476
Unilever, 126, 161
Union Congolaise, 178–79
Union Minière de Haut-Katanga (UMHK):
creation of, 120, 121
employees, 164–65, 176
and independence, 263
and Katangan secession, 295, 305, 313, 314–15
mining industry, 123–24, 126
nationalization of, 345–46, 356
strikes, 192–93
working and living conditions, 124–25, 167, 171–72
and World War II, 190
UNITA, 371, 445, 466
United Nations:
Charter, 201–2, 258
and China, 528, 530
Congolese ambassador to, 265
and decolonization, 256, 556
and First Republic, 282–83, 294, 300, 301–3, 305–6, 309, 326
Hammerskjöld’s death, 316
Human Development Index, 510
and Katanga, 312, 315–16, 317, 318, 319
MONUC, 468, 470–71, 472, 475, 488, 501, 502, 521, 524, 535
and NGOs, 476
ONUC, 297
and Rwandan genocide, 414–16, 437
and Rwandan preparation to invade Zaïre, 417–18
and Second Congo War, 442, 449, 450, 467, 473, 495, 556
telegrams to, 296–99
and Third Republic, 524
and Zaïre shadow government, 410
United States:
and colonies, 37–38
and Congo elections, 500
and First Congo War, 426
and First Republic, 283, 299, 301, 309, 319, 531
and IMF, 531–32
and Third Republic, 513
and uranium, 190–91, 298
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 392
uranium, 119, 190–91, 298, 319
U Thant, 316
Van Acker, Gustaaf, 74
Van Bilsen, Jef, 230–31, 232, 233, 246, 512
van den Brink, Dolf, 476, 479–80, 483–85
Van-Duel, Désiré (Rovinscky), 292–93, 333
Vangele, Alphonse, 102
Van Hemelrijck, Maurits, 251
Van Impe, Reverend Father, 64
Van Kerckhoven, Guillaume, 51
Van Lierde, Jean, 272
Van Reybrouck, Dirk, 312–15, 316–18
Verbrugghe, Albert, 317
Verscheure, Frans, 308
Vetch, Francis, 51
Victoria, queen of England, 57
Vietnam War, 298, 345–46, 347, 356, 358
Virunga National Park, 518
Vleeschouwers, Frans and Marja, 314, 318
Vodacom, 474–75, 484, 486
Vumilia, Antoine, 465–67
Wall Street crash (1929), 156, 175
Wamba dia Wamba, Ernest, 443, 446, 449, 451, 452–53, 516
Wanzungasa, Papa Marcel, 145, 146–47, 151, 152, 154
Ward, Herbert, 46
Waterloo, Battle of, 38
wax hollandaise, 355, 536
Weeks, John, 65
Welles, Ernest T., 48, 72
Wemba, Papa, 388, 434, 477, 482, 491, 495
Werrason, 477–82, 483–86, 494–96, 497–98, 511
White Fathers (Society of Missionaries of Africa), 47, 72, 74
Wigny, Pierre, 293
Wijnants, Petrus, 227
Winden, James van, 448–49
witchcraft, 406–7, 478, 492, 550
wolfram, 119, 191
works councils, 214
World Bank, 375, 391, 512–13, 526, 531, 532
World War I, 108, 129–40, 188, 323, 439
anniversary of, 129–30, 135–37, 181
impact on Africa, 60, 440
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 138
postwar attitudes, 225
Treaty of Versailles, 138
World War II, 136, 178, 181–99, 184, 440
and atomic bomb, 189–90
conquest of Saio, 181, 183–85
crossing of the Sahara, 186–87
effects in interior, 194–99
end of, 199–201
and Geneva Convention, 189
postwar attitudes, 67, 135, 193–94, 199–202, 224–26, 298
postwar unrest, 193–94
raw materials in, 191
veterans of, 200–202, 290
Yakusu mission, 70
Yalemba mission, 71–72, 88, 98, 324, 327
Yalta, 201
Yambani (bodyguard), 387
Yambuya, Pierre, 370, 372, 386–87
Yav, André, 123–24, 125, 175, 192
Yerodia, Abdoulaye, 467
Yoka, Eugène, 77, 373
Youlou, Fulbert, 270, 309
Yugoslavia, 309
Zadkine, Ossip, 352
Z’Ahidi Ngoma, Arthur, 467
Zaïko Langa Langa, 348
Zaïre, 11, 331–33
art and music in, 352–56
atrocities in, 341–42, 372, 386–87, 411, 413–16, 423–25
authenticity policy, 352–55
constitution of, 342, 383
corruption in, 367, 370–71, 373, 375, 379, 381–82, 388–90, 405
currency of, 377, 378, 407–8, 410–11
as decentralized military dictatorship, 339, 346
deterioration of, 390, 406, 409–11, 420
economy of, 334, 345–46, 356–59, 374–79, 390, 406, 407–8
elections, 394, 395–98, 401, 404, 405, 410, 416
ethnic violence in, 411–16
First and Second Plundering, 409
First Congo War (1996–1997), 417-27, 439; map, 427
genocide in, 413–16, 426
industrialization of, 374
infrastructure, 344, 367–69, 379
and international events, 344–45
military uprisings in, 371–72, 399–400, 408–9
names in, 332–33, 351, 354
nationalism, 351–54
parallel economy in, 389–92
plane crashes in, 370
political refugees in, 415–16, 417, 421, 423–24
privatizations in, 378
propaganda in, 351, 352–53
public spectacles in, 365–70
regime change, see Democratic Republic of the Congo
reign of terror in, 385–87
religious protests in, 401–3
ruled by fear, 340
“rumble in the jungle,” 346–48, 360–62
Shaba I and II wars, 371–72, 373
as single-party state, 342–44
spies in, 385, 386, 396, 405
state television, 334–35, 360–61, 368–69, 373, 396, 398
student movement in, 342–44, 349, 396
superparliament, 410
taxation (Salongo), 344
Zaïrianization, 357–58, 359
Zambia, 16, 245, 376, 431, 526
Zanzibar, 31, 38
Zanzibaris, 76, 80–81
Zao (singer), 135
Zimbabwe, 444–45, 530
zinc, 119, 191
Zinga, Joseph, 8, 72
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DAVID VAN REYBROUCK is an award-winning author and an acclaimed playwright, reporter, and poet who holds a doctorate from Leiden University. He has traveled extensively throughout Africa and has been actively involved in organizing literary workshops for young Congolese writers in Kinshasa and Goma. He lives in Brussels.
For his translations of more than thirty novels and works of nonfiction, SAM GARRETT has been short-listed for many awards, including the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (2005, 2013), the Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize (2010), and the U.K. National Book Award (2012). He is the only translator to have twice won the British Society of Authors’ Vondel Prize for Dutch-English translation.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins authors.
ALSO BY DAVID VAN REYBROUCK
FICTION
Penumbra
NONFICTION
Two Monologues: Mission and The Soul of the White Ant
The European Constitution in Verse
The Plague
A Plea for Populism
CREDITS
Cover design by Steve Attardo
Cover photograph © by Lundqvist Carmen/Prisma/SuperStock
Maps by Jan de Jong
COPYRIGHT
The translation of this book is funded by the Flemish Literature Fund (Vlaams Fonds voor de Letteren, www.flemishliterature.be).
CONGO: EEN GESCHIEDENIS © 2010 by David Van Reybrouck. Originally published with De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam.
CONGO. Copyright © 2014 by David Van Reybrouck. Translation copyright © 2013 by Sam Garrett. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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