by Bill Gammage
10 Farms without fences
1 Haddon 318.
2 12 Mar 1804. HRNSW 5, 359.
3 1826. J Atkinson 21.
4 Dovers 27–8; Gilmore 1932, 168–9; Keen 95; E Williams 1998, 78, 93.
5 Sep 1881. GB McMinn R 1883/131, A1640, NAA.
6 Nets: H Allen 1974, 312; Beveridge 1883, 45; Bride 271; Eyre vol 2, 259–61; Gerritsen 2008, 14–15, 43–5; Lewis J 10 Mar 1875, 19/1876, SAPP; Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 153; Newland 1888, 22–3; Norton 1907, 116; Steele 1983, 6.
Traps: Tom Gara 7 May 01; Attenbrow & Steele 49; Baudin 178; V Campbell 1969, 58; Clarke 1994, 167; Gerritsen 2008, 107; Gilmore 1934, 134–43, 1935, v–vi; Godwin 50–3; Hale & Tindale 1933–4; Hardy 8; McBryde 1978, 121–34; Mulvaney & Kamminga 34–5; Penney 48–62; Robinson R 1846, Governor’s Des ZA7081, 46, ML; Stockton 1982b, app 3. Weirs: Batman 15; Blainey 139–42, 151–3; Byerley 4–5, 35; Clarke 2003, 62–3; GH Dawson Rem, A1805, 61, ML; Gerritsen 2008, 12–13; Hovell 333; Kirby 35; Leichhardt 1847a, 396–8, 402; Lewis J 16 Jan 1875, 19/1876, SAPP; Merlan 79; Mountford 1939b, 197; Mulvaney 19–21; Robinson R March–May 1845, Ar4, 10, ML; Savage 220; Sturt 1833 vol 1, 41; &1849 vol 1, 105; Wills 195; Worsnop 101–7.
7 1 Jun 1848. HRA 1, vol 26, 635.
8 Mathews 1903, 151.
9 Brewarrina: L Black; Dargin; Hardy 8–9; Mathews 1903; Norton 1907, 102.
10 R obinson R 1842, in P & G Ford, 241.
11 Eels: BG; A Campbell 1965, 206–7; Clark 1998 vol 2, 162–3, 196–7, 307–8; Coutts et al; Dingle 1998, 15; Dovers 27; Flood 1989, 215–18; Gammage 2005a, 18–19; Gerritsen 2008, 107; Hemming 2–6; La Trobe Des 13 Nov 1842, COD 294B, 82, SRNSW; Lourandos 1980, 1997; Mulvaney & White 293–307; Robinson J 1841, Governor’s Des 1842, A1230, 927, ML; AGL Shaw 25.
12 R obinson P vol 59, 16 Apr 1841, ZA7080, ML.
13 Grey vol 1, 228, 231, vol 2, 292.
14 Jenkin 13–14.
15 R & C Berndt 1996, 108–9.
16 Lindsay 1888, 14.
17 Gilmore 1934, 138.
18 Strehlow 1978, 34–5.
19 5–10 Oct 1896. D Carnegie 274.
20 R ose & Clarke 82–3, & 30.
21 Gilmore 1934, 118.
22 Bans & sanctuaries: Dick Kimber 1 Jul 1999; R Baker 48–50; Bates 1985, 240; R & C Berndt 1965, 139, 143–4, 1979, 74; Gammage 1986, 20; Gilmore 1932, 168–9, 1935, viii, 117; Hetzel & Frith 79; Kohen 1995, 66; Latz 1995, 22, 25–6, 2007, 137–8; A Mitchell 160; Newsome 1980; Rose 1992, 100, 1995, 30; Spencer &Gillen 1889, 134; Sutton 1998b, at n38; E Williams 1998, 78.
23 Strehlow 1947, 49. Also Foran & Walker 1986, 2.4.
24 Kimber 1976, 144.
25 Kohen 1995, 41; Tindale 1936, 57, 60.
26 HRNSW 3, 826–8.
27 J Oxley 78–329.
28 W Jones 44–6.
29 23 Jul 1831. Plomley 1966, 385, & 198.
30 15 Feb 1838. Colville 241.
31 Kangaroos: Caughley et al 1; Flannery 2004, 212–15, 227–8; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 291; Rolls 1984b, 484–5.
32 Backhouse 476.
33 Jan 1839. Buchhorn 116.
34 BE Norton 5.
35 Penney 278–9.
36 B McDonald 118.
37 Curr 1883, 85, 184–5.
38 de Satge 142.
39 Murray D 26 Jul 1901, 16, 19 Jul 1902, 43/1904, SAPP.
40 Kangaroo numbers: H Allen 1972, 82; H Allen 1983, 31–3; Babbage R Mar–Nov 1858, 151/1858, 10, SAPP; Boldrewood 1866, 736; Flannery 1994, 212–15; Gammage 1986, 20; Low 2002, 231; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 308; Morton &Mulvaney 287, 294–7; Penney 283.
41 Sydney Gazette 24 Aug 1803.
42 Hodgkinson 3. Also Janet Fingleton 23 Jun 02; Lane 1.14, 11.3.
43 Koalas: Brodribb 26; Henderson 1851–4 vol 2, 174; Knott et al; Lee & Martin 82–4; Low 2002, 238–9; Lunney & Leary 69–72; Moyal 6–9, 81, 124–8.
44 Babbage R Mar-Nov 1858, 151/1858, 10, SAPP.
45 Species increases: KH Bennett 453; Gammage 1986, 35, 222, 226–7; Gilmore 1932, 168–9; Gilmore 1935, 117; ‘A Lady’ 208; Low 2002, 242; J Oxley 275; Penney 39, 281–3; Rolls 1984b, 485; I White 54.
46 Blainey 95; Gammage 2009, 291–2; B McDonald 122–3; RM Moore 78; Penney 281; Robinson et al 209.
47 Gammage 1986, 226–7.
48 Home 7.
49 Crops: H Allen 1974, 313; Butlin 1983, 158–9; Campbell 1965, 209; Dix &Lofgren 74; Flood 1989, 210–45; Gammage 1986, 20, 2005a, 2005b, 2009, 282–7; Gerritsen 2008, 19–25, 41–3; Gilmore P, MS806, 91, NLA; Gilmore 1932, 168–9, 1934, 134–43, 196, 208, 222, 1935, 231–2; Hallam 1975, 12–15; Harris & Hillman 99–100; Jones 1975, 21–8; Keen 95; Kerwin 20–43; Lourandos 1997, 48–58; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 238, 1848, 98; Pilling & Waterman 278–9; Tonkinson 52; Veth & Walsh 21; Walsh 1990, 34; E Williams 1998, 78.
50 Hynes & Chase 40.
51 R eplanting tops: Dick Kimber 1 Jul 1999; Anderson et al 63–5; R & C Berndt 1993, 109–10, 1996, 108–9; Campbell 1965, 208–9; Gerritsen 1994, 84; Hale & Tindale 1933–4, 113; Harris & Hillman 59–60; Keast vol 3, 1833; Keen 95; Russell-Smith et al 25, 167–8; Sutton 1998b, at n38; Tonkinson 51; N Williams 93.
52 Grey vol 2, 8–12, 20.
53 Gerritsen 1994, 85–6.
54 Warran: Bates 1985, 261; Chapman 44; Gerritsen 1994, 82–7, 92–102, 2000, 2002, 3–4, 2008, 33–5; Green 116, 121, 138, 198–9; Grey vol 2, 8–20; Hallam 1975, 12–15; Harris & Hillman 136–9, 146; GF Moore 1884, 74, 81; HL Roth 1886, 131; Saunders 34–5; Seddon 2005, 71.
55 Lourandos 1997, 68.
56 10 Aug 1836. Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 211–12, & 271–2.
57 Frankel 44.
58 Malcolm, NSWLC RSC on Aborigines, 1845, 13.
59 Murnong: Angas 1847a vol 1, 89; Beilby, Port Phillip Gazette 29 Nov 1849; R &C Berndt 1993, 108–9; Beveridge 1883; Campbell 1965, 208–9; Chapman 44; CCL Lower Darling R 14 Jan 1852, 4/7153, COD 294B, SCMC, SRNSW; Clark 1998 vol 2, 196; J Dawson 19–20; Flood 1989, 213, 236; Foreman & Walsh 1, 195–211; Gerritsen 1994, 87–8, 2008, 112–13; Gott 1982, 1983, 2005; Grey vol 2, 8–12, 20; Harris & Hillman 42–54, 59–60; Hawdon 41; Hynes & Chase 40; Karskens 13–14; Keast vol 3, 1833; Keen 95; Lourandos 1980, 245–64, 1997; Lunt 1996; Lunt et al 1998b, 19–20; Mathew 1910, 92; Penney 36; Plomley 1966, 255; Randell 27.
60 J Hunter 150.
61 Flood 1989, 236. Also R Jones 1975, 23.
62 Morrill chap 3, np.
63 O ther yams: Chisholm 1955b, 221; Clarke 1985b, 4–6, 9; Gammage 2005a, 2009, 286; Gott 1993, 196; Harris & Hillman 42– 60, 136–9; Nash 1993, 95, 128–34; Veth &Walsh 22; Walsh 1990, 29, 34; N Williams 93.
64 15 Feb 1846. Mitchell 1848, 60.
65 1882. HL Roth 1886, 132.
66 19 Jun 1835. Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 237–8, & 290–1.
67 Allen 1972, 76–7.
68 Sturt 1849 vol 1, 294, & 285. Also Flood 1989, 237–8; Finnis 39; W Jones 112–3, 144–9; Tolcher 46.
69 9 Mar 1846. Mitchell 1848, 89–90.
70 13 Mar 1845. Brock 133.
71 Sturt 1849 vol 1, 294.
72 Gresser 233, & 234. Also Noble 1997, 71.
73 Turner 1891, xvi.
74 9 Nov 1844. Sturt 1849 vol 1, 205.
75 Gammage 2009, 286; Read & Bellairs.
76 Eyre vol 2, 62.
77 Curr 1883, 430. Also Beveridge 1883, 63; Campbell et al 486; Haw & Munro 53–4; S Kelly et al vol 1, 26; R Lawrence 54–5; Le Soeuf Rem 34–6, A2762, ML; Penney 35; Robinson R, Ar4, 5, ML.
78 Fire for crops: Jim Noble 31 Aug 05; Beaton 52–4; Cary et al 178; Flood 1989, 211–13; Frawley & Semple 161; Gammage 2009; Gott 1999, 33–42; Green 138; Lamont in Lunt et al 1999; Lindsay 1893 vol 1, 66–9; Lourandos 1997, 48–58; Lunt et al 1999, 5; GF Moore 1884, 81; Penney 28–9, 36.
79 John Bradley 11 Jul 01; E Williams 1998, 78.
80 Lord 29.
81 Wettenhall 31.
82 Frawley & Semple 157.
83 Hynes & Chase 41.
84 Frawley & Semple 155; R Jones 1975, 24–5.
&
nbsp; 85 Transplanting: Gerritsen 2008, 19–25; Gott 1982, 65; Grey 266; Hynes & Chase 40–4; Lee 371; Penney 36; PM Stevenson 313.
86 Tonkinson 52.
87 Mulvaney & White 233. Also MA Smith 1986, 30.
88 Walsh 1990, 35.
89 Grain: H Allen 1974, 313–14; Gammage 2009, 282–9; Gerritsen 2008, 41–3, 58–62, 84; Gilmore 1934, 153–4; Kirk 75; ‘A Lady’ 215; Latz 1995, 55; Nash 1984, 128–34, 1993, 95; MA Smith 1986, 30; Sturt 1849 vol 1, 294–6, vol 2, 140; Tindale 102; Veth & Walsh 20–2; Walsh 1990, 28– 9; E Williams 1998, 78; RVS Wright 347.
90 Blainey 195; Flood 1989, 240; Pilling &Waterman 280.
91 1870. C Giles 7.
92 Mar 1871. Ashwin 64.
93 Ashwin 66.
94 1836. RB Smyth 143n.
95 30 Dec 1844. Sturt 1849 vol 1, 226–7, &296.
96 9 Mar 1829. Sturt 1833 vol 1, 118–19.
97 Harvey 191; Latz 1995, 27–8.
98 Storing: H Allen 1972, 78–9; & 1974; R Baker 47; R & C Berndt 1979, 74–5, 1993, 79–81, 109–10, 1996, 114; Blainey 194–6; Clarke 2003, 63; Dovers 27–8; Flood 1989, 210, 240–2; Gerritsen 2008, 55–8, 122; Gillen & Drewien 16; Gould 1971, 23; Harris & Hillman 104; Harvey 191–2; Hetzel & Frith 27; Horne & Aiston 7; Isaacs 1987, 62, 79; Kimber 1984, 19; Latz 1995, 46–8, 55; Lourandos 1997, 56–7; Mathew 1910, 92–3; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 237; Newland 1921, 13–14; Penney 37; Robinson R 1846, Governor’s Des ZA7081, 9, ML; RB Smyth 302; Sweeney 290–2; Tunbridge 1985, 10–15; Veth & Walsh 20–2; Williams 1998, 78; Withnell 9; RVS Wright 346–7.
99 Gerritsen 2008.
100 Keen 96.
101 Kimber 1976, 149–50, & 144–5.
102 Gammage 2005b.
103 Nash 1993, ix, & 8–18.
104 Nash 1984, 72–7, 128–34; & 1993, 4, 18–24, 95–8, 120–34, 149–54, 237. Also H Allen 1983, 53–8.
105 Flood 1989, 239.
106 H Allen 1972, 96; & 1974, 316–18; Flannery 1994, 281.
107 Malthus.
108 HL Roth 1886, 131.
109 Hartwig 64.
110 R Jones 1969.
111 Gould 1971, 23.
112 Horton 2000, 58–9.
113 Diamond 107.
114 Yen 844, & 831–47.
115 Diamond 89.
116 Yen 844.
117 Berry Rem 1838, COD 294B, 558–9, SCMC, SRNSW.
118 Macknight 1976.
119 DR Moore, 301–3.
120 Cape York, Macassans: Byerley 79–80; Flood 1989, 233–4; Jukes 138–9, 145, 307; D Lawrence 264–6, 339; DR Moore 160, 203, 211, 279–80, 301–3; Mulvaney &Kamminga 407–19; D Walker 387–8.
121 R obinson J 1841, Governor’s Des 1842, A1230, 927, ML.
122 Grey vol 2, 20; Harris & Hillman 137.
123 1825–6. P Cunningham vol 1, 124.
124 Sturt 1849 vol 2, 139. Also Finnis 40.
125 Ashwin 64.
126 Gillen & Drewien 17.
127 Houses, villages: Braim n, A614, ML; G Calder 34, 85; Clark 1998 vol 2, 196; J Clark 25; J Dawson 10; Flood 1989, 216; Gerritsen 1994, 87–92, 2002, 1–3, 21, 2008, 46–8, 99–112; Grey vol 2, 20; Harris & Hillman 137–9, 146; Keen 99; Kerwin 15–18; La Trobe Des 13 Nov 1842, COD 294B, SRNSW; Memmott 189–205; Mitchell 1839 vol 1, 240; Mulvaney 49; Mulvaney & White 298; Robinson R 1842, in P & G Ford, 241; Robinson R 1845, Ar4, 6, 16, ML; Sturt 1849 vol 1, 380, vol 2, 61, 73–4, 139; E Williams 1984, 1987, 1998, 77; Worsnop 103.
128 Diamond 89; Yen 844.
129 D Thomson 1939, 209, 211–12.
130 R & C Berndt 1996, 108.
131 Kaberry 20.
132 Blainey 162–3, 167; Kaberry 23.
133 Diamond 110–12, 308.
134 Diamond 155.
135 Intensification: Diamond 155; Gerritsen 1994, 86–7; Head 1989; R Lawrence 92; Lourandos 1980, 1983, 1997; Sturt 1833 vol 2, 39, 50, 81, 124; RVS Wright 345.
136 Gammage 2005a; Thomson 1949, 7.
137 7 Sep 1845. Sturt 1849 vol 1, 405–6.
138 Laurent Doussot 18 Jun 04.
11 Becoming Australian
1 Angus & Forster 11–13; Randell 17–18, 40.
2 Waterhouse 168.
3 Hallam 1975, 72.
4 Parker R 1839–40, VPRS 4410 unit 2, 52; Powlett R 1843/22, VPRS 10 unit 5, 31 Dec 1842.
5 Best places: P Cunningham vol 1, 146; Forbes D 1 Jul 1830, Mfm M1172, NLA; Hallam 1975, 25, 41, 47, 63–4, 72–7; T Walker 16.
6 Pedler 65; Reynolds 1992, 78.
7 2 Jan 1839. Stokes vol 1, 289.
8 Morrill ch 2, np.
9 7 Nov 1838. Rowley 37.
10 16 Jan 1836. Darwin 434.
11 23 Aug 1770. Parkin 453–4.
12 J Ross 33.
13 29 Nov 1824. Hovell 347.
14 Gunson 1974 vol 2, 354.
15 J Wright 55.
16 Avery 16.
17 Marsh 68.
18 Simpson R 1 Jan 1844, Governor’s Des, A1223, 1137, ML or HRA 1, vol 23, 487.
19 LC RSC on Aborigines, NSWPP 1845, 18.
20 Diamond 14.
21 R ose 1996, 76.
22 More people in 1788: Gammage 1986, 18– 19; Gerritsen 2008, 49–55; Haw & Munro 6; Kerwin 57–9; Lee & Daly 319; Penney 30; J Wright 20.
23 26 Aug 1818. J Oxley 275–7.
24 Hallam 1975, 6; Kohen 1995, 98–100.
25 Latz 1997, 3.
26 3 Nov 1836. Mitchell 1839 vol 2, 328.
27 Sturt 1833 vol 1, xxviii–ix.
28 28 Jan 1833. Gunn J, 6–7, A316 ML or 1313/1 AOT.
29 20 Dec 1845. Mitchell 1848, 14.
30 Bride 167–9.
31 28 Sep 1832. Bennett 1834, 132–3.
32 Gilbert 1971 vol 1, 214.
33 Cary et al 208. Also Low 2002, 252–3.
34 Latz 1997, 3–4, 2007, 47–8, 84–97, 105–20, 131–43; Rothwell, Aust Mag 5–6 Apr 03, 28–30, & 177–8.
35 15 Apr 1860. Stuart 1865, 159.
36 Ealey 17; Newsome 1975, 389, 392, 413.
37 Seddon 1994, 42, 273.
38 T Griffiths 2001a, 43–4, 140.
39 JC Hamilton 38.
40 Dovers 42–4; Rolls 1999.
41 Brian & Jenny Wright 11 Jul 01; Plan M371268, parish Woodum, 21 Nov 1898 c~ Brian & Jenny Wright.
42 Breton 1834, 252.
43 F Ellis 23.
44 Mitchell 1848, 413.
45 R olls 1984a, 1, & 70, 182–6, 245–6.
46 Noble 1996, 62–3.
47 M Young 58.
48 John Banks Nov 02.
49 J Wright 277–9.
50 Max Lines 4 Apr 05, OHU.
51 Clarrie Shadforth & Ted Firkin 18 Jul 00.
52 Norton 1903, 153.
53 Barlow 244; Davies 30, 33; Pyne 1991, 128–9.
54 Bunbury & Morrell 105–6.
55 Scrub and tree regeneration: H Allen 1972, 97; Anon 1918, 160; Bossence 7–9; Bowman et al 2001; Bride 324; WB Clarke 25; Dovers 42–4; Flannery 1994, 218–22; Gammage 1986, 223; Gilbert 1971 vol 1, 47; JC Hamilton 38; Lunt 1998a, 649, 1998c; Mulvaney & Kamminga 59–60; L Murray 59–63, 70, 153–9; Noble 1997, iv, 8–12; Pendergast 4–5; Penney 29–30; Ranken 369–70; Rolls 1999, 200–1; RB Smyth 32; Starr 69; Stephens 494; van Kempen 37.
56 30 Apr 1817. MR Allen 114.
57 Turner 1890, 588.
58 AG Hamilton 188.
59 van Lendenfeld 721.
60 van Kempen 40, & 50–2.
61 Barnard 438.
62 R olls 1999, 205.
63 23 Jul 1887. Allen 1972, 16.
64 Noble 1997, iv.
65 R olls 1999, 206.
66 MR Allen 118–20.
67 J Banks 1982, 1997.
68 MR Allen 68.
69 Gammage 1986, 10.
70 Pine: MR Allen 3, 18–19, 90, 114, 117–20; Clark 1998 vol 4, 49; Dixson 200; Dovers 42–4; Gammage 1986, 233; AG Hamilton 188; Noble 1997, 8–12; Ranken 369–70; Rolls 1984a, 182–6, 245–6, 1999, 204–6; F Turner 1890, 588; van Lendenfeld.
71 BG; Gammage 2009
; Low 2002, 7–21, 60–71, 125–32; Lunt et al 1998b, 18.
72 Marsupial lawns: Lunt et al 1998b, 29; RM Moore 78; Morton & Mulvaney 287; Newsome 1975, 297, 389, 394, 410, 420; Noble 1997, 54–5; Penney 241, 281; Rolls 1984b, 488–93.
73 Ellen & Fukui 177–81.
74 Wilderness: T Griffiths 1996, 14–15, 259–65.
75 Andrews 2006, 2008; picture 59.
76 Bob Purvis 5 Apr 05, OHU.
77 Howitt 1890, 1891.
78 Support for Howitt: ch 6; KH Bennett 453; Burn 11–12; Gunn J 25–6 Jan 1833, 1313/1 AOT or A316 ML, 1–2; R Mackay 88; Seddon 1994, 41–2, 297–300.
Appendix 1
1 See Gott 2005.
2 Bowman 2001, 549.
3 Bowman 2001, 549.
4 Bowman & Prior; Murphy & Bowman 238.
5 Bowman 2001, 551.
6 Bowman 2001, 551.
7 Bowman 2001, 552.
8 Bowman 2001, 552.
9 Moseley 260–1.
10 Bowman 2001, 552.
11 T Griffiths 2001a, 16–22.
12 Bowman 2001, 556–7.
13 Bowman 2001, 559.
14 MR Allen 123, & 136.
15 Vanderwal & Horton 5.
16 BA Wilson ii–iii.
17 Fensham & Kirkpatrick 1992a, 329.
18 K Mills 236–7.
19 J Read.
20 Bill Jackson 8 Feb 01; Jackson 1965, 1999a.
21 Kraehenbuehl 1996, maps 2000, 2001.
22 Kraehenbuehl 1996, 1.
23 Costin 1954, 181 & map.
24 Seddon 1994, 296–7. Also Lunt et al 1998b, 26.
25 B Field 375–7.
26 Mackaness 1942, 327.
27 8 Feb 1834. Andrews 1979, 85.
28 Mar 1835. Bunbury 14.
29 R yrie J 19 Feb, 3, 5, 18 Mar 1840, Roll CY2715, ML. Also Andrews 1998, 156; Starr 18.
30 3 Oct 1832. Bennett 1834, 167–8.
31 HL White 165.
32 Smith J 7 Dec 1820, MS689, NLA; ch 9.
33 Costin 3 & map.
34 Costin 183.
35 T Thomas 37.
36 BG 22 Sep 07; Egloff.
37 John Banks Nov 02.
38 R osenfeld & Winston-Gregson.
39 31 Oct 1824. Hovell J, Safe 1/32b, ML.
40 Norris et al.
41 Norris et al 213.
42 Norris et al 217.
43 Norris et al 209, 211.
44 Norris et al 213.
45 Norris et al 213–16.
46 Norris et al 213–15.
47 Norris et al 217.
48 Norris et al 213.
49 Fensham 2008.