by Bill Gammage
49 10 Oct–3 Nov 1830. Plomley 1966, 245– 66, 438–9 ns44, 51.
5 Country
1 25 May 1817. J Oxley 46.
2 Rose 1996, 38.
3 Stormon 130–1.
4 Gillen & Drewien 16.
5 Mob, clan, tribe: Backhouse 542; Cane 54–6, 127; Clark 1998 vol 6, 5; J Clark 24; Clarke 2003, 36–8; CCL Geelong (Addis) R 28 Dec 1841, A1227, ML; CCL Moreton Bay (Simpson) R 1 Jan 1844, A1233, 1129, ML; Davis & Prescott 39; Dredge R 1839– 40, VPRS 4410 unit 2 no 47; Hallam 1975, 15; Myers 95; Penney 23–4; Peterson &Long 63; Shellam 32; Stanner 1965, 2; Twidale et al 115; Wettenhall 22.
6 J Dawson 7.
7 HL Roth 1886, 132.
8 c1836. Browne 256.
9 W Roth 1903, 50, & 55.
10 Eyre vol 2, 297, & 298–300.
11 Powell & Hesline.
12 Hood 158.
13 GF Moore L c~ Jim Cameron, 347.
14 Boundaries, ‘no’: Anderson et al 67–8; R Baker 50; Curr 1886 vol 3, 363; Davis &Prescott 33, 54; J Dawson 7; T Donaldson 25–9; Gammage 1986, 12, 17; Green 85; Grey vol 2, 232–3, 273; Gunson 1974 vol 2, 186; Hallam 1975, 42; Jackson-Nakano 2001, xxiii; Latz 1995, 26; Meggitt 69–70; Mulvaney & Green 382–3; Myers 54–7, 98–100, 156–7; Peterson 1976; Peterson &Long 63; Powell & Hesline 131, 134; Rose 1996, 12–13, 38, 44–5; Rose & Clarke 30; RSC Aborigines 1845, 27 (Docker), NSWLC; Shellam 32; P Sutton 1978, 69; P Sutton 1998a; Tindale 1940, 142; J Wright 14; Wyndham 36–7.
15 McFarlane 2002, 43–4.
16 Gammage 1986, 19–20, 28.
17 Nelson 1965, 63.
18 Gould 1977, 182, & 175, 180. Also R & C Berndt 1965, 127; R Lawrence 60; MA Smith 1986, 29.
19 Country and family: Bates 1985, 49; Bonwick Box 52, Missionary vol 4, 968–9, ML; W Bradley 76; Browne 256–60; Chapman 96; Clark 1998 vol 1, 182, vol 2, 15, 337; CSC 4/1146.4, Wright 20 Feb 1851, SRNSW; CSC 4/7153, Durbin 9 Jan, Manning 26 Mar 1852, SRNSW; D Collins vol 1 app 1, 544–5; Dale 1834, 7; J Dawson 7; R Dawson 63; Ebsworth L 1826, B852, ML; Gunson 1974 vol 2, 334, 341, 351; Hallam 1975, 42–3, 65; Hanna 4–5; Hassell 681; Hodgkinson 222; Horton 2000, 57–8; AW Howitt 1889, 101–2; HRA 1, vol 22, 174, vol 23, 486, 589; Kaberry 1938, 271; Langton 1; R Lawrence 224–6; Meggitt 49–50; A Mitchell 123; GF Moore L c~ Jim Cameron, 347; Munster 46; Myers 100; Newland 1888, 3, 31; J Oxley 117; Parker R 1839–40, VPRS 4410 unit 2 no 52; Parkin 202, 448; Radcliffe-Brown 1930, 34–5, 63; Reynolds 1987, 140; Reynolds 1992, 65–73; Rose 1992, 65, 106–7; Spencer & Gillen 1899, 8–9, 16; P Sutton 1978, 56; Twidale et al 115; Wettenhall 26.
20 PL Brown 1989, 59.
21 A Atkinson 208.
22 12 Jun 1839. Schurmann L, Anon newspaper R, OM 90–6/6, JOL.
23 1841. Chapman 96.
24 1876. RB Smyth 41.
25 Stanner 1969, 44–5.
26 ‘Owners’: Curr 1883, 174–5, 243–4; J Dawson 7; Eyre vol 2, 299; Grey vol 2, 234–5; Haddon 338; Parker R 1839–40, VPRS 4410 unit 2 no 52; Reynolds 1987, 140; Shellam 27–9; P Sutton 1978, 57.
27 Eyre vol 1, 351.
28 Eyre vol 2, 244.
29 1841–2. RD Murray 241. Also Wettenhall 22–5.
30 29 Nov 1824. Hovell 347.
31 Bowdler 1981; Scougall 83–7, 109–13; Seddon 1994, 114–15; Mulvaney & White 125.
32 Eyre vol 2, 317.
33 I & T Donaldson 198–9.
34 Thomson 1949, 6–7.
35 Hanna 9.
36 R umsey & Weiner 107.
37 Eyre vol 2, 247–8.
38 R & C Berndt 1965, 126.
39 1849. Therry 289–90.
40 PL Brown 1986, 176.
41 c1841. Steele 1983, 100–1. Also Backhouse 431; Petrie 70–1.
42 Isaacs 1987, 16.
43 Kaberry 1939, 17.
44 Local knowledge: Blainey 171–84, 190–3; Cane 208–12; Foreman & Walsh 195–211; Gammage 1986, 13–14; Grey vol 2, 262– 3; Haynes 1977; Rose 1996, 7–12, 32.
45 Councils: Browne 259–60; Dredge R 1839–40, VPRS 4410 unit 2 no 47; Gammage 1986, 15; Gunther n, B505, ML; Jenkin 13; Spencer & Gillen 1899, 11.
46 Blay 2005, 14.
47 Eyre vol 1, 279–81.
48 27 Sep 1844. Finnis 30.
49 Beveridge 1889, 165–7; J Morgan 78.
50 Nobbs 136.
51 GF Moore L c~ Jim Cameron, 360.
52 Travel, geography: M Bennett 39, 62; Bland 79–80; Blay 2005, 2008; Browne 260–1; G Calder 24–35; Cambage 261, 285; Howitt 1904, 262–3; Jetson 13, 31, 40; McFarlane 2002, 59; McKenna 17–20; TM Perry 99; Roxburgh 288, 291; L Ryan 19, 23–5, 29–37, 41–3; Sullivan 25–6; Twidale et al 117.
53 McBryde 2000, 158.
54 C Giles 7.
55 McBryde 2000; Mulvaney & White 94, 224.
56 R SC Aborigines 1845, 20, NSWLC.
57 W Roth 1897, 117.
58 Eyre vol 2, 229.
59 R obinson R 25 Apr 1846, Governor’s Des ZA7081, ML.
60 Lee & Daly 319. Also R Lawrence 229; compare Ebsworth L 1826, B852, ML, with Egan 1996, 5, 114–15.
61 Trade, songs: Tom Gara 8 Sep 02, 1 Feb 05; Peter Gifford 6 Sep 02; R & C Berndt 1993, 117; Blainey 203–16; Brine 1983; D Carnegie 243–4, 395; J Clark 30–31; Clarke 2003, 107–11; Dingle 1988, 18; Enright 323; Flood 1989, 247, 250; C Giles 7; Gillen & Drewien 16; JW Gregory 139, 217–8; Hardy 4–6; B Hill 236; Kerwin 84–120; D Lawrence 264–6, 339; Lee &Daly 319; Low 1987b, 258–9; Lumholtz 172; McBryde 1984, 2000; McCarthy; Mulvaney 114; Mulvaney & Kamminga 93–101; Mulvaney & White 92–4, 224, 231, 253–73; Munster 2; Rose 1992, 54–5; AGL Shaw 29; Shaw 1986, 150; Spencer & Gillen 1899, 12–14; Tindale 1974, 75–88; Walsh 1990, 32; Wettenhall 31–2; Wyndham 41.
62 R Jones 1975, 28.
63 Davis & Prescott 40, 111–12; Gammage 1986, 17; Jackson-Nakano 2001, 19, 31; Meggitt 1, 35–46.
64 Gammage 1986, 18–19; Haw & Munro 6; J Wright 20.
65 Blainey 273; Curr 1883, 259–60.
66 Gillen & Drewien 16–17; Hetzel & Frith 78; Latz 1995, 22.
67 Allen 1972, 93. Also Allen 1974, 313; Griffiths & Robin 55.
68 Hardwicke R 1823, VDL Co P 20/222, MM 71/5, AOT.
69 15 Feb 1827. F Ellis 29.
70 Govett 28–9.
71 Gammage 1986, 11, & 19.
72 Gilmore 1934, 117.
73 Le Soeuf Rem 34–6, A2762, ML.
74 15 Jan 1840. Mackay 87.
75 Grey vol 2, 262–3.
76 Fitzhardinge 274.
77 Steele 1972, 331.
78 Corris 2.
79 O ct 1896. D Carnegie 283.
80 25 Jul, 6, 8 Aug 1901, 43/1904, SAPP.
81 Eyre vol 2, 206–7.
82 3 Nov 1845. Sturt 1849 vol 2, 77, & 111.
83 2, 4 Jan 1816. J Kelly 165–6.
84 Physique, abundance: Angas 1847a vol 1, 787–9; Attenbrow 40–3, 62–84; R Baker 57; Berndt 1970, 96; R & C Berndt 1996, 109; Beveridge 1883, 36, 47–9; Billot 1979, 100; Blainey 157, 162–3, 167, 200, 218–28; Bland 38; Bonwick 1870, 141–9; Bossence 9; Boyce 112–18; W Bradley 132–3; Bride 273; PL Brown 1986, 230; Butlin 1983, 157–8, 167–75; Byrne 1983, 35–6, 43–51, 80; D Carnegie 283; Corris 2; P Cunningham vol 1, 310–11; Curr 1883, 255–60; Dargavel 177–8; Dingle 1988, 12; Evans J 6, 10 Dec 1813, HRA 1, vol 8, 170–1; Eyre vol 2, 206–7, 250–4; Gammage 1986, 11, 32; Gammage 2005a; Garnsey vol 1, 6–9, B1055, ML; Gillen &Drewien 16–18; Giles 1889, 60, 176; Grey vol 2, 259; Hallam 1975, 36, 39, 64; Hetzel & Frith 30; Hodgkinson 222–7; Horton 2000, 54–5; Hume J Nov 1821, Berry P MSS 315/44/3, ML; W Jones 131–3; Kirby 28: Kirk 77–8; Krefft 1865, 359; ‘A Lady’ 215; Latz 1995, 22–5; Leichhardt 1847a, 8, 184; Lewis R, 3, 114/1875, SAPP; Lindsay 1888, 15; Lines 1991, 105; Mathews 1897a, 112; McKinlay 35–6; Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 36; Morgan 43; Mulvaney & Green 260, 273n35; Mulvaney & White 124–5; J Oxley 219, 291–2; ES Parker 8; Petrie 13; Rose 1992, 99; Savage 181–6, 208, 221, 225; Steele 1972, 147, 331; PM Stevenson 310; Stirling to Darling, HRA 6, vol 3, 556–8; E Stockton 92; Stokes vol 2, 81; S
tuart 1863, 11, 62, 70, 115; Sullivan 8–10; Therry 296; Tietkins 1961, 31 Aug 1879; Waterhouse 178; Worgan L, B1463, ML; J Wright 14, 20, 23.
85 Morgan 46, & 47, 54, 62–7, 74.
86 J Clark 19.
87 Butlin 1983, 160.
88 Fitzhardinge 146n.
89 Smallpox: Angas 1847a vol 1, 123, vol 2, 226; Beveridge 1883, 40; Bonwick 1883, 15, 28; Brayshaw 49; Butlin 1983; AH Campbell 75; J Campbell 1985, 2002; M Carnegie 107, 110; Cosby 205–7; Curr 1883, 236–9; Curr 1886 vol 1, 208–27, 252, vol 2, 73; Fitzhardinge 146–9; Foelsche 7–8; Gammage 1986, 25; Gason 28; Giles 1875, 133; Grant 119; AC &FT Gregory 210; JC Hamilton 100; Hartwig 30–2; Jenkin 29–30; Kerwin 26–34; Kimber 1988; Linn 1997, 6–9; Linn 1999, 39–40; Mear; EW Mills 15; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 218, 261, 307; Mulvaney &White 343; E Richards 283–4; AGL Shaw 19–20; RB Smyth 253–6; E Stockton 102; Sturt 1833 vol 1, 93, 105; Tietkins 1881–2, 112; Warren; Woods 44–5, 283; J Wright 55.
6 The closest ally
1 Canberra Times 18–24 Jan 03.
2 Latz 1995, 29.
3 1882. HL Roth 1886, 133.
4 23 Dec 1831. Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 53.
5 Jul 1838. Sturt 1838, 37.
6 Clean-up fires: JR Ford 17; Fox 16; Haynes et al 64; Keast et al 42; Rosenman 44.
7 J Ross 28–9, 50–1.
8 Dec 1819. Mackaness 1965, 95.
9 Burrows & Abbott 130.
10 25 Jan 1802. Cornell 2006, 194; Peron 191–2, & 187.
11 I Thomas 1991, 64–5.
12 28–9 Dec 1815. J Kelly 163.
13 3–4 Jan 1814. Evans J, HRA 1, vol 8, 176.
14 5 May 1832. Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 198.
15 Finlayson 1046/2, MSA; M Thomas 1925, 123 both c~ Tom Gara.
16 Angas 1847a vol 1, 43.
17 Register 27 Mar 1841, 4 c~ Tom Gara.
18 Hallam 2002, 181.
19 25 Nov, 2 Dec 1824. Hovell 343, 349.
20 Breton 1834, 248.
21 Cool fire: Burrows & Abbott 126–8, 133– 4; Hallam 2002, 181–8; I Thomas 1991, 25–7, 304; I Thomas 1994, 9–12.
22 JR Reid 95.
23 Newland 1921, 3–4. Also L Baker 49–50; Latz 1995, 31.
24 John Bradley 11 Jul 01; R Baker 50; Horsfall 1991, 42; McKaige et al 1999, 79.
25 G Kelly 11.
26 R umsey & Weiner 109.
27 Leichhardt 1847a, 355.
28 Fire and Law: RB Bird et al; J Bradley 1–4; Gould 1971, 18; Hill et al 1999, 210; TN Howard 225; Langton 1; Mulvaney &White 131; Rose & Clarke 28–9; Russell-Smith et al 174; Shellam 40–1; Yibarbuk et al 340–1.
29 R D Murray 199–201.
30 Cassell’s Illustrated Family Paper 4 Feb 1854, 46 c~ John Blay.
31 J White 129; Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 328; Giles 1889 vol 2, 318.
32 8 Oct 1872. Giles 1889, 42. Also JR Ford 15–17; Hallam 1975, 75; Vigilante 152; Warburton 1875, 194–6.
33 Vallance et al 142, & 146.
34 7 Jul 1829. Steele 1972, 330.
35 Hetzel & Frith 78–9.
36 Thomson 1949, 7.
37 22 Sep 1891. Lindsay 1893 vol 1, 106.
38 Hill et al 1999, 211–12.
39 23 Sep 1872. Giles 1875, 31.
40 Latz 1995, 30. Also Burrows & Abbott 129–33.
41 Latz 2007, 31–46.
42 Hill et al 1999, 214.
43 1826–9. Nind 28.
44 Gilmore 1934, 152–3.
45 1802. Gott 2005.
46 16–17 Sep 1819. PP King vol 1, 289–91.
47 Flood 1989, 225.
48 Kimber 1983, 38. Also N Williams 94.
49 Frequency: Burrows 18; Burrows & Abbott 119, 165; Cary et al 8; Costin 130; Frawley & Semple 149; Gill et al 427; Gould 1971, 22; I Thomas 1994; Ward 2001b, 1; Ward &Sneeuwjagt 6; Ward & van Didden 16–20; Ward et al 323.
50 Max Lines 4 Apr 05, OHU.
51 Hill et al 1999, 213–14. Also Cary et al 178.
52 Nov 1840. Stokes vol 2, 228.
53 Ward 2000b, 11.
54 Frawley & Semple 147. Also Gott 2005; Hallam 1975, 45–6; Sneeuwjagt 28; I Thomas 1994.
55 McLoughlin 1998, 393–6; Veitch 1985, 4.
56 PR Williams.
57 C Jones 2002, 7.
58 Latz 2007, 15, 31–3, 47–9, 84–97.
59 EK Webb 9.
60 L Baker 50.
61 Bradstock et al.
62 Kohen 1995, 130–4.
63 Burrows 24.
64 B Hill 189. Also JRW Reid 96.
65 Bradstock et al 412. Also Benson &Redpath 296–7; Frawley & Semple 147– 8; Garnett & Crowley.
66 25 May, 19 Jun, 16 Aug 1817. J Oxley 45, 72, 179.
67 18 May 1846. Mitchell 1848, 170, & 296, 299.
68 25 Jun 1838. Angas P, PRG 175, 419–22, MSA c~ Bernie O’Neil.
69 Murray 14 Jun 1901, SAPP 43/1904.
70 Bolton & Latz.
71 Giles 1875, 44–5; Lindsay 1893 vol 1, 169; Stuart 1865, 159.
72 1826. J Atkinson 21.
73 Lindsay 1893 vol 1, 64.
74 7 Mar 1846. Ward 1998, 11–12.
75 Timing: H Allen 1983, 23–35; Burrows 18; Burrows & Abbott 119–46; Enright &Thomas 988; JR Ford 17; Gammage 2009; Hallam 1975, 35–6; Marsden-Smedley 1998a, 19; Nash 1993, 96–8; J Stockton 1982b, 65; Vallance et al 108–99.
76 Burrows & Abbott 134–5.
77 Feb 1832. I Thomas 1991, 93–4.
78 27 Sep 1861. AC & FT Gregory 207.
79 Dec 1827. Crawford et al 40; I Thomas 1991, 23.
80 17–19 Jun 1817. Lee 234–5.
81 1862. de Satge 142.
82 Jack vol 2, 485–7.
83 Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 32.
84 Friedl et al, attachment 4, 9 Oct 1995; Gould 1971, 22; C Walker D 3 May 1913 c~ Tom Gara; EK Webb 10.
85 Mulvaney & White 221–3.
86 Fire before rain: Brodribb 24; G Calder 64; Donovan 12; McLoughlin 1998, 394; Stokes vol 1, 105–6.
87 Wakefield. Also Burrows & Abbott 137–40; Hancock 26; Seddon 1994, 297–300.
88 27 Apr 1844. Clark 1998 vol 4, 49.
89 Cary et al 8.
90 J Banks 1997, 12.
91 J Banks 1982, iv, 81–4, 89–93, 209; J Banks 1997; Good 274; J Stockton 1982b, 66.
92 Haynes 1985, 210; Haynes et al 64, 69.
93 Waterhouse 148–9.
94 19 Sep 1879. Jack vol 2, 510, & 480–98. Also Carron 53.
95 Top End fire: Bowman et al 2004, 2007; Cary et al 199; JR Ford 23–5; Gill 69; Hallam 2002, 180; Haynes 1977, 6–14; Haynes 1985; Haynes et al 66–9; R Jones 1975, 25; R Jones 1980a, 14; R Jones 1980b, 124; Langton 3; Love 14; Rose 1995, 16; Rose & Clarke 132–3; Russell-Smith 81–5; Russell-Smith et al 159, 174–6; Stocker 225–7; Thomson 1949, 6–8; Vigilante 143–4.
96 16–17, 26 Sep 1891. Lindsay 1893 vol 1, 103, 111.
97 25 Aug 1845. Leichhardt 1847a, 376.
98 4 Jun 1889. Tietkins J, SAPP 1890/111, 14–15.
99 Centre fire: L Baker 49–51; Basedow 1913, 167–9; Cane 205–7; Cary et al 193–4; Fox 16; Kimber 1983; Latz 1995, 34; Tonkinson 51.
100 Ward 2000b, 4.
101 2 Mar 1846. Ward 1998, 4–5.
102 WA fire: David Ward 23 Apr 01; Enright et al; JR Ford 15–17; Hallam 1975, 35–9, 114–26; Hallam 2002, 178–84; Stormon 164; Ward 1998, 2, 17; Ward 2000a, 1, 5; Ward 2000b, 1; Ward & van Didden 19–20.
103 4 Apr 1842. Burn 15–16.
104 Tasmanian fire: Crawford 5; I Thomas 1991, 37, 91, 100–3, 257, 313–16; I Thomas 1994, 9–12, 91.
105 Yibarbuk et al, 325–6.
106 Bunbury & Morrell 106.
107 Boyce 194–5; Krichauff 49, 51; BE Norton 7.
108 Eyre vol 2, 357. Also Latz 1995, 30.
109 19 Nov, & 5, 11–12 Dec 1824. Bland 42, 57, 63–4.
110 12 Oct 1845. Sturt 1849 vol 2, 28–9.
111 1840s. Marsh 41–2.
112 Fire for grass: Angas 1847a vol 1, 48; Backhouse 541; Carron 44, 50, 53; JR Ford 17; Giles 1889, 45; J Hunte
r 61; Leichhardt 1847a, 347; Lindsay 1893 vol 1, 105, 169; Menge to Angas 14 Aug 1840, Angas P, PRG 175, 551–5, MSA c~ Bernie O’Neil; Stuart 23, SAPP 21/1863; Mulvaney &Green 215; Murray 19 Aug 1902, SAPP 43/1904; Rose 1996, 67; Vancouver vol 1, 177–8.
113 Lunt et al 1998b, 19.
114 Latz 1995, 19–22, 30. Also Gould 1971, 22; Rose 1995, 79; EK Webb 9.
115 Jul 1788. J Hunter 81.
116 Fire for food: Burrows & Abbott 130; Cross 187; Gould 1971, 22–3; Hallam 1975, 45; AG Hamilton 200–1; Hetzel & Frith 78; Kirby 28; Lourandos 1997, 68; Mitchell 1848, 296; O’Connell et al 99; Penney 28–9; Sturt 1833 vol 1, 111–13; Vigilante 144; Waterhouse 181; EK Webb 9–10.
117 13 Sep 1846. Mitchell 1848, 306.
118 12 Jan 1829. Sturt 1833 vol 1, 58.
119 Bennett 1834, 290.
120 Cunningham J 19 Apr 1824, Reel 46, SRNSW.
121 2 March 1846. Ward 1998, 5.
122 P Cunningham vol 1, 197–8.
123 Fire for pick: Anderson et al 61–78; Aurousseau vol 2, 680; Brayshaw 21; Cary et al 200; Chapman 98; R Dawson 218; Eyre vol 2, 299; JR Ford 17; Freycinet 173–4; Gould 1971, 19; Govett 23; Hallam 1975, 42; AG Hamilton 200; Haydon 26; Latz 1995, 29; Murphy & Bowman; BE Norton 7; O’Connell et al 99; Rose 1996, 66.
124 Eyre vol 2, 299; Mulvaney & Green 382–3.
125 Burrows 2000, 5.
126 Hassell 698, 700.
127 1834. Meagher 33.
128 Love 85.
129 Thomson 1949, 7.
130 J Hunter 61.
131 HRNSW vol 5, 751n.
132 HH Finlayson 66–7.
133 Traps: Austin 18; Basedow 1913, 82; Beveridge 1883, 44–7; Blainey 139–42, 151–3; Eyre vol 2, 283; Giles 1889, 43; Hall Rem, DOC1784, ML; Lumholtz 103; B McDonald 114; Morrill chap 3 np; Steele 1983, 6.
134 Fire to drive or flush game: Tom Gara May 08; Buchhorn 117; W Finlayson 40–1; Fox 16; Hallam 1975, 32, 42; Hill et al 1999, 212; Kaberry 1939, 18; Latz 1995, 29; Love 15; Morgan 2002, 120; Mulvaney & White 131; Nash 1984, 28; Nind 28; O’Connell et al 99; JRW Reid 95–7; Schurmann 42; M Thomas 1925, 123.
135 Murray 11 Aug 1902, SAPP 43/1904; Plomley 1966, 54; Sturt 1838, 34–6.
136 Bunbury & Morrell 95; ch 8.
137 J Hunter 61.
138 L Ryan 22–3, 39.
139 1841–2. Bride 272.
140 Hill et al 1999, 213–14.
141 John Blay May 06; Blay 2005, 2008.
142 20 Jun 1817. J Oxley 73.
143 18 Jun 1836. Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 134–5. Also Kirby 28.
144 Jul 1838. Sturt 1838, 34–6.
145 10 Mar 1832. J Kelly et al 32–3, & 22.