15Golby and Purdue, Modern Christmas, p. 51.
16David Philip Miller, ‘Davies Gilbert’, Oxford Dictionary of Biography.
17Percy Dearmer, R. Vaughan Williams and Martin Shaw, The Oxford Book of Carols (London, Oxford University Press, 1928), pp. x-xi.
18Hindley, History of the Catnach Press, pp. 242-3.
19Dearmer et al., Oxford Book of Carols, pp. x-xi.
20Hannah Cullwick, The Diaries of Hannah Cullwick, Victorian Maidservant, ed. Liz Stanley (London, Virago, 1984), p. 261.
21Golby and Purdue, Modern Christmas, p. 76; Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, p. 77.
22Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, p. 85.
23James Robinson Planché, Pieces of Pleasantry for Private Performance during the Christmas Holidays (London, Thomas Hailes Lacy, [1868]), passim.
24Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, pp. 143, 145.
25Ibid., p. 81.
26Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, p. 90.
27Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, p. 62.
28Kathleen R. Farrar, ‘The Mechanics’ Saturnalia’, in D. S. L. Cardwell, ed., Artisan to Graduate: Essays to Commemorate the Foundation in 1824 of the Manchester Mechanics’ Institution . . . (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1974), pp. 99-114, passim.
29Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, p. 92.
30Drotner, English Children and their Magazines, p. 143.
31The Times, 22 December 1877, p. 5, col. f.
32Manby Smith, Curiosities of London Life, p. 250.
33Cited in Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, p. 69.
34Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, pp. 125, 129.
35Ibid., p. 43.
36Cited in ibid., p. 111.
37Copies of all these can be found in the British Library.
38Manby Smith, Little World of London, p. 261.
39Charles Dickens, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-7), ed. Mark Wormald (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1999), p. 431.
40Buday, Christmas Card, pp. 45-7.
41Golby and Purdue, Modern Christmas, p. 69.
42Buday, Christmas Card, pp. 53-5.
43Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, p. 56.
44Golby and Purdue, Modern Christmas, p. 15.
45Buday, Christmas Card, pp. 6, 15, 53-9, 88-9.
46Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, pp. 104-5.
47Ibid., p. 102.
48Ibid., p. 124.
49Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, p. 111.
50Bennett, Golby, Finnegan, ‘Christmas and Ideology’, in Popular Culture: Themes and Issues, p. 18; Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, p. 160.
51Manby Smith, Curiosities of London Life, pp. 323, 320.
52Cited in Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, p. 74.
53Ibid., p. 74.
54Cited in Frederick W. Faxon, Literary Annuals and Gift Books: A Bibliography, 1823-1903 (reprint, Pinner, Private Libraries Association, 1973), p. 10.
55Peter J. Manning, ‘Wordsworth in the Keepsake’, in John O. Jordan and Robert L. Patten, eds., Literature in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century British Publishing and Reading Practices (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 44-5.
56The Christmas Tree: A Book of Instruction and Amusement for all Young People (London, James Blackwood, 1860), p. 30.
57Drotner, English Children and their Magazines, p. 63.
58Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 82; Pimlott, Englishman’s Christmas, p. 122.
59Briggs, Friends of the People, p. 38; Lancaster, The Department Store, pp. 23-4, 51.
60Weightman and Humphries, Christmas Past, p. 160.
61Honeycombe, Selfridges, p. 26.
62Cited in Golby and Purdue, Modern Christmas, pp. 16-17.
63All cited in Diana and Geoffrey Hindley, Advertising in Victorian England, 1837-1901 (London, Wayland, 1972), entries 2.7-2.13.
INDEX
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Abel, Carl Friedrich, 348, 355
Aberdeen: clubs, 6; public transport, 99
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of, 402
Abington, Frances, 239
Ackermann, Rudolph, 269n, 489
Addison, Joseph, 4-5, 216, 258
Addison, Robert, 21
Adelaide Gallery see National Gallery of Practical Science
Adelphi Theatre, London, 275, 291, 298 adultery, 142n
Advertisers Guardian, The, 163, 196
advertising: and shop circulars, 54-5; of tea, 59-60; development of, 67; for ready-made clothes, 95-7; Selfridge and, 118, 121-2; in newspapers, 130, 132-8, 150, 162; in magazines, 162; Garrick and, 238; of shows, 286; proliferation of, 287, 290; in theatres, 339; fine art in, 417-18; in cycling journals, 458; for Christmas, 487-8, 491
aesthetic movement, 115-16
Age (newspaper), 142
Agnew’s (art dealers), 410-11, 414
Agricultural Hall, Islington, 283, 453
Albert, Prince Consort: supports Great Exhibition, 3, 11-12, 14, 17, 22, 28, 492; as President of Royal Society of Arts, 8, 11; designs tartan, 221; promotes Christmas trees, 471; favours Christmas presents for adults, 490
Alcock, Charles, 443-4, 446-7
Alexandra Palace, Muswell Hill, 283
Alhambra Music Hall, London, 375-7
Allen, Frank, 377
Allen, Grant, 458
Allen, Ralph, 128
Allison, Robert (piano manufacturer), 21
allotments, 437
Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence, 414
Alps: visitors to, 228
Amateur Bicycle Club, 454
Amberley, John Russell, Viscount, and Katharine Louisa, Viscountess, 470
Amelia, Princess, 231
Amherst, J.H., 314n; The Battle of Waterloo (hippodrama), 264, 318-19
Amory, Thomas, 216
Anacreontic Society, 345
Andersen, Hans Christian, 306n
Angerstein, John Julius, 392, 400
animals: in theatre, 312-22, 337
Annual Register, 149
annuals, 488-90
Applegarth and Cooper printing presses, 150
Aqascutum cloth, 92; see also Bax & Co.
Aquascutum (London store), 496
Arbuthnot, John, 381
Archer, William, 340n
Aris’s Birmingham Gazette, 124, 138 aristocracy: opens art galleries, 392-4
Army and Navy Co-operative Society, 81, 497
Arne, Thomas, 239, 352-3
Arnold, Matthew: Empedocles on Etna, 193
Arnold, Samuel, 239; Inkle and Yarico, 357
Arnold, Thomas, 452
Arnold’s Library of Fine Arts, 322
Arsenal football club, 440, 448-9
arsenic: as whitening cosmetic, 61n
art: in country houses, 212, 214; viewing, 212; public display, 379-80, 382-3, 385, 391-3, 399-400; and Grand Tour, 380; and patronage, 381, 385, 417; establishes cultural ideals, 384-5; aristocracy and, 392-4; exhibitions outside London, 405-8; market and dealing, 409-18; monographs on, 415; in advertising, 417-18
Art Journal, 271
Art Treasures Examiner (weekly journal), 408
Ascot racecourse, 435
Ashworth, Henry, 208, 211
Astley, John Conway Philip, 314-15
Astley, Philip, 313-14
Astley’s Amphitheatre, 264, 296, 313-14, 317-18, 321
Aston Villa football club, 440
Athenaeum ( journal), 184, 325, 414
Athletic News, 153
Atkins’s Circus and Menagerie, 283-4
Augusta, Princess, 383
Austen, Jane: Emma, 230; Northanger Abbey, 164, 217; Persuasion, 235; Pride and Prejudice, 212
automata (clockwork), 253-4, 275, 285
Avon Navigation scheme, 231
Babbage, Charles, 165n<
br />
Bach, Johann Christian, 347-8, 356, 360
Baedeker (guidebook), 243
Bainbridge’s (Newcastle store), 110, 114, 496
Baker Street Bazaar (London store), 257, 269
Bakewell, Robert, 427
Balmoral, 221
Bamford, Samuel (weaver), 419-20
bands see orchestras
Banister, John, 343
Bank Holiday Act (1871), 470
Banks, Sir Joseph, 379
Banks, Thomas, 383
Bantock, Sir Granville, 250
Baptist Magazine, 479
Barker, Henry Aston, 263
Barker, John, 114-15
Barker, Robert, 262-3, 273
Barker’s (London store), Kensington, 113, 497
Barran, John, 90-1
Barrie, J.M.: Peter Pan, 306n, 333n
Barry, Ann Spranger, 239
Barry, James: The Progress of Human Culture (painting), 387
Barrymore, William, 179, 314n
Barthélémon, François-Hippolyte, 352
Bartholomew Fair, 283-4
Bartolozzi, Francesco, 198, 298, 383n
Barton, George, 168, 171
Bates, Joah, 347n
Bath: shops in, 105; coffee houses, 127; as spa town, 231-2, 248; pleasure gardens, 232-3; entertainments, 233-5; investment in, 248; theatre in, 294-5; art exhibitions, 405
Bath Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts, 405
bathing machines, 245
bathing costumes, 245, 247
Batoni, Pompeo, 380
Bax & Co. (later Aquascutum), 92, 496
Baylis, Lilian, 329n
Bayswater Chronicle, 11
bazaars, 107-9
Beale’s (Bournemouth store), 111
bear-baiting, 420
Beaumont, Sir George, 399-400
Beddoes, Thomas, 172
beer: as standard drink, 46n
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 355
Beeton, Samuel, 161
Beggarstaff Brothers (William Nicholson and James Ferrier Pryde), 418
Belgravia (London), 11n
Bell, Jacob, 413
Bell, John, 173
Belle Assemblée, La (magazine), 159-61
Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 153-5, 204, 432, 439, 441-2
Bell’s Penny Dispatch, 142
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista: Narrative of the Operations . . . in Egypt and Nubia, 198-9
Benjamin, Walter, 28
Bennett, Arnold, 144
Bennett, Frances, 58
Bentham, Jeremy: on luxuries and necessities, 55
Bentley, Richard, 184, 186, 190, 192
Bentley, Thomas, 49, 63-7, 74n
Berrow, Hervey, 165
Bethnal Green Times, 364
betting: on horseracing, 421, 432
Beverley, Yorkshire, 422, 424
bicycle: invention and development, 453-6; technological improvements, 464-5; see also cycling
bill-posters (bill-stickers), 287, 290
Bird, G.: Practical Scrivener, 138
Birmingham: toy manufacture, 49n; omnibuses in, 99; shops, 106; theatre in, 294-5; Rodney music hall, 373; art exhibitions, 406
Birmingham Flour and Bread Company, 79
Birmingham Saturday Half Holiday-Guide, 203
Birmingham Society of Art, 399
Blackburn Rovers football club, 444-6, 451
Blackpool: railway line, 33
Blandford, Dorset: horseracing, 428-9, 431-2
Blériot, Louis, 122
Blood Red Knight, The (hippodrama), 314
Blumenfeld, Ralph D., 121
Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures in Scotland, 220
Bolton: Star Music Hall, 373
Bolton Chronicle, 446
Bolton Evening News, 143
Bolton Weekly Journal, 143
Bon Marché (London store), 113, 497
Bon Marché (Liverpool store), 490
Bon Marché, (Paris store), 109, 113n
Book of Economy, The (by ‘A Gentleman’), 94
bookbinding, 182-3
books: availability, 164-6, 169; prices, 164-7, 184, 189-90, 193; sales, 167-8; popular and sensational, 174-6; production, 182-3; buying, 184; effect of railways on, 187-8, 190-4; as Christmas gifts, 488-9; see also annuals; chapbooks; libraries; novels
booksellers, 165-6, 168, 174; see also under individual company names
Booksellers Committee, 184
Booth, ‘General’ William, 374n
Boruwlaski, Count (dwarf ), 256
Boswell, James, 237n, 257
Botanical Society, 74n
Boucicault, Dion, 332, 338; The Colleen Bawn, 337-8; The Corsican Brothers (adaptation), 333-5; Janet Pride, 338; London Assurance, 333; London by Night, 336; The Octoroon, 336; Pauvrette, 336; The Poor of New York (rewritten as The Poor of Liverpool, and variants), 336, 338
Boucicault, Dion, Jr, 333n
Boucicault, Nina, 333n
Boucicaut, Aristide, 109, 113n
Boulton & Fothergill (company), 67
Boulton, Matthew, 30, 53, 74n, 79
Bourgeois, Sir Peter Francis, 398
Bourne and Hollingsworth (London store), 113, 497
Bournemouth, 247-9
Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, 249
Bournonville, August, 298n
Bow pottery, 62
Bow Printing Office, 176
bowling (sport), 420
Boydell, John (printseller), 101, 388-91, 411
Boys’ Own Paper, 458
Bradshaw, George: railway timetables and companions, 195-6
Bremner (music publisher), 357
breweries: and football, 450-1
Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of, 73, 392
Brighton: rail link to London, 229-30; as tourist resort, 243-4
Brighton Co-operative Benevolent Association, 80
Brindley, James, 73
Brinsmead, John, 20
Bristol: shops, 105; library, 172
Bristol Institution, 399
Bristol Journal, 124
Bristol Library Society, 172
British and Foreign School Society, 139
British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom, 212, 393-4, 399
British Museum: opening hours, 211; purpose and collections, 394-7; admission and opening extended, 397-8, 401-2; maintenance costs, 397; and National Gallery, 400; Cole disparages, 404; attendance figures, 405
British Quarterly Review, 143
Britton, Tom, 343
broadsides, 176-7, 179-81
Broadstairs, Kent, 247
Broadwood, John, 355, 360, 363
Broadwood’s (piano manufacturers), 20, 360-2
Brodsky, Adolph, 372
Brown, Ford Madox, 26
Browne, Hablot Knight see Phiz
Buckstone, John Baldwin, 39-40
bull-baiting, 320
Bullock, William, 219, 264-5
Bull’s Library, 185
Burberry (London store), 463, 496
Burgess’s Circulating Library, Ramsgate, 166
Burke, Edmund, 172, 379, 385; Enquiry into . . . the Sublime and the Beautiful, 216
Burke and Hare (resurrectionists), 177
Burney, Charles, 351 & n, 379
Burney, Frances (Mme d’Arblay): Cecilia, 165, 351; Evelina, 253, 269, 280, 351; The Wanderer, 107
Burns, Robert, 220
Burslem: roads, 69-70
Burton upon Trent, 74-5
buses see omnibuses
Butler, Samuel, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 452
Buxton, Derbyshire, 248
Byng, John see Torrington, 5th Viscount
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron: romantic cult, 220n; copies Napoleon’s coach, 264n; ‘Bride of Abydos’, 199n; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, 167, 168; The Corsair, 330; Mazeppa, 319, 330; Sardanapalus, 325-6
Byron, Henry James: Our Boys, 303
&
nbsp; cabinets of curiosities, 396
Caldecott, Randolph, 487
Calvert, Charles, 326
Cambrian Traveller’s Guide, 202, 223
Cambridge Chronicle and Journal, 124-5
Campbell, Hector, 148
Campbell, Thomas, 126
Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal), 380
canals and waterways: system developed, 72-5
Canning, Stratford (1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe), 199
Cannon, John, 164
Canterbury Music Hall (earlier Canterbury Arms tavern), Lambeth, 374-7
Cardiff: shops, 106
Carey, George Saville: performances, 256; Shakespeare’s Jubilee, 240
Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of, 392
carols: at Christmas, 473-4
Carr, Joseph Comyns, 116n, 414
Cartlitch, John: Mazeppa, 319, 321-2
Caryll, Ivan: Our Miss Gibbs, 340
Cassell, John, 35, 37, 157
Cassell’s Illustrated Family Paper, 159
Castle Society, Paternoster Row, London, 344
Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, 65, 106
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II, 231
Catnach, James, 177, 179-80, 474
Cattanach, Charles, 88
Cawthorn’s Library, 187
censorship, 123
chain stores see multiple stores
Challinier of New Bond Street (dressmakers), 89
Chamberlain, Joseph, 106
Chambers, William (music publisher), 383, 385
Champion, Joseph: Practical Arithmetic, 138
Chandos, James Brydges, 1st Duke of, 248
chapbooks, 165, 176
Chapman and Hall (publishers), 190
Chappell, William (music publisher), 474
Charlecote Park, Warwickshire, 241
Charles II, King, 231
Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (‘Bonny Prince Charlie’), 71n
Charles, Prince of Wales, 11n
Charlotte, Queen of George III, 63, 65-6
Cheap Repository Tract Society, 139
Cheltenham, 235-6
Cheny, John, 424, 426
Chester: shops, 97; newspapers, 132
Chester and Holyhead Railway, 195
children: excursions for, 225-6
China: porcelain imports from, 61-2
china (ceramic), 61-7
Christian Observer, 275
Christie, James (auctioneer), 383
Christmas: family traditions, 466-9, 472-3; Lord of Misrule, 469, 481; development as popular festival, 469-70, 477-9; Mistletoe, 473; Carols, 473-4; Father Christmas, 475-6, 478-9, 490-1; and charity, 476, 479; plays, 478-9; Nonconformists reject, 479; food and drink, 480-1, 488; crackers, 481-2; commercialization, 482-3, 487-8; decorations, 482; presents, 488-9; grottos, 490-1; internationalism, 491-2
Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain Page 74