Sporting and Police Gazette, and Newspaper of Romance, and Penny Sunday Chronicle, 142
Sporting Telegraph, 4
Sporting Times (‘the Pink ‘Un’), 432
Sportsman (newspaper), 153, 432
Stafford, Granville Leveson-Gower, Marquis of, 407n
stagecoaches, 71-2; and mail, 128-30
Stamford: horseracing, 424
standard of living: and possessions, 26
Standard Theatre, London, 336
Stanfield, Clarkson, 310, 322-3
Stanley, Lord see Derby, 14th Earl Starley, James, 453-4
Starnitz, Carl, 352
Stationers Company, 181
steamboats: for tourist travel, 242-3
Steele, Sir Richard, 4n
Steevens, George, 390
Steibelt, Daniel, 365
Stephen, Sir Leslie: The Playground of Europe, 200
Stephens, F.G., 413
Stephenson, Robert, 8
stereotypes, 182
Sterne, Laurence: death, 135
Stevens, George Alexander, 293
Stirling, Edward: The Lucky Hit, 331
Stockton and Darlington Railway, 144
Stodart, Robert, 361
Stodart, William, 361
Stoll, Oswald, 377
Storace, Nancy, 347, 352
Storace, Stephen, 352-3
Storace, Stephen, Jr, 352
Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 336
Stranger’s Guide to Modern Birmingham, The, 411
Stratford on Avon, 236-7, 239-40
Stratford Birthplace Committee, 241
Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, 213-15
street sellers, 76-7
Sue, Euge`ne: Les Myste`res de Paris, 189, 331-2
sugar: price, 55; imports, 58-9; production and refining, 79n
Sullivan, Sir Arthur: ‘The Lost Chord’ (song), 365; see also under Gilbert, W.S.
Summerly, Felix see Cole, Henry Sunday schools, 138-9
Sunday Times, 140, 143; sports reporting, 154
Sundays: and Sabbath breaking, 207, 211
Surrey Music Hall, London, 374
Surrey Theatre, London, 266, 300, 327
Surrey Zoological Gardens, 367
Sussex, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of, 321
Swainson, Isaac, 135
Swan and Edgar (London store), 121, 496
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 322n
Switzerland: excursions to, 227-8
Taglioni, Marie, 298n
tailoring: mass-produced, 88-90
Talbot’s Reading Establishment, 412
Talbotypes, 412 & n; see also photography
Talfourd, Francis: Atalanta, 329
Tallis’s Street View, 97
tape measure, 88
tartan, 221
taste: cultivation of, 26
Tate, Nahum, 473
Tate, Wilkinson, 294
Tatler ( journal), 4n
Tattersall, Richard, 427-8
Tattersall’s (auctioneers): and horseracing regulations, 428; and betting, 432
taxation: and duties on luxury goods, 56-7; of newspapers, 125
Taylor, Clement and George, 148
Taylor, Tom: The Overland Route, 338; Ticket-of-Leave Man, 303
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich: The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), 266n
tea: consumption of, 26, 57-61, 112-13; as luxury, 56-7; prices, 59-60; utensils, 61
Teetotal Times, 35 telegraph: for horseracing information, 432-3
Telford, John, 423
Telford, Thomas, 474n
temperance: and Great Exhibition, 34-5; and excursions, 225-6
Temple of Health, 135-6
Ten Hours Act (1847), 210, 407
tennis: clothes for, 460
Thackeray, William Makepeace: The Newcomes, 272; The Rose and the Ring, 306n
Thames, river: steamboat trips on, 241-2; bridges, 300
Thames Tunnel, 260
theatre: and audience behaviour, 237, 299-300; and Shakespeare bicentenary celebrations, 238-9; and spectacle, 253-5, 314-15, 322-5, 336; representation of famous places, 261; representations of Napoleon, 265-6; gains popular appeal, 274; advertising, 291, 339; officially regulated, 292-4, 364; seen as dangerous, 292-3; provincial, 294-5, 302; design and capacity, 295-6; in pubs and taverns, 296-7; private, 297-8; and prostitution, 298n; expansion in London, 300-1; suburban audience, 301; touring companies, 301-2; audience numbers and prices, 302-3; runs, 302-3; admission tickets, 304; finances, 304; and stage design, 310-15; animals in, 312-22, 337; and tableaux of art works, 323-5; adaptations and burlesques, 328-30, 335; stage machinery, 334-5; sensation scenes, 336-7; and music halls, 374; see also extravaganzas; hippodrama; melodrama; pantomime; under individual theatrs
Theatre ( journal), 331
Theatre Regulation Act (1843), 292, 296, 374
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, 238, 293-6, 303, 316, 322-3, 327, 337
Thompson, Alfred: Linda of Chamouni, 332
Thornton, Abraham, 285
Thornton, Richard, 377
Three Choirs Festival, 344
Thumb, Tom, 264
Thurtell, John, 180, 181n
Tilley, Vesta, 378
Tillotson, William Frederic, 143-4
time: and railway timetables, 194-5
Times (newspaper): reports Prince Albert’s speech on Great Exhibition, 3; on working classes at Great Exhibition, 28-9, 41; advertisements, 85, 162; circulation and sales, 147; mechanization, 149-50; sports reporting, 154; on uniform time system, 195; on timetables and leisure, 196; condemns stage as subversive, 274; meagre references to Christmas, 469; on Christmas in prisons, 476; on Christmas charities, 479; on Christmas cards, 486; reviews Christmas books, 487
Tinsley’s (magazine), 184
Tintern Abbey, 217
tips amd tipping: on country -house visits, 213 & n
Tom’s Coffee House, 169, 171
Torrington, John Byng, 5th Viscount, 202, 213, 240
Tower of London: Armoury reopened after fire, 259-60
Town (newspaper), 141
toys: adult and children’s, 49n
trade cards, 51n
trams and tramways, 99
transport: canal and river, 72-3; road, 69-72; public in towns and cities, 98-100 see also omnibus; roads; stagecoach; trains; trams; turnpikes; underground
travel: and road journey times, 71; development of recreational, 211-12, 222-9, 250-1; advice on, 223-4; and exclusivity, 229
travel writing, 197-200, 202
Tree, Herbert Beerbohm, 299
Trevithick, Richard, 270, 474n
Trollope, Anthony: on railways and reading, 193
Trusler, Revd John, 352
Tunbridge Wells: coffee houses, 126
Turk’s Head tavern, Gerrard Street, London, 379
Turner, Rowley, 453
Turner, Thomas, 47 turnpikes, 70-1; effect on horseracing, 429; see also roads Tussaud, Mme Marie, 257, 264, 264n, 272, 367
Twelfth Night, 469
Tyers, Jonathan, 277, 350
Tyndall, John: Hours of Exercise in the Alps, 200
tyre (pneumatic), 455
Underground railway (London), 100
uniforms: and ready-made clothes, 86
United States of America: department stores, 117; copyright piracy, 190, 219; mechanized production methods, 363
Universal Chronicle, 382
Vale of Evesham News, 150
Valentine’s Day cards, 483-4
Vauxhall Bridge, 300
Vauxhall Gardens, London, 278-80, 296, 350-2
Vestris, Armand, 298
Vestris, Auguste, 298
Vestris, Lucia, 298, 308-10, 333, 475n
Victoria & Albert Museum (formerly South Kensington Museum): founded, 403-4; attendance, 404-5; and loan exhibitions, 405
Victoria, Queen: lends to RSA exhibition, 11; on opening of Great Exhibition, 28; in Scotland, 221; theatre-going, 304-5, 317; buys Frith p
ainting, 413; opens Epping Forest to the public, 438; promotes Christmas trees, 471
Visit to the Bazaar, A (book, 1818), 86
Vizetelly, Henry, 143
Waagen, Gustav Friedrich, 402
Wagner, Richard: The Flying Dutchman (opera), 310; Ring cycle (operas), 299
wakes (celebrations), 207-9
Wales: guide to, 202-3; visitors to, 217
Walpole, Horace, 197, 212-15, 380, 394; see also Strawberry Hill
Walpole, Sir Robert, 23n, 292n
Wampen, Dr Henry: The Mathematical Art of Cutting Garments According to the Different Formation of Men’s Bodies, 88
Ward, Marcus, 487
Ward, William and Ann, 69n
Warehousemen and Drapers’ Trade Journal, 102
Waring and Gillow (London furniture store), 115, 121
Warwick Castle, 213n
Waterloo, Battle of: as panorama and show, 264-5, 278-9, 318-19
Waterloo Bridge, 300
Waterloo Exhibition, St James’s Street, 265
waterproof fabrics, 91-2; see also Aquascutum; Bax & Co.; Macintosh, Charles & Co.
Waterston & Brogden (company), 17
Watt, James, 30, 61, 74n
Watts, Alaric, 489
waxworks, 256-7, 285; see also Salmon, Mrs; Tussaud, Mme Marie
Weare, William, 180, 181n, 285
Weatherby family, 428
Weatherby, James, 426
Weatherby, James (nephew), 426
Weatherley, James, 168
Weber, Carl Maria von: Oberon (opera), 306n, 308
Weddell, William, 380
Wedgwood, Josiah: catalogues, 48-9; showrooms, 53, 69; slavery abolition medallions, 58n; tea services (‘Queensware’), 61, 63, 65; develops pottery business, 62-4; marketing and advertising, 64-9, 190; Portland Vase and, 67; and road
improvements, 71; promotes canal building, 73-4; in Lunar Society, 74n; and workers’ wake celebrations, 207
Weekly Dispatch, 140, 153
Weekly Times, 140-1
Weicker (music publisher), 357
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of: on keeping order at Great Exhibition, 29; as patron of Society for the Suppression of Vice, 125; on effect of railway travel, 194; visits Waterloo panorama, 263-4, 278-9; approves Amherst’s Battle of Waterloo, 318
Wentworth Woodhouse, 380
Wesley, Charles, 473
Wesley, John: A Letter to a Friend concerning TEA, 57
West, Benjamin, 382, 383n, 384-5, 390, 406; Death of General Wolfe (painting), 388
West Indies: sugar imports from, 58-9
West, Thomas, 203, 218, 222
Westminster Abbey, 258-9
Westminster Review: on Great Exhibition, 27
wheat: prices, 79
Wheatley, Francis: Street Cries of London (paintings), 389
Wheler, George: Description of a Journey into Greece, 198
Whishaw, Francis, 8
Whistler, James Abbot McNeill, 303n, 415
Whiteley, William: offers low prices, 54; hairdressing and shaving, 112n; as ‘Universal Provider’, 114; window displays, 119
Whiteley’s (London store), 114, 496
wholesalers: development of, 47
Whymper, Edward: Scrambles amongst the Alps, 200
Wickham, Messrs, Mile End Road, London, 114n
Wigan, Horace, 301
Wilberforce, William, 138
Wilde, Oscar: Lady Windermere’s Fan, 339
Wilkes, Joseph, 74
Wilkie, Sir David, 324, 410
Wilkins, William, 401
William IV, King: death, 130
Williams family (of Craig-y-Don), 195n
Williams of Manchester (multiple store), 83
Williams, Thomas Peers, 195n
Wilson, John (dyer), 8
Wilson, Richard, 383n, 393
Wilton, Joseph, 383n, 384
Winckelmann, Johann, 385
Windus, Benjamin Godfrey, 410
Winsor, Friedrich Albert, 270, 301
Winter’s Wreath, The (annual), 489
Wisden, John, 204
Wölfl, Joseph, 365
Wombwell’s Circus, 283-4
women: magazines for, 159-63; theatre-going, 340, 342; cycling, 457; sports wear, 462; wear bloomers, 463
Wood, John, 23, 248
Wood, William, of Didsbury, 46
Woodforde, Revd James, 76
Wordsworth, William: The Prelude, 261-3, 283-4
workhouses: at Christmas, 477-8
working classes: at Great Exhibition, 28-30, 33-6, 40-1; feared, 28; and benefit clubs, 30; purchasing power, 85; clothes, 86-8; literacy, 137-8; reading habits, 139-40; working hours, 139-40, 210-11; leisure activities, 206-9; visit to country houses, 215; entertainments for, 281-2; excluded from museums and galleries, 398; visit South Kensington Museum, 404, 422; sports, 420; attendance at horseracing, 430-1
working hours, 139-40, 210-11
Working Man’s Friend ( journal), 35
Working Men’s College, London, 31n
World (newspaper), 151
Worth, Charles Frederick, 312n
Wright, Revd J.F., 440
Wright, Joseph, of Derby, 390
Wyatt, James, 350
Wyatt, Matthew Digby, 15
Wyld, James: and Great Globe, 39
Wylie and Lockhead (Glasgow store), 111n, 112, 114
Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, 211
York: Mechanics’ Institute, 32; theatre in, 294; horseracing, 422-4, 435
Youdan, Thomas, 373-4
Young, Arthur, 213
Youth’s Miscellany of Knowledge and Entertainment (annual), 489-90
Youth’s Monthly Visitor (magazine), 489
Ysayè, Euge`ne, 372
Zanetti, Vittore, 411
Zoffany, Johann, 393
Zola, Emile: Au bonheur des dames (The Ladies’ Paradise), 109, 115n
Zoological Gardens, Regent’s Park see Royal Zoological Society
Zumpe, Johannes, 354-5, 360; see also harpsichords; pianos
Acknowledgements
I have incurred many debts of gratitude in the research and writing of this book.
I have previously thanked the members of the Victoria Mailbase for both information and scholarly collegiality, and I would like to do so again: in particular, for information on bicycles, Cathrine Frank, Sheldon Goldfarb, Lesley Hall, Lee Jackson, Ellen Jordan, Andrew Maunder, Terry Meyers, Christopher Pittard, Angela Richardson, Malcolm Shifrin, Madhu Sinha and Beth Sutton-Ramspeck; for coaches and coach-building, Glen Everett, Dino Franco Felluga and Keith Wilson; for the fall of Melbourne’s government and the London Saturday Journal, Mary Miller; for rhodium pens, Eileen Curran, Sheldon Goldfarb, Michael Hargreave Mawson and Keith Ramsey; for information on photography and prices, Jan Marsh, Julia Momolo and Shannon Smith; and for putting me on the trail of the murderer James Blomfield Rush, Sheldon Goldfarb, Jill Grey and Keith Ramsey. Patrick Leary has been helpful and encouraging far beyond the call of duty: I am most grateful to him.
I would also like to thank the following: Bob Davenport is every author’s dream copy-editor, and he also supplied me with information about pneumatic tubes, and Messrs Wickham and Spiegelhalter; Nicholas Dromgoole read the theatre chapter; Hilary Mantel gave me helpful leads on the French Revolution and British art collectors; Jan Morris supplied information about the Craig-y-Don gun. More thanks go to Cathie Arrington, Paul Baggaley, John Bond, Vera Brice, Sarah Christie, Essie Cousins, Helen Ellis, Mally Foster, Robin Gibson, Bill Hamilton, Patrick Hurd, Kate Hyde, Fiona Markham, Alice Massey, Douglas Matthews, David Miller, Arabella Pike, Rama Rahimi, Digby Smith, Fergal Tobin and David Wardle.
As always, the London Library, the Rare Books Room of the British Library, the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library and the Guildhall Library, and their helpful staffs, have all provided much needed assistance.
And finally my greatest debt is to Ravi Mirchandani, who has displayed the patience of a saint. He
has read sections of the book against completely unreasonable deadlines, given me invaluable advice, and—hardly ever—complained. I owe him a great deal.
About the Author
JUDITH FLANDERS is the author of the critically acclaimed biography A Circle of Sisters, which was nominated for the Guardian First Book Award, and of the bestselling The Victorian House, nominated for the British Book Awards History Book of the Year. She is a frequent contributor to the Telegraph, the Spectator and the Times Literary Supplement.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.
Praise
To found a great empire for the sole purpose of raising up
a people of customers, may at first sight appear a project
fit only for a nation of shopkeepers.
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776), II, iv, vii
By the same Author
A Circle of Sisters: Alice Kipling, Georgiana Burne-Jones, Agnes Poynter and Louisa Baldwin
The Victorian House:
Domestic Life from Childbirth to Deathbed
Copyright
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This edition published by Harper Perennial 2007
FIRST EDITION
First published in Great Britain by HarperPress 2006
Copyright © Judith Flanders 2006
Judith Flanders asserts the moral right to
be identified as the author of this work
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
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Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain Page 78